动态增强MRI区分前列腺癌与周围带和中央带正常组织

MRI的T2加权像对区分前列腺癌与正常周围带(PZ)和中央腺体组(CG)的价值有限。本文评价何种动态增强MRI参数和T2弛率能最佳地区分前列腺癌与正常的PZ和CG组织。     

MRI上腰椎终板信号改变的影响因素分析———性别、体重、劳动量及吸烟与Modic改变的相关性

目的:探讨腰腿痛患者腰椎MRI上终板Modic改变的分布特点及其相关因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2009年2月～2010年10月收治的210例腰腿痛患者腰椎MRI中Modic改变的发生率及类型,并评估Modic改变与性别、体重、劳动量及吸烟等因素的相关性。结果:47例患者共58个椎间盘邻近椎板存在Modic改变,占入选患者的22.4%。其中男16例;女31例,ModicⅠ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型的人数分别为16例、25例、6例,出现Modic改变的节段为L5/S1(28个)、L4/5(17个)、L3/4(9个)、L2/3(4个)。在肥胖人群中Modic改变的发生率高于正常体重和超重人群(P<0.05),重体力劳动者的发生率高于一般劳动者(P<0.05),劳动量和体重与ModicⅢ型改变有相关性(P<0.05),与其他分型无明显相关性(P>0.05)。吸烟与Modic改变无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论:患者的性别、体重及劳动量等因素与Modic改变的发生具有相关性,生物力学损伤可能在Modic改变中发挥着重要作用。     

MRI诊断腰椎间盘术后粘连和突出复发

失败的下腰椎手术是个复杂的问题，由于其症状和体征不典型，单靠临床检查很难明确诊断，而脊髓造影和常规ＣＴ等检查也很难区别突出复发和硬膜外粘连。本文分析了３２例再手术患者ＭＲＩ图象，并与第二次手术所见对比，发现２７例ＭＲＩ诊断准确，３例假阳性，２例因信号缺失不能明确诊断。     

犬同种异体腰椎间盘移植的手术技术

[目的]研究并描述一种在无内固定辅助条件下建立犬同种异体椎间盘移植模型的手术技术。[方法]选取1岁龄健康杂种犬25只,处死其中的5只,在无菌条件下取L1~6椎间盘共25个液氮保存,剩余20只犬用于建立L5、6椎间盘移植模型的研究。术中,术后1、4、6、8、12周进行X线检查,观察移植椎间盘的位置、高度变化以及相邻椎体的愈合情况。[结果]椎间盘移植术前选取合适大小的供体椎间盘,术中注意保留前、后纵韧带及对侧纤维环,可以实现在无内固定条件下成功建立同种异体椎间盘移植模型。本研究椎间盘移植成功17例,其余2例出现椎间盘脱出,1例出现椎间盘感染。术后3个月影像学检查示移植椎间盘的上下终板与相邻椎体形成骨性愈合。与术前相比,术后3个月随访椎间盘高度无明显变化(P>0.05)。[结论]采用恰当的手术技术,有助于在无内固定辅助下成功实施同种异体椎间盘移植手术。本研究提供了一种建立犬同种异体椎间盘移植模型的可行的手术方案。     

增强MRI诊断硬膜周围纤维化的实验研究

将２４只ＳＤ大鼠随机分为：聚合纤维素、透明质酸钠、游离脂肪移植和空白对照四组。通过椎板切除后不同材料间置,８周后应用磁显葡胺增强ＭＲＩ扫描、光镜切片、计算机瘢痕面积和硬膜粘连范围图象定量分析,观察研究了增强ＭＲＩ对硬膜周围纤维化的定性与定量诊断。结果显示：增强ＭＲＩ能清晰地显示出各组间硬膜周围纤维化程度的差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）,并且,ＭＲＩ信号强度与硬膜外瘢痕面积呈正相关（Ｒｓ＝０．７４,Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明增强ＭＲＩ不仅能对硬膜周围纤维化作出灵敏的定性诊断,同时对纤维化程度亦可作出初步的定量诊断。     

腰椎间盘MRI高信号区意义和作用的研究进展

腰椎间盘高信号区（high intensity zone,HIZ）是腰椎MRI上一种常见的现象。近年来HIZ使越来越多的脊柱外科医师对之感兴趣并做了很多相关研究,但其病理特点和临床意义目前尚无定论。HIZ在临床诊断下腰痛、责任椎定位的作用以及与椎间盘造影结果之间的相关性还存在一些争议。本文对HIZ的发现、定义、病理特点、组织学变化,其在诊断下腰痛巾所起的作用和意义,以及其研究进展和前景做一综述。     

动态对比增强MRI在鼻咽癌中的应用进展

鼻咽癌(NPC)是鼻咽部最常见恶性肿瘤,其发生发展与血管生成密切相关。动态对比增强MRI(DCE-MRI)能定量反映病灶内的血流灌注及血管通透性,从形态学和功能学角度准确评估肿瘤恶性程度,有助于指导临床选择治疗方案。本文对DCE-MRI在NPC中的应用进展进行综述。     

腰椎间盘退变性疾病中Modic改变的相关研究进展

1987年Roos等率先报道在腰椎间盘退变性疾病患者的MRI中发现邻近终板区域的椎体信号改变.1988年Modic等系统描述了存退变的腰椎间盘终板及终板下骨质MRI信号改变的类型、分型标准及组织学变化.随着MRI在腰椎退变性疾病诊断中的应用.广大学者将腰椎间盘退变性疾病（degenerative disc diseases,DDD）中终板及终板下骨质MRI信号的改变称之为Modic改变.近年来对Modic改变的研究方兴未艾,现将相关研究进展综述如下.     

腰椎间盘突出症患者突出椎间盘及相邻椎间盘退变程度的MRI分析

目的:分析腰椎间盘突出症患者突出椎间盘及相邻椎间盘的术前MRI表现,评估其退变程度。方法:回顾性分析2014年6月~2015年12月在宁夏医科大学总医院脊柱骨科已行手术治疗的的单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者100例,其中男56例,女44例,年龄23~79岁(51.68±5.60岁),将所有患者以10年为一年龄段进行分组。突出椎间盘发生在L4/5节段50个,其相邻椎间盘100个;L5/S1节段50个,其相邻椎间盘50个。观察术前腰椎MRI,椎间盘采用Pfirrmann分级标准进行评估;软骨终板形态以Pappou分级标准进行评估。年龄段间的比较采用单因素方差分析,相邻椎间盘与退变椎间盘间的相关性采用Pearson相关分析,相邻椎间盘间的比较采用t检验。结果:各年龄段L4/5、L5/S1突出椎间盘的Pfirrmann分级均在Ⅲ级以上、Pappou分级均在Ⅱ级以上,各年龄段间椎间盘退变结果有统计学差异(P0.05);而各年龄段间软骨终板退变结果无统计学差异(P0.05)。各年龄段间突出椎间盘发生在L4/5、L5/S1的上位相邻椎间盘Pfirrmann分级有统计学差异(P0.05),下位相邻椎间盘Pfirrmann分级各年龄段无统计学差异(P0.05),相邻椎间盘软骨终板退变结果各年龄段间无统计学差异(P0.05)。相邻的L3/4椎间盘Pfirrmann分级与突出的L4/5椎间盘Pfirrmann分级有相关性(r=0.696,P=0.000),相邻L5/S1椎间盘Pfirrmann分级与突出L4/5椎间盘Pfirrmann分级间无相关性(r=0.214,P=0.136);相邻的L3/4、L5/S1椎间盘软骨终板形态Pappou分级与突出的L4/5椎间盘软骨终板形态Pappou分级均有相关性(r=0.467,P=0.001;r=0.380,P=0.007)。相邻L4/5椎间盘的Pfirrmann分级与突出L5/S1椎间盘的Pfirrmann分级有相关性(r=0.549,P=0.000);相邻L4/5椎间盘软骨终板形态Pappou分级与突出L5/S1椎间盘的软骨终板形态Pappou分级有相关性(r=0.684,P=0.001)。L4/5椎间盘突出的相邻L3/4椎间盘Pfirrmann分级和软骨终板形态Pappou分级评分分别为3.26±0.87分、1.54±0.50分,均高于相邻L5/S1椎间盘的2.96±0.59分、1.23±0.49分(P0.05)。结论:腰椎间盘突出症患者突出节段的相邻椎间盘及软骨终板的退变与年龄及突出椎间盘退变程度关系密切,且相邻上位椎间盘较下位椎间盘退变更明显。     

MRI动态增强及重建在乳腺病变诊断中的应用

目的分析50例乳腺病变MRI表现,说明MR在乳腺病变诊断中的补充作用.材料与方法对50例乳腺病变的MR表现进行回顾性研究,并与术后病理结果相比较.结果50例乳腺病变中,恶性病变18例:分别为浸润性导管癌14例(左乳10例,右乳4例),左乳浸润性导管癌术后复发1例,右乳浸润性小叶癌1例,左乳导管内癌1例,右乳粘液癌1例.良性病变22例:分别为乳腺病伴(或不伴)纤维腺瘤10例,纤维(囊性)乳腺病9例.左乳导管内乳头状瘤1例,左乳分叶状肿瘤1例,双乳错构瘤1例.乳腺感染性病变4例.脂肪坏死2例.乳腺外伤后改变1例.双乳假体术后3例.结论MR作为乳腺病变检查的一种重要补充方法,对病变多方位的显示,具有无射线损伤,广阔的视野,良好的软组织对比度等优势,结合动态增强曲线及重建,在病变诊断及临床治疗中有重要价值.     

Study to determine the presence of progenitor cells in the degenerated human cartilage endplates

Introduction  

Cartilage endplate (CEP) degeneration is usually accompanied by loss of cellularity, and this loss may be a crucial key factor in initiation and development of degenerative disc disease. The study of cell types in degenerated CEP could help in understanding CEP etiopathogenesis, and may help in devising new treatments, especially if the presence of progenitor cells could be demonstrated. The aim of this study was to determine if progenitor cells existed in degenerated human CEP.     

Changes in vascularity of cartilage endplate of degenerated intervertebral discs in response to melatonin administration in rats

We carried out an experimental investigation of cartilage endplate vascularity of degenerated intervertebral discs produced by exogenous melatonin (MEL) treatment. Adult Swiss albino rats were divided into three groups: control, operated degeneration, and MEL treatment. There were five rats in each group and, using a posterior approach, cuts were made parallel to the endplates in the posterior annulus fibrosus in five consecutive intervertebral discs between the 5th and 10th vertebral segments of the rats' tails. At 8 weeks, five of these animals were treated with exogenous MEL (s.c. injection of 30 μg/100 g body weight daily for 4 weeks). In each experimental group, one animal was examined using CT scanner to study the density of the cartilage endplate of the disc. To evaluate the bone growth and vascularity of the cartilage endplate region, the animals were killed for subsequent histopathological evaluation. We found that the vascular channel counts and percentage areas from animals treated with MEL were significantly lower than from the operated degeneration animals. Accordingly, the density histogram in the MEL group showed a spike profile for both the vertebral body and the cartilage endplate, indicating an increase in the amount of higher density tissues in these regions. Our results demonstrate that the use of MEL reduces the cartilage endplate vascularity of degenerated intervertebral discs, suggesting that it may have an osteoinductive effect on bone formation. Further studies are needed to characterize fully the relevance of our findings for the treatment of disorders such as postmenopausal osteoporosis.     

Evaluation of intervertebral disc cartilaginous endplate structure using magnetic resonance imaging

Purpose

The cartilaginous endplate (CEP) is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage positioned between the vertebral endplate and nucleus pulposus (NP) that functions both as a mechanical barrier and as a gateway for nutrient transport into the disc. Despite its critical role in disc nutrition and degeneration, the morphology of the CEP has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to visualize and report observations of the CEP three-dimensional morphology, and quantify CEP thickness using an MRI FLASH (fast low-angle shot) pulse sequence.

Methods

MR imaging of ex vivo human cadaveric lumbar spine segments (N = 17) was performed in a 7T MRI scanner with sequence parameters that were selected by utilizing high-resolution T1 mapping, and an analytical MRI signal model to optimize image contrast between CEP and NP. The CEP thickness at five locations along the mid-sagittal AP direction (center, 5 mm, 10 mm off-center towards anterior and posterior) was measured, and analyzed using two-way ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferonni test. For further investigation, six in vivo volunteers were imaged with a similar sequence in a 3T MRI scanner. In addition, decalcified and undecalcified histology was performed, which confirmed that the FLASH sequence successfully detected the CEP.

Results

CEP thickness determined by MRI in the mid-sagittal plane across all lumbar disc levels and locations was 0.77 ± 0.24 mm ex vivo. The CEP thickness was not different across disc levels, but was thinner toward the center of the disc.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the potential of MRI FLASH imaging for structural quantification of the CEP geometry, which may be developed as a technique to evaluate changes in the CEP with disc degeneration in future applications.     

软骨终板钙化在椎间盘退变过程中的作用机理

目的：研究椎体软骨终板钙化在椎间盘退变过程中的作用。人新西兰兔随机分为造模与对照组２组,每组发３个月和８个月２个观察亚组。切作造模组动物颈棘上、棘间韧带及分离颈椎后旁两侧肌肉,造成颈椎力学上的失衡而诱导兔颈椎间盘退行性改变。在术后３个月和８个地分别处死,取颈椎间盘组织,行病理学检查在形态学上评定颈椎间盘退变程度,测定不同退变程度椎间盘软骨终板钙化层厚度。结果：退变程度较轻或基本正常的颈椎间盘,软骨     

The response of the canine intervertebral disc to immobilization produced by spinal arthrodesis is dependent on constitutional factors

Posterior lumbar spinal fusion was performed on five mature greyhounds. Two months prior to death, all of the surgical and five age-matched control greyhounds were given Na2(35)SO4 (1.0 mCi/kg) intravenously. All fusion animals were killed 6 months postoperation, and discs beneath the fusion mass as well as those adjacent to it (parafusion discs) were sampled separately and dissected into the nuclei pulposi and annuli fibrosi (AF). Proteoglycans (PGs) were extracted with 4.0 M GuHCl and then purified by CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation. These PG monomers were subjected to Sepharose CL-2B chromatography, and their hydrodynamic size and ability to aggregate were determined. The level, extractability, and hydrodynamic size of PGs in the AF of fusion discs were found to be greater than those in control discs, as were the keratan sulfate core protein complexes prepared by chondroitin ABC lyase digestion. The ability of the 60-day-old PG subunit populations, isolated from fusion discs, to aggregate was also higher than controls. There was, however, no difference between the galactosamine/glucosamine, galactosamine/protein, glucosamine/protein, or hexuronate/protein ratios of PGs in fusion and control discs.     

补肾活血方对沙鼠增龄过程中腰椎软骨终板钙化干预作用的初步研究

目的:探讨补肾活血方对腰椎软骨终板钙化的干预作用。方法:选取30只2月龄和7月龄健康雄性长爪沙鼠,分别喂养至2月龄(50~60 g)和12月龄(60~80 g)建立老龄沙鼠模型,采用随机数字表方法分为5组:正常组(n=6),模型组(n=6,给予生理盐水4 ml/kg,灌胃30 d),补肾活血方低剂量组(n=6,给予补肾活血方1.9×10-3 ml/g灌胃30 d),补肾活血方中剂量组(n=6,给予补肾活血方3.8×10-3 ml/g灌胃30 d),补肾活血方高剂量组(n=6,给予补肾活血方7.6×10-3ml/g灌胃30 d),干预组从7月龄开始连续给药1.36 g,30 d。正常组2月龄及其他组12个月龄时处死动物,取腰椎间盘组织,HE染色体视法分析腰椎体软骨终板组织形态学、血管芽面积、非钙化/钙化层比值,兔单克隆抗体免疫组化染色方法测定软骨终板X型胶原、BMPs的表达。结果:软骨终板血管芽相对面积测量显示,与模型组相比,补肾活血方中剂量组,正常组增高(P0.05),大、小剂量组虽各有不同程度的增加,但差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);软骨终板非钙化层/钙化层厚度比值测量显示,与模型组相比,补肾活血方中剂量、正常组增加,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而补肾活血方大、小剂量组虽各有不同程度的增加,但差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。免疫组化染色软骨终板X型胶原的表达与模型组相比,正常组、补肾活血方低、中、高剂量组均降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);BMPs的表达,与模型组相比,正常组、补肾活血方中剂量组升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),大、小剂量组虽各有不同程度的升高,但差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:补肾活血方中剂量可延缓增龄过程中椎间盘软骨终板钙化,提示可作为早期椎间盘退变的预防用药。     

Does the thickness of the vertebral subchondral bone reflect the composition of the intervertebral disc?

Degeneration of the intervertebral disc, seen radiologically as loss of disc height, is often associated with apparent remodelling in the adjacent vertebral body. In contrast, maintenance or apparent increase in disc height is a common finding in osteoporosis, suggesting the properties of the intervertebral disc may be dependent on those of the vertebral body or vice versa. We have investigated this relationship by measuring the radiological thickness of the subchondral bone and comparing it to the chemical composition of the adjacent disc. Sagittal slabs were sampled from lumbar spines obtained at autopsy and X-rayed microfocally. The thickness of the subchondral bone was measured and correlated with the composition of the adjacent intervertebral disc. Eighty-three cadaveric endplates were studied from individuals aged 17–85 years. There was regional variation in thickness of the subchondral bone, being greater adjacent to the annulus than the nucleus, and the endplates cranial to the disc were thicker than those caudal. There was a positive correlation between the thickness of the subchondral bone and the proteoglycan content of the adjacent disc, particularly in the region of the nucleus. A weaker correlation was seen here between water content and thickness, whilst there was no significant correlation at the annulus or between the bone thickness and collagen content. The positive relationship between the radiographic thickness of vertebral subchondral bone and the proteoglycan content of the adjacent disc seen in human cadaveric material could be due to the bone responding to a greater hydrostatic pressure being exerted by discs with higher proteoglycan content than by those with less proteoglycan present. It is suggested that while this is true in normal specimens, the relationship becomes altered in disease states, possibly because of changes to the nutritional pathway of the disc, with resultant endplate-bone remodelling affecting the flow of solutes to and from the intervertebral disc.