嗜酸性肝脓肿的影像表现:与病理对照

目的 探讨嗜酸性肝脓肿的影像和病理表现.方法 回顾性分析8例经病理证实的嗜酸性肝脓肿的资料,分析其影像表现.结果 8例行CT增强扫描,表现为3种强化方式:动脉期病变边缘轻度强化,静脉期及延迟期呈分隔状强化3例;动脉期病变边缘轻度强化,静脉期及延迟期呈蜂窝状强化4例;动脉期病变表现为连续的环状强化,静脉期及延迟期呈低密度1例.MR检查2例,平扫病灶均呈T1WI等、T2WI高信号,DWI表现为高信号;MR增强扫描动脉期病变呈蜂窝状强化,静脉期及平衡期持续强化.结论 了解嗜酸性肝脓肿的影像表现对于提高该病的诊断准确率具有重要意义.     

膝关节髌下脂肪垫区肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的:研究发生于膝关节髌下脂肪垫区肿瘤或肿瘤样病变及其MRI表现。方法:回顾性研究14例经手术病理证实的膝关节髌下脂肪垫区的肿瘤或肿瘤样病变的MRI表现。分析病变的MRI形态、平扫与增强的信号特点。结果:14例15个病灶,滑膜腱鞘巨细胞瘤7例,肿块T1WI呈等信号或稍高信号,T2WI呈等信号5例,高信号肿块内有含铁血黄素低信号灶2例,轻度或不强化。髌下脂肪垫内海绵状血管瘤2例,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈显著高信号,明显强化。囊肿4例,T1WI低信号,T2WI呈高信号,无强化。滑膜纤维脂肪瘤2例,T1WI呈等或高信号,T2WI呈高信号。结论:膝关节髌下脂肪垫区可发生多种肿瘤或肿瘤样病变,以滑膜腱鞘巨细胞瘤、海绵状血管瘤及滑膜囊肿多见。MRI表现具有一定的特征性,不失为术前定性诊断的有效方法。     

介入治疗脑血管病相关对比剂脑病临床及影像学表现:7例报告

目的 观察介入治疗脑血管病相关对比剂脑病（CIE）的临床及影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析7例因脑血管病接受介入治疗后发生CIE患者,观察其临床及影像学表现。结果 7例介入治疗包括4例动脉瘤栓塞术、1例右侧大脑中动脉介入取栓术、1例左侧大脑中动脉取栓术联合球囊扩张成形术及1例颈内动脉狭窄球囊扩张成形术。术后12 h内6例新发偏瘫、1例偏瘫加重,出现癫痫及视力障碍（皮质盲）各4例,意识障碍3例,失语1例;影像学表现包括MRI显示术侧大脑皮层肿胀、脑组织呈弥散加权成像（DWI）高信号3例、两侧枕额叶DWI高信号1例,CT显示3例术侧脑沟高密度影。经降颅压等对症支持治疗2~5天后新发症状消失,2~14天后体征好转或消失;6例治疗后9~48 h、1例治疗后5天复查显示上述异常征象减弱或消失,脑血管MR造影（MRA）颅内动脉均未见狭窄及闭塞。结论 CIE临床及影像学表现均具有一定特异性,及时确诊并给予相应治疗预后较好。     

MRI多参数评估经皮微波消融治疗乳腺良性病变效果

目的 观察MRI多参数评估经皮微波消融（MWA）治疗乳腺良性病变的效果。方法 回顾性分析63例接受超声引导下经皮MWA治疗乳腺良性病变（共66个病灶）患者的消融前及消融后6个月乳腺MRI,对比消融前与6个月后病灶MRI表现,包括病灶最长径、体积、T1信号、T2信号、弥散加权成像（DWI）信号、表观弥散系数（ADC）及增强特点,根据实体瘤疗效评价标准评估经皮MWA治疗效果。结果 63例66个乳腺良性病灶均消融成功。相比消融前,消融后6个月病灶最长径及体积缩小,T1信号升高、T2及DWI信号减弱、ADC升高,增强信号减弱（P均<0.01）。消融后6个月,66个病灶中,18个完全缓解,46个部分缓解,2个疾病稳定。结论 MRI多参数有助于评估经皮MWA治疗乳腺良性病变的效果。     

剖宫产术后腹壁子宫内膜异位症MRI表现

目的 观察剖宫产术后腹壁子宫内膜异位症（AWE） MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析12例经术后病理证实的剖宫产术后AWE患者。结果 12例均为单侧病变,位于剖宫产手术横切口附近;11例形态不规则、边界模糊,1例呈类圆形、边界清晰;11例呈囊实性,1例为囊性病变;囊实性病变T1WI呈不均匀等/低信号、脂肪抑制T2WI为高低不等混杂信号,囊性病变呈较均匀T1WI稍高信号、脂肪抑制T2WI等/稍高信号;增强MRI囊性病变及囊实性病变的囊性成分均未见强化,实性成分见较明显强化,病变范围较平扫增大,边缘不规则,与正常组织界限不清。结论 剖宫产术后AWE的MRI表现具有一定特征性,有助于诊断。     

弥散加权成像联合动态增强MRI预测肝细胞癌经TACE联合射频消融治疗后复发

目的 观察弥散加权成像（DWI）联合动态增强MRI预测肝细胞癌（HCC）经TACE联合射频消融治疗后复发的价值。方法 回顾性分析80例接受TACE联合射频消融治疗的HCC患者,均于治疗前10天和治疗后20、60及90天接受腹部DWI及动态增强MR检查;计算DWI联合动态增强MRI预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天HCC复发的敏感度、特异度及准确率;绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,评估以表观弥散系数（ADC）值预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天HCC复发的效能。结果 参照改良实体瘤疗效评价标准,将47例HCC患者纳入稳定组、33例归为进展组。TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天,稳定组HCC病灶DWI多呈不均匀信号、ADC图呈高信号、增强扫描未见强化,进展组病灶多呈DWI高信号、ADC图低信号、增强扫描轻度强化。DWI联合动态增强MRI预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天HCC复发的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为97.75%（87/89）、92.31%（24/26）及96.52%（111/115）。以ADC值预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天HCC复发的曲线下面积为0.82;以ADC=1.42×10^-3 mm²/s为截断值,预测的敏感度及特异度分别为72.13%及82.25%。结论 DWI联合动态增强MRI用于预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后HCC复发具有一定价值;ADC值可作为有效预测指标。     

脊索样脑膜瘤的影像学表现

目的探讨脊索样脑膜瘤的影像学表现。方法回顾性分析6例经手术病理证实的脊索样脑膜瘤患者的CT和MRI。6例中4例接受CT,其中2例接受CT平扫和增强扫描,1例仅接受平扫、1例仅接受增强扫描;5例接受MR平扫及增强扫描,其中2例接受动态增强MRA检查。结果 4例病灶位于幕上,1例位于幕下桥小脑角区,1例跨小脑幕上下生长。3例侵犯邻近组织。3例伴瘤周水肿。3例病灶CT平扫分别呈低、等、高密度;5例病灶平扫MR T1WI均呈低信号,T2WI 4例呈高信号。4例MR增强检查中病灶明显强化,3例见脑膜尾征。2例MRA动脉期肿瘤均未见显影,其中1例静脉期肿瘤显影,1例MRA全程未见显影。结论脊索样脑膜瘤女性多见,发病年龄较轻;肿瘤好发于幕上,T2WI呈高信号;增强后强化明显,且呈延迟强化;易侵袭邻近组织,尤其是骨组织,但较少突破软脑膜侵袭脑实质。     

MRI鉴别诊断卵巢浆液性交界性肿瘤与浆液性囊腺瘤

目的 观察MRI鉴别诊断卵巢浆液性交界性肿瘤（SBOT）与浆液性囊腺瘤（SC）的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的30例SBOT和40例SC,对比其术前MRI表现。结果 30例SBOT共39个病灶,21例累及单侧、9例累及双侧卵巢;T1WI中25个病灶呈低信号、9个呈稍高信号、5个呈混杂信号,T2WI中均呈高信号,其中4例7个病灶为实性。40例SC共43个病灶,37例累及单侧、3例累及双侧卵巢;T1WI中37个病灶呈低信号、6个呈稍高信号,T2WI均呈高信号。SBOT与SC累及侧别、分房数目、囊壁或分隔厚度差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,病灶最大径差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。39个SBOT病灶中,31个可见囊内壁结节,增强后轻-中度强化,时间-信号曲线呈上升型或平台型;43个SC病灶中,11个可见囊内壁结节,增强后轻度强化,时间-信号曲线呈上升型。SBOT与SC壁结节最大径、表观弥散系数（ADC）、最大增强幅度（MRE）、最大增强斜率（MaxSlope）差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,壁结节数目差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 SBOT、SC的MRI表现不同,有助于鉴别诊断。     

钆塞酸二钠增强MRI引导肝脏病灶穿刺活检的可行性

目的 观察钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）增强MRI用于引导肝脏病灶穿刺活检的可行性。方法 对15例肝脏病变患者行Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI引导下穿刺活检,统计总操作时间及技术成功率（以取样标本满足病理、基因等检测要求为技术成功）,观察术中及术后并发症。以手术病理或随访结果为标准,评估MRI引导肝脏病灶穿刺活检的诊断效能。结果 于Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI引导下穿刺15个肝脏病灶,均一次穿刺成功,病灶最大径0.40~2.81 cm,平均（1.58±0.69） cm;肝胆期MRI 13个病灶呈明显低信号、2个呈稍低信号,图像质量均满足操作要求;技术成功率100%（15/15）;总操作时间33~54 min,平均（40.33±6.56） min。5例术中见少量针道渗血,沿针道推入明胶海绵条后止血;其余10例术中、术后均未出现并发症。穿刺标本病理诊断10例肝细胞癌（HCC）、1例结肠癌肝转移、1例肝腺瘤及3例肝脏不典型增生结节伴轻度肝硬化,其中1例穿刺病理结果为肝脏不典型增生结节伴轻度肝硬化者术后病理结果为早期小HCC,其余穿刺病灶病理诊断均与最终临床诊断一致。MRI引导肝脏病灶穿刺活检的诊断敏感度为91.67%（11/12）,特异度为100%（3/3）,准确率为93.33%（14/15）。结论 Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI用于引导肝脏病灶穿刺活检安全、可行。     

联合DWI和MRA在早期脑梗塞诊断中的价值

目的:评价联合磁共振弥散成像(DWI)和血管成像(MRA)在早期脑梗塞诊断中的价值.方法:118例早期脑梗塞患者全部行常规MRI、DWI及MRA检查.结果:48例超急性期脑梗塞病人DWI全部显示为高信号,27例在TIWI、T2WI厦FLAIR均为正常;21倒TIWI未见异常,T2WI及FLAIR呈稍高信号影.70例急性期脑梗塞病例,DWI、T2WI及FLAIR序列显示为高信号、略高信号,TIWI序列显示为低信号、略低信号.在118例磁共振脑血管成像(MRA)中,15例表现为正常,103倒发现血管异常,表现为动脉闭塞、狭窄和硬化.结论:联合应用DWI和MRA能及时准确的诊断出早期脑梗塞,也有利于早期合理的治疗方案的制定及预后判断.     

伴皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的MRI表现

目的 探讨伴皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)的常规MRI扫描及功能成像特征。方法 回顾性分析10例经基因检测诊断为CADASIL的患者临床及MR检查资料。其中,10例均接受常规MRI平扫(4例平扫+增强扫描),8例接受DWI,4例接受磁敏感加权成像(ESWAN),3例接受扩散峰度成像(DKI),3例接受三维动脉自旋标记(ASL)检查,2例接受单体素MRS检查。结果 常规MRI:双侧额叶及外囊受累10例,颞叶、放射冠及基底节受累9例,颞极受累8例,枕叶及顶叶受累8例,脑干受累6例,胼胝体异常改变4例,表现为对称性的长T1长T2信号;其中4例MRI增强扫描均未见强化。DWI:8例中5例可见多发异常增高信号。ESWAN:4例中1例可见右侧豆状核、右侧岛叶、左侧丘脑、左侧颞叶皮层下多发点状低信号。DKI:均见MR平扫所示脑白质信号增高区MK值异常增高。ASL:均见MR平扫所示脑白质信号增高区脑血流量下降。MRS:脑白质高信号区N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)峰下降,乳酸(Lac)峰可见。结论 CADASIL的MR表现具有一定特征性,以皮层下、颞极、外囊、胼胝体、脑干受累为主。MR功能成像有助于定性诊断。     

免疫正常儿童原发隐球菌脑膜脑炎的MRI表现及血管改变特点

目的探讨儿童原发隐球菌脑膜脑炎(CM)的MRI表现及血管改变特点。方法回顾性分析17例临床证实为CM的免疫正常患儿资料。所有患儿均接受头颅MR平扫;9例接受增强扫描;13例接受头颅MRA和MRV,其中7例为增强后MRA和MRV。结果 17例患儿MR检查均为阳性。平扫主要表现为脑室系统扩张伴有双侧脑室旁水肿5例,脑实质内血管周围间隙增宽12例,脑实质内出现胶状假囊7例,脑实质内水肿10例,基底节钙化1例。9例接受增强扫描的患儿中,7例颅内可见异常强化灶。13例经MRA检查发现6例异常,主要为动脉主干的变细、狭窄或分支减少;且13例均经MRV检查发现静脉窦异常,主要为横窦和(或)乙状窦变细、中断或消失,颈内静脉或直窦消失。结论头颅MR检查可较为准确地反映CM的病理学特征,有利于临床早期诊断并及时治疗MR检查可较为准确地反映CM的病理学特征,有利于临床早期诊断并及时治疗     

动脉自旋标记成像评估颈内动脉狭窄患者脑血流量

目的探讨以动脉自旋标记(ASL)成像评估颈内动脉狭窄患者脑血流量(CBF)的可行性。方法对30例一侧颈内动脉狭窄患者分别行MR平扫、DWI、三维时间飞跃(3D-TOF)及ASL序列扫描。根据3D-TOF序列图像将颈内动脉狭窄程度分为轻度、中度及重度,分别计算并对比健侧、患侧基底核区、半卵圆中心、前分水岭区、额叶皮质及颞叶皮质CBF。结果一侧颈内动脉轻度狭窄11例、中度狭窄9例、重度狭窄10例。轻度及中度狭窄患者健侧与患侧基底核区、半卵圆中心、前分水岭区、额叶皮质及颞叶皮质CBF差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05),而重度狭窄患者健侧脑区CBF均高于患侧(P均0.05)。上述脑区CBF值随狭窄程度增加而逐渐减小(P均0.05),颈内动脉狭窄程度与患侧大脑半球CBF呈高度负相关(r=-0.966,P0.001)。结论 ASL可定量、准确评估颈内动脉狭窄患者CBF,对指导临床治疗和评估疗效具有重要意义。     

The Significance of Cerebral Hemodynamics Imaging in Carotid Endarterectomy: A Brief Review

The indication of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is principally determined by the presence or absence of symptoms and the degree of stenosis. However, the results of recent studies have implicated the usefulness of cerebral hemodynamics imaging for perioperative assessments. Many studies using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have demonstrated that cerebral hemodynamics imaging assessments are useful in the prediction and assessment of post-CEA hyperperfusion. In studies using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, SPECT, or positron-emission tomography (PET), cerebral hemodynamic impairment is highly likely to increase the risk of cerebral infarction in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. In other studies using the same modalities, cerebral hemodynamic impairment might be related to cognitive impairment in carotid artery stenosis, and this cognitive impairment might be improved with CEA. Nuclear medicine techniques involve the injection of radioactive tracers. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is an emerging technique of perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the noninvasive measurement of cerebral perfusion. ASL could detect pathologic states such as hypoperfusion, impaired vasoreactivity, and postoperative hyperperfusion activities that are equivalent to SPECT. In addition, regional perfusion imaging visualizes cerebral perfusion territories by selective ASL. In conclusion, cerebral hemodynamic imaging would be useful for the perioperative assessment of CEA. However, there is a lack of sufficient scientific evidence to confirm the benefits, necessitating further study.     

Three cases of internal carotid artery dissection due to trivial trauma

Three cases of internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection due to trivial trauma were reported. A 14-year-old, previously healthy, girl developed left hemiparesis after jogging. MRI sh owed cerebral infarction in the right basal ganglia and the MR angiography (MRA) revealed luminal narrowing of the right ICA as well as pseudolumen at the origin of the right ICA. She was treated with antithrombotic therapy. Follow-up MRA demonstrated normal signal in the right ICA. A 23-year-old woman admitted to the hospital because of minor facial injury due to a traffic accident. Although she had no apparent symptom, follow-up CT, one day after presentation,. showed cerebral infarction in the right basal ganglia. Angiography showed diminished luminal diameter of the right ICA. She was treated with antithrombotic therapy and follow-up angiography showed reconstitution of normal lumina of the right ICA. A 34-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of transient ischemic attack following swimming. Neurological examination was normal and MRI did not show any ischemic lesion. MRA revealed diminished signal in the left ICA as well as string and pearl sign at the origin of the left ICA. She was treated with antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up angiography showed normalization of the left ICA. Cervical ICA dissection due to trivial trauma usually appears as an eccentric tapered stenosis arising at the origin of the ICA and resolves with complete or excellent recovery in most cases. Surgical or endovascular treatment should be reserved for patients who have persistent symptoms of ischemia despite adequate antithrombotic treatment.     

Central nervous system involvement in hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)--a retrospective analysis of cerebral CT and MRI studies.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morphological changes of cerebral involvement in children with HUS utilizing CT and MRI. METHOD AND PATIENTS: We retrospectively analyzed 13 cranial CTs (CCT) and 3 cranial MRI studies of 5 out of 93 patients with clinically proven HUS and severe CNS involvement (seizures and coma and dysregulation of breathing) referred to the department of pediatric nephrology (aged 1.5-15 years, median 2 years, 2 girls, 3 boys) between 1987-2000. RESULTS: Three of 5 patients had CT and MRI studies, 2 patients had CT scans only. One of 2 patients with isolated basal ganglia ischemia and normal first CCT developed a secondary hemorrhagic infarction. Another patient with an initially normal MRI developed an infarction of the right cerebral arteries with mass effects. One of 2 patients with basal ganglia involvement showed additional infarction of thalami and external and internal capsules whereas the other had only minimal involvement of adjacent white matter, but consecutive hemorrhagic infarction. Four of 5 children died (3 of them with varying extents of basal ganglia and adjacent white matter involvement, 1 with right cerebral artery infarction). Basal ganglia involvement was found in the majority of cases as well as in all lethal cases. The surviving patient with isolated basal ganglia involvement now suffers from tetraspastic disorder and convulsions. CONCLUSION: Cerebral involvement is one of the major complications of HUS. According to the literature, basal ganglia involvement in HUS is common and quite often associated with other cerebral pathologies. First imaging findings may not show pathologies. Contradictory to previous reports, even children with isolated basal ganglia pathology and/or less involvement of white matter and coma may either die from the underlying disease or their clinical outcome may be poor.     

颈动脉硬化狭窄支架成形常见并发症的防治

目的回顾性分析颈动脉支架成形治疗缺血性脑血管疾病围手术期常见并发症的原因及其处理。方法58例62处颈动脉狭窄行CAS治疗,成功植入41枚Wallstent支架,20枚“Z”型支架,技术成功率达98%。结果所有患者术后随访1个月,明确诊断过度灌注综合症1例,6例患者出现程度不等的头晕、头痛;12例出现颈动脉窦反应;1例术后脑MRI新发梗死,1例双侧重度狭窄的患者术中出现短暂性脑缺血发作;术中脑血管痉挛12例;发现穿刺局部血肿6例(假性动脉瘤2例),动静脉瘘1例。结论术前充分准备、术中规范化操作、术后积极正规治疗可明显降低CAS围手术期并发症、改善预后。     

腹部器官移植术后并发症的磁共振检查

目的探讨磁共振在腹部器官移植并发症中的诊断价值。方法对4例肝移植、5例胰肾联合移植及2例肾移植患者进行磁共振检查，检查时间在术后28d至2年，采用GE1．5TMR机型，成像技术包括常规平扫及增强扫描。结果4例肝移植，1例发生肝动脉狭窄伴肝坏死，1例发生下腔静脉血栓形成，1例为肝静脉与下腔静脉吻合口明显狭窄，1例为左右肝管明显狭窄；5例胰、肾联合移植中，1例并发急性排斥反应，1例为移植胰慢性排斥反应伴纤维化，1例为迟发性胰腺炎，移植肾4例正常，1例并发急性排斥反应伴肾梗死；2例单纯肾移植者，1例为肾动脉局限性中度狭窄，1例为肾动脉与髂内动脉吻合口处动脉瘤形成。上述病理改变均经组织病理检查和数字减影血管造影证实。结论磁共振可作为腹部器官移植并发症的一种无损伤检查手段，对于血管并发症，有其独有的优势。     

A case of emergency carotid endarterectomy for severe stenosis of the cervical internal carotid artery presenting with progressing stroke: importance of managing blood pressure postoperatively

We report a case treated successfully by emergency carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for progressing stroke resulting from pseudo-occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). A 67-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with dysarthria. Neurological examination on admission revealed mild left-sided motor weakness and dysarthria. Computed tomography (CT) showed cerebral infarction in the territory of the perforating artery of right middle cerebral artery (MCA). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging indicated similar findings and cervical MR angiography revealed occlusion of right cervical ICA. Cerebral conventional angiography and CT angiography revealed pseudo-occlusion of the right ICA. ECD-single photon emission tomography (SPECT) indicated low perfusion in the territory of the right ICA. Conservative therapy was performed using free radical scavengers and antiplatelet drugs, but neurological signs deteriorated. Revascularization using CEA was therefore performed. After surgery, the patient was restless with neurological abnormalities, and trans-cranial Doppler (TCD), INVOS-3100 and MRA revealed hyperperfusion. Strict control of blood pressure under propofol anesthesia allowed effective management of hyperperfusion syndrome. After a 1-month follow-up period, the patient was discharged with only mild left hemiparesis.