2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

目前国内普通外科临床科研中存在的主要问题

自1978年恢复研究生招生工作以来,同其他临床医学学科一样,普通外科的临床科研工作取得了长足进步,获得了一些有创造性的科研成果,为推动我国普通外科事业的发展作出了较大的贡献。近年,我国普通外科领域的科研论文数量增长较快,但不可否认的是,目前我国普通外科研究领域仍存在     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

Disparities in Amputations in Minorities

Background  

As a result of the impact of health disparities on the healthcare system such as their influence on arenas significant to healthcare distribution, including cost, quality, and access, identification and resolution of health disparities is a primary national agenda item. Resolution of disparities in amputation is an area of opportunity that warrants further consideration.     

Thoracoplasty in scoliosis in children

The article presents results of resection of costal humpback in 102 patients with scoliosis. Subperiosteal resection of the costal humpback without a fixation of the spine gave insufficient results, while resection of the humpback with a fixation of the spine with the Harrington distractor gave satisfactory results. Methods of decompressive thoracoplasty of the concave side of the chest in scoliosis were developed and used in 22 operations. Satisfactory cosmetic and functional results were obtained. No progress of scoliosis was noted. Within a year the lung volume became 2,8% greater as compared with the initial parameters.     

Changes in neuroendocrine elements in bronchial mucosa in chronic lung disease in adults.

BACKGROUND--It is not clear whether there is any association between metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium and changes in the distribution of neuroendocrine cells. This study examined, by immunohistological techniques, the distribution of neuroendocrine cells and juxtamucoscal nerve fibres in bronchial biopsies showing metaplastic changes. METHODS--Bronchial biopsies from 12 subjects with epithelial metaplasia associated with bronchiectasis and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis were examined by conventional light microscopy and immunohistological techniques for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), chromogranin A and B (CAB), serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), calcitonin (CT), and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP). RESULTS--Regions of non-metaplastic epithelium contained numerous PGP and serotonin immunoreactive cells. Sub-populations of these cells displayed CAB, CGRP, CT, and GRP immunoreactivity. Metaplastic epithelium contained only a few weakly stained PGP, serotonin, CAB, GRP, CT and CGRP immunoreactive cells in six cases. Metaplastic epithelium was characterised by a high number of CAB-containing cells in six cases and in these biopsies prominent PGP-containing nerve bundles were seen in the subepithelial layer beneath the metaplastic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS--The distribution patterns of neuroendocrine cells and neuronal elements vary between areas of normal and metaplastic epithelium and within areas of metaplastic epithelium. Neuronal hyperplasia was associated with an increase in the number of CAB-containing cells within the metaplastic epithelium.