纤维胆道镜保胆取石术

纤维胆道镜保胆取石术能弥补胆囊造瘘取石术和经皮胆镜碎石清除术的缺点。笔者仅就保胆的依据、保胆取石术的优势及其适应证和禁忌证、手术方法以及当前存在的争议等问题作一综述。     

胸腹联合伤48例诊治体会

回顾性分析1992年1月—2006年8月收治的48例胸腹联合伤患者的临床资料，其中车祸伤16例，刀刺伤10例，击打伤8例，坠落伤6例，挤压伤5例，枪击伤3例。形成创伤性膈疝16例。合并有血、气胸者38例，休克20例，创伤性湿肺11例。术前确诊41例，误诊7例，误诊率14.6％。45例行手术治疗，其中经左胸切口24例，经右胸切口7例，经腹、胸分别切口５例，经胸腹联合切口2例，经腹部切口４例，经双侧胸切口3例。治愈43例，死亡5例，病死率为10.4％。失血性休克是死亡的主要原因。胸腹联合伤病情复杂严重，易误诊，病死率高，临床应根据病史、体检、Ｘ线检查及穿刺引流等做出综合判断，对确诊及高度可疑病例应积极行手术治疗。     

胆道T管拔（脱）出后重置的技巧

目的:探讨纤维胆道镜检查术后重置T管的方法和技巧。方法:256例次纤维胆道镜检查术后患者分成两组；其中85例次采用直接插入法（直接法组）重置T管，171例次采用导丝引导法（导丝法组）重置T管。结果:直接插入法中有3例未能成功重置T管，其中1例误入肠管，拔除T管后经非手术疗法治愈。导丝引导法中T管重置全部成功，且未发生并发症。结论:导丝引导法能成功引导T管重置。     

腹膜后副神经节瘤8例报告

笔者回顾性分析11年间收治的8例腹膜后副神经节瘤患者的临床资料。其中男女各4例。平均年龄44.4岁。均行手术治疗。术中见肿瘤多有完整包膜，血供丰富，与腹主动脉、下腔静脉、肾静脉等关系密切。肿瘤最大直径20cm，最小3cm。5例手术完全切除，1例手术部分切除，2例手术活检。6例随访患者中1例锁骨上淋巴结活检者术后11个月死于肿瘤复发转移，5例手术完全切除肿瘤者均无瘤生存。提示该病一期手术完全切除肿瘤是重要的治疗方法。     

左侧腰疝1例

患者 女,65岁.患者1个月前始发现左侧腰部一包块,大小约10 cm×5 cm,无疼痛.1个月来肿块逐渐变大并感左腰部酸胀不适于2007年5月9日入院.体查:左腰部有一15 cm×10 cm大小的包块,质地软易于还纳,左侧卧位和站立位时肿块明显,向右侧卧位时消失.     

胃次全切除、胃空肠吻合术后腹内疝发生因素及其预防的探讨

目的：探讨腹内疝的发生因素，以期预防及降低病死率。方法：回顾性分析34例腹内疝患者的临床资料。结果：34例均发生在Billroth-II式术后（Eiselsberg术后26例及Moynihan吻合术后8例）。发病时间为术后1个月内至21年，1年以内发病者28例（82.4%）。突发上腹部疼痛伴腰背放射痛是其主要表现。本组术前误诊率为82.3%。全组均经手术治疗，病死率为29.4%。结论：腹内疝是一种严重并发症。Billroth-II术后凡出现肠梗阻临床表现的患者均应考虑此病，早期手术是降低其病死率的关键。     

胆管结石并梗阻性黄疸的处理：附155例报告

目的:手术前应充分考虑梗阻性黄疸的多种因素，充分利用各种手段正确作出诊断，并根据诊断进行针对性治疗。方法:探讨梗阻性黄疸手术后黄疸的处理方法与效果。结果:回顾分析155例梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料。结论:155例均行手术治疗，术后发现145例术后5～14 d血清总胆红素（TB）恢复正常；5例术后2～7d内黄疸加重，而后迅速正常；5例术后2~7 d TB仍加重或无改善，5例均合并肝内弥漫性病变，均经对症处理后消失。全组无死亡。     

肝胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗

回顾性分析近12年来收治的64例肝胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的临床资料。64例均手术治疗，肝叶（段）切除术19例，胆管空肠端侧Roux-en-Y吻合术21例，2种方法联合使用24例;其中行T 管和U管引流分别为11 例和8 例，肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形9例。全组无术中及术后死亡;随访0.5 ～12 年，术后残留结石7例，残石率10.9%。术后用胆道镜取石4例，取净3例;体外震波碎石3例，结合冲洗及中药治疗，排净2例，最终残石率3.12%。提示肝段(叶) 切除联合其他手术是治疗肝胆管结石较为有效的手术方式。     

缺血预处理对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤后c-fos和c-jun 蛋白表达的影响

摘要：为观察缺血预处理（IP）对大鼠肝脏热缺血再灌注（I/R）损伤后c fos和c jun蛋白表达的影响，以探讨IP对I/R肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。笔者将96只SD大鼠随机分成I/R组及IP组，于复灌后0，0.5，1，2，4，8，12，24h取材，通过免疫组化技术结合图像分析定量检测再灌注后各时间点c fos和c jun蛋白的表达。结果示 I/R 损伤早期可使损伤区肝实质细胞核内大量表达c fos和c jun蛋白。与I/R组相比，IP组中损伤早期(0.5，1，2h)c fos和c jun蛋白表达均低于I/R 组（P<0.05）。提示 IP可以减轻再灌注对肝脏的损伤，其机制可能与调节即刻早期基因c fos和c jun的表达有关。     

正丁酸钠对大鼠肝脏热缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的:探讨正丁酸钠拮抗高迁移率族蛋白-1（HMGB-1）表达对大鼠肝脏缺血-再灌注（I/R）损伤的保护作用。 方法:建立大鼠肝脏I/R损伤模型。将40只雄性大鼠随机分成5组：假手术组、I/R组、正丁酸钠预处理组、正丁酸钠治疗A组和正丁酸钠治疗B组。预处理组、A组和B组于不同时相经阴茎背静脉注射正丁酸钠（400mg/kg）。每组以I/R后6h作为检测时点，检测血清AST，ALT，TNF-α浓度及肝脏组织中HMGB-1表达水平；光镜下观察肝组织病理学改变。结果:正丁酸钠预处理组、治疗A组、治疗B组AST，ALT，TNF-α浓度及HMGB-1表达水平均较I/R组显著降低（P＜0.05）；预处理组的AST和TNF-α较A组和B组显著降低（P＜0.05），且肝细胞病理损害较轻。 结论:正丁酸钠对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤具有确切的保护作用，尤以预处理组的保护效果为佳。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.