医源性胆管损伤

目的　目的 :探讨医源性胆道损伤的预防和诊治方法。方法　对 91例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 91例共施行手术 10 3次。其中 2次手术者 8例 ,3次手术者 2例。最后 1次手术方式为胆管端端吻合 18例 ,胆总管十二指肠吻合术 3例 ,胆管壁缺损修补 4例 ,单纯缝线拆除 1例 ,胆管空肠Roux en Y吻合 6 5例。 70例随访 1～ 10年 ,优良率 90 %。结论　胆囊切除术是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因 ,是可以避免的。肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术是医源性胆道损伤或损伤性狭窄修复重建的首选方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆管损伤的处理。方法回顾分析我院1992年3月-2006年10月8876例LC中16例胆管损伤的临床资料，其中胆总管横行剪断4例，电灼伤3例，胆总管部分撕裂伤4例，钛夹误夹5例。胆管裂口修补，T管支撑引流6例；游离两断端，行端端吻合，T管支撑引流3例；胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合5例；去肽夹2例。结果1例胆总管横行剪断后行胆管端端吻合，置T管支撑引流3个月，T管拔除3～5个月后因胆管狭窄，再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，术后未出现因胆管狭窄所引起阻塞性黄疸。2例因胆管空肠吻合口狭窄，分别于术后9、11个月再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，再手术后随访2～4年，未出现胆管炎症状、结石再形成。1例胆管完全性夹闭后行胆管空肠Roux—en-Y吻合术后胆道感染，反复发作。余12例均一次性临床治愈，其中10例随访3～4年，未出现任何不适。结论胆管损伤是LC的主要并发症，早期预防和积极处理胆管损伤是防止多次胆道手术的重要举措。     

胆囊切除术医源性胆管损伤的临床体会

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤如何避免及预防措施。方法回顾性分析6例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果术中发现胆管损伤并及时修复3例，其中1例术后发生狭窄再次手术治愈。1例7天后行胆道修复T管支撑6个月拔管治愈，1例3天出现腹膜炎，经保守治疗无好转，转市级医院，因多器官功能衰竭而死亡。外院1例因胆总管损伤严重行胆总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合。结论医源性胆管损伤在于术中及时发现，采取有效的手术方法至关重要。     

急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因和处理

目的探讨急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）胆管损伤的预防和处理。方法回顾性分析我院1999年10月～2008年10月368例急性胆囊炎行LC导致胆管损伤7例的临床资料,根据胆管损伤轻重采取修补或胆总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术,并置T管引流。结果5例术中发现胆管损伤均中转开腹,其中1例胆总管横行剪断和1例电灼伤分别于术后12、3个月拔除T管后出现胆管狭窄,再次手术行胆肠Roux—en-Y吻合术治愈;2例电钩伤行胆管修补、T管引流3个月造影示无狭窄拔管治愈;1例胆总管破损严重行胆总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术并置T管支撑引流,住院2周带管出院,1个月后经T管胆肠造影显示通畅拔管痊愈。2例术后3～5d出现黄疸,内镜逆行胰胆管造影提示1例胆管狭窄,1例胆管完全闭锁,开腹探查证实为胆总管完全夹闭、肝总管部分夹闭各1例,分别行胆管空肠Roux—en-Y吻合术并置T管支撑引流术治愈。7例随访0．5～6年,平均3．4年,无胆管狭窄、残余结石等并发症发生。无一例死亡。结论只要正确把握手术时机、掌握好手术技巧、及时正确的中转开腹,急性胆囊炎行LC胆管损伤可避免或减少。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因及其防治

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因及其防治方法。方法回顾分析2102例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果5例胆管损伤经早期发现、早期诊断、及时处理、支撑引流而治愈。3例发现较晚，外引流，后期胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合术治愈。结论严格掌握腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术适应证，熟练掌握操作技术，术中出现问题及时开腹手术是减少胆管损伤的重要因素。胆管损伤早发现，早期修补损伤，胆管支撑管引流，胆管损伤发现较晚和迟发性损伤采用先外引流，二期胆管Roux—en—Y吻合术是可靠的方法。     

LC致胆道损伤的外科治疗

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术发生胆道损伤的原因，探讨预防胆道损伤及损伤后修复的方法。方法 对13例LC并发胆道损伤患者进行回顾性分析。结果 病理因素及局部解剖学变异是LC致胆道损伤的主要原因，操作细节欠缺、过分追求低中转开腹率是LC致胆道损伤的常见诱因。12例患者分别采用胆总管对端吻合、Roux—en—Y胆肠内引流、修补后T型管引流等方式进行修复均获得了较好预后。结论 为避免胆道损伤，LC术中应注意操作细节，仔细辨别胆囊管周围解剖关系，疑难病例应适时、果断中转开腹。胆道裂伤或小缺损可行单纯缝合加T型管引流；Roux—en—Y胆管空肠吻合为LC致胆道横断伤或胆道狭窄的理想修复方法；即时手术、条件允许情况下，胆管横断伤也可采取胆管对端吻合的修复方式。     

胆囊切除术中胆管损伤病因分析与防治体会

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的原因和防治方法。方法回顾总结1997～2007年15例医源性胆管损伤的临床资料。结果因病理性因素手术误伤8例，因先天性胆管解剖变异损伤5例，因医务人员思想麻痹大意误伤2例；行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合7例、胆管对端吻合6例、胆管修补1例、胆管引流1例；1例腹腔镜下胆囊切除术（LC）致胆总管损伤胆漏，中毒性休克死亡，其余均治愈。结论医源性胆管损伤的原因是多方面的，手术者责任心强，术中谨慎仔细，考虑全面，是减少医源性胆管损伤的重要环节。一旦发现胆管损伤，应及时修复，尽早处理。     

胆囊切除术致胆管损伤lO例临床分析

目的探讨胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的原因、临床表现、处理方法及预防措施。方法叫顺性分析10例胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的临床资料。结果2例术中发现胆管损伤即时修复,方式为胆管修补加胆管引流,1例术后1a出现胆管狭窄,8例为术后发现胆管损伤,均先行腹腔加胆管引流术,3个月后再行胆管-空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术。术后均无胆漏出现,随访2～5a,仅1例发生反复发发作胆管炎,余均无并发症发生。结论术者应熟悉胆道的解剖及变异,严格掌握手术指征,应根据胆管损伤的时间及类型选择手术方式。术中辨清肝囊管、肝总管及胆总管是预防医源性胆管损伤的关键。     

先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术治疗

目的　探讨先天性胆管囊状扩张症的最佳手术方式。方法　回顾分析我院 1980～2 0 0 2年 76例经手术治疗的先天性胆管囊状扩张症的临床诊疗资料。结果　本组 76例中 ,13例行囊肿空肠Roux en Y吻合术 ;3例行囊肿十二指肠吻合术 ;7例行囊肿外引流术 ;1例行憩室型总胆管囊肿切除T管引流术 ;5 5例行囊肿切除、总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术 (占手术病例的 72 4 % ) ;2例Ⅳa型囊肿行肝左外叶切除加总胆管囊肿切除、总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术 ,1例Ⅴ型囊肿行肝左外叶切除、总胆管切除、肝门胆管空肠Roux en Y吻合术。 16例囊肿内引流术、7例囊肿外引流术和5 5例囊肿切除总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术的术后并发症发生率分别为 5 6 3%、2 8 6 %和 3 6 % ,经统计学分析差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　手术是先天性胆管囊状扩张症惟一有效的治疗方法。外引流术可用于全身状态极差而不能耐受较复杂手术的病人 ,待全身状况改善后应及时行二次手术 ;对于较为复杂的Ⅳa型和Ⅴ型病变 ,应选择合适的病例行肝叶切除术或肝移植术 ;总胆管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术是Ⅰ型先天性胆管囊状扩张症的一种较为合理的手术方式。     

医源性胆道损伤的预防及处理

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤的原因、预防及处理方法。方法 对1990年1月至2005年10月南雄市人民医院和北京军区总医院收治的31例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果开腹胆囊切除、胆总管探查及腹腔镜胆囊切除是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因，占87．1％（27／31）。31例均行手术治疗，共行胆道重建修复手术41例次，其中行2次手术5例，3次以上（含3次）3例。29例随访3个月至7年。疗效优良率达82．8％。结论医源性胆道损伤常见于胆囊切除术。熟悉胆道解剖及变异、严格掌握手术指征、术中肝外三管的辨认是预防医源性胆道损伤的关键。根据损伤的时间及类型采取相应的处理方法，早期发现和及时正确的处理对预后十分重要，胆管空肠Roux—en—Y内引流术是目前最常用且疗效肯定的胆道重建方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.