同种髓核移植延缓椎间盘退变

自体髓核移植或复合培养的髓核细胞移植延缓椎间盘变性已有试验报道 ,但收集髓核引起供体椎间盘变性 ,KuenTak Suh等利用白兔作为椎间盘供体和受体进行试验 ,检查同种髓核移植是否同样延缓间盘变性以及是否诱导免疫反应 ,通过抽吸髓核制作椎间盘变性模型2周后 ,完整的髓核或髓核细胞被植入 ,然后同空白及正常组对照。接受移植的椎间盘在 16周后用组织学和免疫学检查 ,接受髓核移植的椎间盘发生最小的变性 ,接受移植髓核细胞的椎间盘次之。二者均好于对照组 ,这些发现同免疫染色的 型原旦白的强度有直接的关联 ,同种移植没有发生可见的宿…     

hBMP7基因修饰的髓核细胞与同种异体椎间盘复合后体内原位移植的实验研究

目的 探讨用人骨形态发生蛋白7（human bone morphogenetic protein 7, hBMP7）基因修饰的犬髓核细胞与同种异体椎间盘复合后体内原位移植的方法阻止或延缓同种异体椎间盘移植后退变的能力。方法 将18个比格犬椎间盘（L4-5）置于-196 ℃冻存液中保存2个月,随机分为A、B、C三组,A组以rAAV2-hBMP7转染犬髓核细胞,将能够表达hBMP7蛋白的髓核细胞悬液（5×10⁶ 个/ml,20 μl）注射入复温后的椎间盘中体外培养,B组以相同数量未转染的hBMP7的髓核细胞注入椎间盘后体外培养,C组以20 μl DMEM/F12细胞培养液生理盐水注射后体外培养。将培养7 d的3组椎间盘分别移植至15只比格犬的L4-5,在术前、术后即刻及术后1、3、6个月通过X线检测移植椎间盘的愈合情况及其高度变化;通过MRI T2像分析椎间盘的退变情况;术后6个月时处死动物取材,分析腰椎屈伸、侧弯及扭转的生物力学变化;组织学染色检测椎间盘的结构及退变情况;PCR法检测3组髓核组织中hBMP7 mRNA的表达。结果 X线检测显示3组移植椎间盘高度变化指数（DHVI）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;MRI检测结果显示：在术后12、24周时,B、C两组移植椎间盘的MRI T2像信号灰度比明显低于A组（P＜0.05）;生物力学检测结果显示：C组的左右扭转度明显大于A、B组（P＜0.05）,而A、B两组间的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而对屈伸及侧弯活动度检测发现3组间差异无统计学意义;PCR检测结果显示：6个月时A组仍可检测到hBMP mRNA的高表达;组织学检测结果显示：移植后6个月时仍有外源性髓核细胞存活,A组相对于B、C两组髓核结构更加完整,所含细胞外基质更多。结论 表达hBMP7的髓核细胞能阻止同种异体椎间盘移植后的退变性。     

兔退变椎间盘中髓核细胞凋亡与BNIP3基因表达的意义

目的髓核细胞凋亡可能与髓核组织代谢障碍产生缺氧,导致BNIP3基因表达有关。通过观察兔退变椎间盘中髓核组织的细胞密度、细胞凋亡率及BNIP3的表达,为进一步了解髓核细胞凋亡机制提供实验依据。方法健康3月龄雄性新西兰大白兔30只,体重(2.3±0.2)kg,随机分为实验组(n=20)及对照组(n=10)。实验组大白兔采用针刺L3、4、L4、5及L5、6椎间盘制备椎间盘退变模型;对照组仅暴露椎间盘后缝合。术后4、8周通过MRI检查评价椎间盘退变情况,采用组织学观察和TUNEL法检查椎间盘髓核组织中凋亡细胞,用免疫组织化学染色法检测兔椎间盘髓核细胞BNIP3的表达。结果 MRI检查示实验组术后4、8周椎间盘髓核信号强度呈逐渐降低趋势。根据Pfirrmann分级标准,实验组术后4、8周椎间盘退变分级比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。组织学观察及TUNEL检查示:对照组椎间盘髓核中细胞密度高,可见少量散在的凋亡细胞;实验组术后4、8周时椎间盘髓核组织内细胞密度逐渐降低,可见较多凋亡细胞。各时间点实验组细胞密度、TUNEL染色阳性细胞率与对照组比较,以及实验组各指标两时间点间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组椎间盘髓核组织细胞中无BNIP3表达;实验组术后4、8周椎间盘髓核组织细胞中BNIP3表达逐渐增多,BNIP3染色阳性细胞率分别为13.45%±1.16%、32.00%±1.82%,BNIP3灰度值分别为194.32±4.65、117.54±2.11,各时间点间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论椎间盘退变与髓核组织中细胞密度下降有关,细胞凋亡是椎间盘髓核细胞减少的原因之一,BNIP3参与了椎间盘髓核细胞凋亡。     

猴自体椎间盘移植的组织学研究

本实验观察了猴自体椎间盘移植术的不同时期间盘组织学变化。结果表明大体形态移植间盘髓核的含水景减少，呈较粘稠胶状，光镜下纤维环和终板软骨结构无明显变化，髓核中有部分细胞退变，同时亦有成软骨样纤维细胞再生。透射电镜发现间盘髓核中仍有脊索细胞存在，移植后不同时间组髓与纤维环中均可见部分细胞变性坏死。本实验成功地建立了椎间盘移植动物模型，为进上步深入研究提供了依据。     

仿生髓核组织工程支架材料的在体组织性能研究

[目的]初步评价自行设计构建的仿生髓核组织工程支架材料-CHCS支架的在体组织性能。[方法]以单层培养的传1代髓核细胞为种子细胞,体外初步构建细胞-CHCS支架复合体,并植入摘除髓核的椎间盘内,观察椎间隙的高度、相应节段生物力学性能以及组织学改变。[结果]成功构建了细胞-CHCS支架复合体,植入摘除髓核的椎间盘内,髓核细胞能够成功地合成和分泌PG等细胞外基质。在12周时,细胞-支架复合体初步形成了解剖学上的髓核样结构。8周后能有效缓解椎间隙高度的下降和抗压、屈曲、伸直强度的降低。[结论]所构建的细胞-支架复合体对于椎间盘的退变有一定的延缓作用。同时表明所构建的CHCS支架具有良好的在体组织性能。     

实验性脊柱内固定后相应区域椎间盘超微结构观察

目的　观察脊柱内固定后相应区域椎间盘的超微结构变化。　方法　日本大耳白兔2 4只,随机分成实验组和对照组,每组12只。实验组骨膜下游离T1 0 ～L3棘突和关节突,克氏针制成“L”形,将钢丝横行穿过T1 1、1 2 ,L1、2 的关节突关节,并与置于T1 1 ～L3棘突两旁的克氏针系紧,对相应区域的脊柱行内固定术。对照组未行手术,仅喂养至实验完成。术后6个月,对两组动物摄X线片观察1次,随后处死动物。取两组动物的L1 椎间盘组织(髓核、纤维环内侧及纤维环外侧)行透射电镜观察,对两组T1 2 、L2 椎间盘组织分别行水平面和矢状面透射电镜及扫描电镜观察。　结果　X线片显示,实验组与对照组椎体及椎间隙差别不明显;透射电镜与扫描电镜观察,实验组椎间盘的髓核、纤维环内层细胞的结构改变较纤维环外层早;对照组的髓核、纤维环内层细胞的结构改变与纤维环外层差别不明显。在退变的椎间盘基质中,蛋白多糖颗粒和特殊结构明显减少。髓核与纤维环基质内有蛋白多糖颗粒和一种特殊结构,而特殊结构在髓核与纤维环内层的形态不一致。　结论　脊柱内固定术后6个月,实验组在异常应力环境下发生椎间盘退变。髓核、纤维环内层基质内的特殊结构分布有特殊规律,与蛋白多糖颗粒在椎间盘退变中的生物学行为密切相关。     

微创针刺旋切制备兔椎间盘退变模型

目的探讨微创针刺旋切制备兔椎间盘退变(intervertebral disc degeneration,IDD)模型的可行性。方法取40只新西兰大白兔,雌雄不限,体质量(2.9±0.3)kg;随机分为对照组和实验组(n=20)。对照组不予处理;实验组采用18G穿刺针在C臂X线机引导下经皮侧后方穿刺进入L4、5、L5、6椎间盘内,旋切髓核组织以促进椎间盘的退变。术后4、8、12、16周行大体观察、MRI观察并根据Pfirrmann分级法评价椎间盘退变情况,然后处死动物取材行Masson染色和番红O染色观察。结果实验组髓核组织颜色较对照组暗,弹性降低。对照组MRI T2加权像椎间盘信号强度早期未见明显改变,后期略减弱;实验组椎间盘信号强度随时间延长呈减弱趋势。根据Pfirrmann分级法评价椎间盘退变程度,两组随时间延长椎间盘退变程度均逐渐加重(P0.05);两组间比较除术后4周差异无统计学意义(P0.05)外,其余术后各时间点实验组椎间盘退变程度较对照组严重(P0.05)。Masson染色示随时间延长,对照组纤维环出现排列不规整,但结构仍完整;实验组纤维环排列紊乱,甚至出现断裂现象。番红O染色示对照组髓核细胞未见明显减少,实验组髓核细胞明显减少。结论微创针刺旋切法可成功制备兔IDD模型。     

BMSCs-壳聚糖凝胶复合体移植治疗椎间盘退变的实验研究

目的 探讨兔BMSCs-壳聚糖凝胶复合体移植治疗椎间盘髓核缺损退变的效果,为临床应用提供实验依据. 方法 6只健康1月龄新西兰白兔,雌雄不限,体重1.0～1.5 kg.取骨髓2 mL,分离培养BMSCs.取第3代BMSCs,5-BrdU活细胞示踪剂标记,与壳聚糖凝胶混匀,制备BMSCs-壳聚糖凝胶复合体.将6只动物建立兔椎间盘髓核缺损退变模型,并随机分为3组(n=2):正常对照组仅分离暴露椎间盘,不作任何处理;移植治疗组将30 μL自体BMSCs-壳聚糖凝胶复合体注射入缺损椎间盘中心;缺损退变组仅注射入0.01 mol/L PBS液30 μL.移植后4周处死动物,取出移植修复的椎间盘,行细胞5-BrdU标记检测、HE、aggrecan番红.染色及Col Ⅱ免疫组织化学染色;Col Ⅱ免疫组织化学染色切片行灰度值测定. 结果 细胞标记检测发现,自体BMSCs移植后继续存活并增殖,形成细胞克隆.正常对照组及移植组椎间盘HE染色示椎间盘结构清晰,髓核组织及外周纤维环分界清晰,细胞核及细胞浆染色明显;缺损退变组示椎间盘结构紊乱,髓核组织和外周纤维化分界不清.aggrecan番红O染色示正常对照组及移植治疗组椎间盘染色明显,椎间盘结构清晰;缺损退变组椎间盘结构紊乱,髓核组织和外周纤维化分界不清.Col Ⅱ免疫组织化学染色示正常对照组以中央髓核组织染色为主,呈黄褐色阳性反应,椎间盘结构清晰;移植治疗组中央髓核组织呈阳性反应,细胞间质可见明显黄褐色,大体结构仍保持完整;缺损退变组染色较前两组浅,且结构不清.3组Col Ⅱ免疫组织化学染色切片行灰度值测定,正常对照组为223.84±3.93,与移植治疗组(221.03±3.53)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但两组与缺损退变组(172.50±3.13)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 兔BMSCs-壳聚糖凝胶复合体可修复椎间盘缺损退变,为临床应用可注射式组织工程髓核移植治疗椎间盘退变奠定实验基础.     

移植骨髓间充质干细胞对兔退变椎间盘髓核细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)移植对兔退变椎间盘髓核细胞凋亡的影响.方法 以各兔L2/3、L3/4、L4/5、L5/6节段分为正常组、退变组、成纤维细胞(SFs)移植对照组、MSCs移植治疗组.MSCs和SFs分别经绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)转染后,注射植入退变椎间盘的髓核.通过透射电镜观察退变椎间盘凋亡髓核细胞形态;用实时定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测退变组织中髓核细胞凋亡相关基因bcl-2和box mRNA的表达;免疫荧光法标记髓核细胞凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3,并通过TUNEL法标记凋亡髓核细胞,激光共聚焦显微镜检测髓核细胞凋亡蛋白表达率和细胞凋亡比率.结果 透射电镜下,退变椎间盘中凋亡髓核细胞呈现出核染色质边集,空泡形成,核膜断裂,凋亡小体形成等变化.MSCs移植治疗组bcl-2 mRNA的表达量高于退变组和SFs移植对照组(P<0.05),bax mRNA的表达量与退变组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).MSCs移植治疗组细胞凋亡率和Caspase-3表达率均高于正常组[细胞凋亡率分别为(16.75±2.14)%和(6.86±1.08)%;Caspase-3表达率分别为[(20.34±1.03)%和(6.09±0.77)%](P<0.05),低于退变组和SFs移植对照组[细胞凋亡率分别为(31.87±4.16)%和(29.02±2.16)%;Caspase-3表达率分别为(31.50±3.78)%和(30.20±4.93)%](P<0.05).结论 髓核细胞凋亡在椎间盘退变过程中起重要作用.MSCs移植能有效抑制椎间盘髓核细胞凋亡,延缓椎间盘退变过程.     

Nucleus pulposus allograft retards intervertebral disc degeneration

Autogenous implantation of nucleus pulposus or nucleus pulposus cells that were activated by coculture retards intervertebral disc degeneration, but harvesting such grafts causes disc degeneration at the donor site. This study examined whether nucleus pulposus allografts similarly retard disc degeneration and whether such allografting induces immunologic rejection. Japanese White rabbits served as donors and recipients for allografts. Lumbar disc degeneration was induced by aspirating the nucleus pulposus. Two weeks later, intact nucleus pulposus or nucleus pulposus cells were injected and compared with a sham procedure and normal control. The recipients' discs were examined histologically and immunologically at intervals for 16 weeks. Discs receiving an intact nucleus pulposus showed the least degeneration, followed by discs receiving nucleus pulposus cells, both of which were better than no treatment. These findings correlated directly with the intensity of immunochemical staining for Type II collagen. Allogeneic grafts did not induce any appreciable host-versus-graft response. Injection of nucleus pulposus and nucleus pulposus cells retards intervertebral disc degeneration. However, injection of intact nucleus pulposus is more effective than injection of nucleus pulposus cells alone. The intercellular matrix plays an important, but poorly understood, role in preserving intervertebral discs.     

TGF-β3修饰退变髓核细胞移植修复兔退变椎间盘的效果观察

目的探讨TGF-β3基因修饰后退变髓核细胞生物学效应以及植入兔退变椎间盘后对退变椎间盘的影响。方法将重组腺病毒载体Ad-TGF-β3与第2代退变髓核细胞按10∶1比例混合培养转染(Ad-TGF-β3组),待细胞融合后传代,MTT检测转染细胞增殖活性,Western blot检测TGF-β3蛋白含量,免疫细胞化学染色观察对数生长期转染细胞Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性率;采用病毒空载体转染髓核细胞(Adv组)和未经转染髓核细胞(空白组)作为对照。取30只新西兰兔,体重3.2～3.5 kg,雌雄不限,通过针刺L3、4、L4、5和L5、6椎间盘制备椎间盘退变模型。将实验动物按照随机数字法分为3组,转染细胞组(A组,n=12)、退变细胞组(B组,n=12)和空白对照组(C组,n=6)。A、B组将100μL浓度为1×105个/mL对应细胞悬液注射入退变椎间盘,C组同法注入等量PBS。注射后6、10、14周取A、B组各4只、C组2只实验动物处死,取L3、4、L4、5和L5、6椎间盘行组织学观察,RT-PCR检测Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖mRNA表达。结果 Ad-TGF-β3转染后髓核细胞活性明显改善;转染后3、7、14 d,TGF-β3在髓核细胞内表达逐渐升高;Ad-TGF-β3组髓核细胞细胞质内见棕黄色Ⅱ型胶原阳性染色,阳性率显著高于Adv组及空白组(P<0.05)。组织学观察示,A组椎间盘退变程度较B、C组明显减轻。6、10、14周A组Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖mRNA表达显著高于B、C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TGF-β3基因修饰退变髓核细胞后可明显改善细胞生物活性,转染后髓核细胞植入兔体内可明显增加退变椎间盘的基质分泌。     

两种骨水泥渗漏对椎间盘影响的实验研究

目的 探讨椎体成形术时骨水泥渗漏是否会引起椎间盘退变，以及椎间盘退变程度与骨水泥类型是否相关。方法 选用8只成年家犬，以每只犬L2-3、L3-4、L4-5椎间盘为实验对象，随机分为对照组、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（polymethylmethacrylate，PMMA）与磷酸钙骨水泥（calcium phosphate cement，CPC）3组。对照组仅行椎间盘穿刺，不注入任何物质，PMMA组及CPC组均各向椎间盘注入0．1ml骨水泥。术前及术后24周摄正、侧位X线片，计算椎间盘高度指数百分数（disc height index percentage，DHIP）。术后24周行MR检查，计算MRI指数。组织学检查参照Masuda标准对椎间盘退变程度评分并分析。结果 术后24周X线片显示对照组椎间隙无狭窄，病理学检查未见椎间盘退变。PMMA、CPC组椎间盘MRI显示：椎间隙有狭窄，R加权像髓核信号不同程度降低且不均一，其相对高信号区面积减小，髓核形态不规则，纤维环与髓核界限不清。组织学检查显示髓核细胞数量不同程度减少，空泡变小。髓核的细胞外基质不同程度压缩，纤维环断裂或扭转。3组DHIP、MRI指数、组织学评分的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 PMMA、CPC注入椎间盘会导致椎间盘退变，PMMA所致椎间盘退变较CPC更为严重.     

椎体终板损伤对兔椎问盘髓核Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原的影响

目的 观察椎体终板损伤对兔椎间盘髓核Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原的影响并探讨其机制.方法 4个月龄清洁级日本大白兔12只,完整取出40个包含终板的完整椎间盘(L2-L5),随机分为实验组和对照组,每组20个.实验组参考Daniel Haschtmann的方法建立终板损伤模型.椎间盘整体培养2周后,免疫组织化学方法观察椎间盘髓核中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原的表达情况,并用HMIAS-2000图像分析系统进行半定量分析.结果 免疫组织化学染色显示:实验组椎间盘髓核Ⅰ型胶原的表达比对照组高;而Ⅱ型胶原的表达则比对照组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 外伤致椎体终板损伤后会导致椎间盘髓核Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原的变化,继而加速椎间盘退行性变.     

Enhanced prolylhydroxylase activity in the posterior annulus fibrosus of canine intervertebral discs following long-term running exercise

Summary The effect of long-term exercise on the intervertebral disc collagen concentration (hydroxyproline), collagen-synthesizing enzymes (prolyl-4-hydroxylase, PH, and galactosyl-hydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase, GGT) and hydroxypyridinium crosslinks was studied in ten female beagle dogs. The dogs were run on a treadmill for 1 year starting at the age of 15 weeks. The daily running distance was gradually increased to 40 km, which distance the dogs ran for the final 15 weeks. Ten untrained dogs from the same breeding colony served as controls. The nucleus pulposus and anterior and posterior halves of the annulus fibrosus of C2–3, T10–12, L4–5 disc segments were analysed. Crosslinks were measured from the anterior annulus fibrosus of the T10–11 disc. Hydroxyproline and hydroxypyridinium concentrations remained similar in both groups. PH and GGT were significantly elevated by running in the posterior annulus fibrosus of the thoracic and lumbar discs and in the lumbar nucleus pulposus. In the thoracic nucleus pulposus GGT was reduced significantly. The results suggest activated collagen metabolism in the posterior annulus fibrosus of the thoracic and lumbar discs as a result of locally increased strains on the spine.The research was carried out at the Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio     

Comparison of neuropathic pain induced by the application of normal and mechanically compressed nucleus pulposus to lumbar nerve roots in the rat.

We studied whether applying nucleus pulposus tissue, obtained from tail intervertebral discs that had been subjected to chronic mechanical compression, to the lumbar nerve roots produces hyperalgesia, which is thought to be a pain-related behavior in the rat. An Ilizarov-type apparatus was used for immobilization and chronically applied compression of the rat tail for eight weeks. Three weeks after application of extracted nucleus pulposus tissue on the lumbar nerve roots, motor function, sensitivity to noxious mechanical stimuli was measured. Eight weeks after application of the apparatus, the instrumented vertebrae were resected and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Mechanical hyperalgesia observed in rats treated with the compressed nucleus pulposus tissue was greater and of longer duration than in the rats treated with normal and non-compressed discs. The nucleus pulposus in the instrumented vertebrae showed some histological degeneration. In conclusion, chronic mechanical compression of nucleus pulposus, which resulted in degeneration to some extent, enhanced mechanical hyperalgesia, which was induced by application of nucleus pulposus on the nerve root in the rat. Degenerative intervertebral discs might induce more significant pain than normal intervertebral discs.     

脊柱节段血管阻断对椎间盘退变发生发展的影响

目的：探讨结扎脊柱节段血管对椎间盘退变发生发展的影响。方法：16只成年犬随机平均分为两组．每只犬均结扎左侧T6～T9的节段血管。分别于造模后3个月和8个月急性失血法各处死一组动物，处死后立即取整段胸椎。T6，7至T8／9为实验区(结扎节段血管区)，取结扎血管以上的T4／5椎间盘为病理检查中的对照区，T6／7为病理检查实验区；T7／8和F8/9椎间盘为生化分析的实验区，结扎血管以下的T11/12、T12／13椎间盘为生化分析的对照区。对对照区和实验区内椎间盘的形态和成分进行比较。结果：与对照组相比．实验组的椎间盘在3个月时胶原成分已有显著增加，而糖胺多糖成分显著降低；8个月组与3个月组无显著性区别。结论：在脊柱节段血管阻断后，椎间盘的周围血供减少，影响椎间盘的营养供应，可诱发或加速椎间盘的退变。     

Histological changes in intervertebral discs after smoking and cessation: experimental study using a rat passive smoking model

Background Passive smoking has been reported to induce intervertebral disc degeneration in rats, and the objective of the present study was to histologically investigate changes in smoking-induced intervertebral disc degeneration after cessation of smoking. Methods Four-week-old rats were subjected to passive smoking for 8 weeks in a smoking box [20 cigarettes a day: one cigarette an hour (inhaled over 3 minutes and followed by ventilation with room air for 5 minutes)] to induce intervertebral disc degeneration. Smoke-free periods of different lengths were then established, and intervertebral discs were histologically analyzed. Results Immediately after 8 weeks of passive smoking, intervertebral discs exhibited cracks, tears, and misalignment of the annulus fibrosus, and increased fibrous tissue was seen in the nucleus pulposus. In addition, the level of interleukin-1β in intervertebral discs was higher in the smoking group than in the non-smoking group. After cessation, progression of degeneration ceased, and the matrix of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus exhibited increased fibrous connective tissue and proteoglycan. However, there were no changes in annulus fibrosus misalignment. Interleukin-1β levels also remained significantly elevated after 8 weeks of cessation. Conclusions While the annulus fibrosus degeneration caused by smoking was partially irreversible after cessation of smoking, the amount of mucin (proteoglycan) in the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus tended to increase after cessation, thus suggesting the possibility that smoking-induced intervertebral disc degeneration can be repaired to some degree by cessation of smoking.