臀肌挛缩症致骨盆倾斜合并肢体不等长的手术治疗

目的：揭示臀肌挛缩症合并肢体不等长的原因,并阐述手术治疗配合术后功能锻炼的方法,观察其疗效。方法：对１２８０例臀肌挛缩症患者进行临床检查分析,发现有２１２例因骨盆倾斜合并下肢肢体不等长,治疗采用臀部“Ｚ”型松解延长、配合术后下肢皮肤牵引、摆动髋部等功能锻炼。结果：术后随访３月～２年,对其临床体征等全面评估,优２０６例,良６例,优良率１００％,治愈率９９．３％。结论：此方法对诊断明确的患者治疗,既解决了臀肌挛缩平的一般症状体征,又解决了因骨盆倾斜造成的肢体不等长问题,尤其应引起临床重视和应用。     

臀肌挛缩症致下肢假性不等长临床诊治

目的探讨臀肌挛缩症致骨盆倾斜下肢不等长诊断治疗体会。方法本组6例臀肌挛缩致下肢不等长患者,男4例,女2例;年龄在3～28岁,平均12岁。均采用手术治疗,术后配合早期功能锻炼。结果随访1～4年,6例骨盆倾斜完全矫正,腰椎侧弯消失,髋关节内收内旋正常,双下肢等长。结论对于臀肌挛缩引起骨盆倾斜致下肢假性不等长的患者,术前临床分析、术中正确松解以及术后恰当的物理锻炼都至关重要。     

儿童臀小肌挛缩致肢体假性不等长的手术治疗

目的：探讨臀小肌挛缩导致骨盆倾斜合并肢体假性不等长的原因，以及手术治疗方法改进后的效果。方法：本组32例骨盆倾斜合并肢体假性不等长的患儿采用臀小肌松解延长手术，术后配合练习臀肌挛缩操和摆臀锻炼。结果：术后经过6个月以上的随访，骨盆倾斜合并肢体假性不等长已完全矫正，步态恢复正常。结论：臀中，小肌都可以导致骨盆倾斜合并肢体假性不等长，但是臀小肌的作用更甚于臀中肌。针对臀小肌挛缩的松解延长术是解决骨盆倾斜合并肢体假性不等长的重要治疗方法，应引起重视。     

大龄臀肌筋膜挛缩症的手术治疗

目的；探讨在龄臀肌筋膜挛缩症的临床特点及手术治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析23例大龄臀肌筋膜挛缩症手术治疗的临床资料。本组病例男9例，女14例，年龄15－43岁，病程10－35年。结果：随访时间3月－3年，平均1年8个月。手术治疗效果满意，髋关节功能恢复正常或接近正常。伴发骨盆倾斜所致下肢假性不等长9例（占39．12％），要后畸形矫正；术前肢体等长，术后出现肢体不等长2例。病变范围均累及臀中肌，臀小肌。结论：大龄臀肌筋膜挛缩症患中，因骨盆倾斜所致肢体假性不等长表现的相对较多，应重视此伴发症的处理。术中注意重点松解臀中肌，臀小肌的挛缩，延误治疗可能会影响骨关节的发育或引起骨关节的继发性病变。     

臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜肢体不等长的诊治

目的探讨儿童臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜肢体不等长的发病机制、诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析自1990～2004年间笔者收治的32例臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜双下肢不等长患儿的临床特点并随访其疗效。结果17例双下肢长度差在0.5～2.0cm之间,9例在2.0～4.0cm之间,6例在4.0cm。所有病例均表现为不对称性的臀肌挛缩。采用经大转子后外侧纵弧形切口行臀肌松解术配合双下肢皮肤牵引、运动锻炼治疗,疗效优30例,良2例。结论臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜双下肢不等长是双下肢臀肌挛缩程度不对称的结果。采用大转子后外侧纵弧形切口行臀肌松解术配合双下肢皮肤牵引、运动锻炼治疗,是臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜双下肢不等长的有效治疗办法。     

臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜肢体不等长的修复

目的 探讨臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜肢体不等长的发病机制、诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析1990年1月～2004年12月收治的132例臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜双下肢不等长患者的临床特点并随访其疗效。其中男73例，女59例，年龄5～26岁，平均11岁。均表现为不对称性臀肌挛缩，单侧37例，双侧95例。明显跛行89例，明显双下肢不等长78例；X线片示骨盆倾斜97例，股骨颈干角增大11例。采用经大转子后外侧纵弧形切口行臀肌松解术配合双下肢皮肤牵引及运动锻炼治疗。结果 术后双下肢相对长度等长118例，相差0．5～1．5cm 13例，相差3cm 1例。综合治疗后获随访3个月～14年，根据刘国辉等疗效评定标准，优118例，良13例，差1例，治愈率99．2％。结论 臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜双下肢不等长是双下肢臀肌挛缩程度不对称的结果。采用大转子后外侧纵弧形切口行臀肌松解术配合双下肢皮肤牵引、运动锻炼是治疗臀肌挛缩合并骨盆倾斜双下肢不等长的一种有效方法。     

双侧臀肌挛缩症伴骨盆倾斜临床分析

目的 :探讨臀肌挛缩症并发骨盆倾斜的诊断特点及临床治疗效果。方法 :2 6例右侧臀肌挛缩症均采用挛缩带松解术。术后立即将双下肢于并膝位 ,回病房后膝下垫枕于屈髋 45～ 60°、屈膝 30°位置。术后 2～ 3d鼓励患者进行功能锻炼 :(1 )卧位行屈伸髋功能锻炼 ,同时行“缩短侧”下肢皮牵引 ;(2 )大腿交叉锻炼 ;(3)双膝交叉坐立 ;(4)踩直线步行 ,幅度和强度逐渐加大 ,维持 2～ 3个月。结果 :2 6例 ,2 4例步态正常 ,骨盆倾斜消失 ,1例好转 ,步态正常 ,骨盆倾斜减轻 ,双下肢不等长 ,1例因没有坚持锻炼 ,效果差。结论 :双侧臀肌挛缩症伴骨盆倾斜 ,多由于臀中肌臀小肌挛缩引起髋关节外展畸形导致负重力线的改变所致。采用双侧臀中肌、臀小肌挛缩带松解 ,术后功能锻炼 ,可获得满意效果。     

儿童特发性髋外展肌挛缩症的诊断与治疗

1995年 6月～ 1999年 6月我科共收治 5例儿童特发性髋外展肌挛缩症 ,采用臀中、小肌起点松解术进行治疗 ,取得较好疗效 ,报告如下。1　临床资料本组 5例 ,男 3例 ,女 2例。年龄 7～ 13岁。均为第一胎 ,无反复臀部肌肉注射史。均为单侧 ,左侧 3例 ,右侧 2例。检查 :患侧下肢内收时出现骨盆向患侧倾斜 ,两侧臀纹及臀部肌肉不对称 ,胸腰段脊柱凸向患侧 ,患侧下肢长于健侧 1.4～ 2 .4 cm (平均 1.8cm)。但实际测量髂前上棘至内踝距离 ,两侧长度则基本相符 ,为假性肢体不等长 ;当患侧外展至 30～ 4 0度时 ,上述体征可完全消失。患侧髋关节屈曲～…     

先天性髋关节发育不良Ⅳ型全髋关节置换术的肢体平衡

[目的]Crowe IV型先天性髋关节发育不良患者由于髋关节的脱位存在肢体短缩问题,全髋关节置换术恢复患者的肢体等长十分困难,本文探究先天性髋关节发育不良Crowe IV型全髋关节置换术肢体平衡技术的应用及疗效。[方法]2009年7月²012年1月,39例(41髋)Crowe IV型先天性髋关节发育不良行全髋关节置换,手术指征为关节疼痛严重,活动受限明显,影响生活及工作。其中女36例,男3例;年龄382012年1月,39例(41髋)Crowe IV型先天性髋关节发育不良行全髋关节置换,手术指征为关节疼痛严重,活动受限明显,影响生活及工作。其中女36例,男3例;年龄38⁷5岁,平均54.1岁。根据脱位类型、骨盆是否倾斜、腰椎是否有侧弯将病例分为4个亚型:Ⅰ型为双侧对称脱位;Ⅱ型为一侧脱位,对侧正常,骨盆水平;Ⅲ型为一侧脱位,对侧正常,骨盆倾斜;Ⅳ型为双侧不对称脱位。这四个亚型的解剖不等长和功能不等长情况有所不同,需要制订不同的术前计划,采取不同策略平衡肢体长度。部分患者如果肢体延长超过4 cm,需要在术中行转子下截骨以防止神经牵拉损伤。对比术前、术后肢体长度以判断肢体不等长改善情况,对比术前、术后Harris评分以评估疼痛和功能的改善情况,术后采用SF-12生存质量量表评分以评估患者生存满意度。术前、术后肢体不等长及Harris评分采用配对样本的t检验,P<0.01为差异有统计学意义,进行统计学分析评价肢体平衡效果。[结果]39例中Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型18例,ⅢA型6例,ⅢB型9例,Ⅳ型4例,随访2175岁,平均54.1岁。根据脱位类型、骨盆是否倾斜、腰椎是否有侧弯将病例分为4个亚型:Ⅰ型为双侧对称脱位;Ⅱ型为一侧脱位,对侧正常,骨盆水平;Ⅲ型为一侧脱位,对侧正常,骨盆倾斜;Ⅳ型为双侧不对称脱位。这四个亚型的解剖不等长和功能不等长情况有所不同,需要制订不同的术前计划,采取不同策略平衡肢体长度。部分患者如果肢体延长超过4 cm,需要在术中行转子下截骨以防止神经牵拉损伤。对比术前、术后肢体长度以判断肢体不等长改善情况,对比术前、术后Harris评分以评估疼痛和功能的改善情况,术后采用SF-12生存质量量表评分以评估患者生存满意度。术前、术后肢体不等长及Harris评分采用配对样本的t检验,P<0.01为差异有统计学意义,进行统计学分析评价肢体平衡效果。[结果]39例中Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型18例,ⅢA型6例,ⅢB型9例,Ⅳ型4例,随访21⁵1个月,平均36个月。术后20个月的平均患侧下肢长度为(83.3±3.0)cm,平均对侧下肢长度为(84.5±3.2)cm,肢体长度差异为(-1.2±0.9)cm(-451个月,平均36个月。术后20个月的平均患侧下肢长度为(83.3±3.0)cm,平均对侧下肢长度为(84.5±3.2)cm,肢体长度差异为(-1.2±0.9)cm(-4⁰cm),较术前的(-5.1±1.6)cm(-70cm),较术前的(-5.1±1.6)cm(-7⁰ cm)有明显改善(P<0.01);Harris评分由术前的(39.3±7.4)分(190 cm)有明显改善(P<0.01);Harris评分由术前的(39.3±7.4)分(19⁵3分),上升至(88.4±8.1)分(6753分),上升至(88.4±8.1)分(67⁹6分)(P<0.01);术后SF-12评分:生理总评分PCS为52.3(37.896分)(P<0.01);术后SF-12评分:生理总评分PCS为52.3(37.8⁵2.5),心理总评分MCS为55.1(45.352.5),心理总评分MCS为55.1(45.3⁵7.7),虽然术前未进行SF-12评分,但与其他文献中先天性髋关节发育不良术前SF-12评分相比,有较大提高。13髋术中进行了转子下截骨,股骨假体稳定,骨折愈合。随访期内无1例发生假体松动、术后感染、术中术后髋关节脱位、血管神经损伤及有明显临床表现的深静脉血栓形成等并发症。[结论]术前需要对不同类型的CroweⅣ型先天性髋关节发育不良进行评估、分类,要做到个体化分析,根据不同的分类做不同的肢体平衡计划,此项肢体平衡技术安全、有效。     

骨盆均衡术的康复护理

我科自1985年以来运用骨盆均衡术治疗下肢不等长继发固定性骨盆倾斜22例,其中脊髓灰质炎后遗症19例,髋关节结核后3例。疗效满意。现将康复护理方法介绍如下。临床资料本组病例男14例,女8例;最小年龄14岁,最大年龄27岁,平均年龄19岁。22例患者短肢侧足部均悬吊不能落地负重,骨盆向     

骨盆部分切除术治疗骨盆肿瘤的部位分型与术式选择

探针对骨盆部肿瘤控其发生部位进行分型,选择相应的手术方式,以最大限度保留患侧肢体的功能。方法通过对１９８０年－１９９５年２０例骨盆腔肿瘤手术的总结,提出按肿瘤及部位即骶髂关节及髋关节是否被丰 坏将骨盆腔为四型     

Scoliosis and hip flexion contracture in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Spinal deformity is common in muscular dystrophy and usually occurs after loss of walking ability. Unlike in idiopathic and other scoliosis forms, there seems to be no side preference of the convexity. Aim of the study was to analyse, if there is any relation between incidence and extent of walking ability, lower limb contractures and development of scoliosis. METHODS: In a retrospective study, 45 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who underwent surgery were analysed, concerning walking ability, contractures of lower extremities and scoliosis. RESULTS: 1: No scoliosis was observed in ambulatory patients. 2: 96% of the wheelchair bound patients suffered from scoliosis. 3: 96% of the scoliosis patients had hip flexion or abduction contractures. 4: In 12 of 15 cases with side-different contractures, scoliosis tended to the side with the greater contracture. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of hip contracture and pelvic obliquity on scoliosis is discussed controversially. Concerning muscular dystrophy, there seems to be a positive correlation between convexity and hip contracture. If this is a causal relation or if there is a faster progression of structural alteration of the muscles on one side has to be further investigated.     

Effect of pelvic obliquity on the orientation of the acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty

In infrapelvic obliquity, coronal pelvic malrotation entails a change in the spatial location of the bony acetabulum. In the present study, 77 patients presented with infrapelvic obliquity with types 1 and 2 hip pathologies in which the pelvis is lower and higher, respectively, on the short-leg side. The 2 types were classified into 3 subtypes (A, B, and C) according to the severity of the pelvic obliquity (0°-3°, 3°-6°, and >6°). Angles of inclination of pelvic obliquity postoperatively, anteversions, and inclinations (abduction angle) for acetabular components were measured after total hip arthroplasty. Increased inclination (mean, 8.79°) was observed in type 1C, where the angle of inclination to pelvic obliquity postoperatively was minimally corrected. This increase may lead to cup instability. Rebalancing the pelvis in these cases with preoperative skeletal traction and/or sufficient release of hip contractures may be necessary. A correction of the mean inclination of the cup by 8.79° is required.     

Infantile skeletal skew: the use of ultrasound in management

The term 'infantile skeletal skew' recognizes the prenatal or postnatal moulding of a small proportion of babies who develop characteristic changes including plagiocephaly, wry neck, scoliosis, pelvic obliquity and postural foot deformities. Pelvic obliquity may cause an abduction contracture of the hip on one side and an adduction contracture on the other, and radiographs may suggest a 'dysplasia' of the acetabulum on the adducted side, giving rise to concern that the hip is unstable. In these cases we have found that early ultrasound assessment of the adducted side will reassure the clinician that the hip is 'in joint' and the condition should be allowed to resolve itself over several months without any treatment. Eighteen infants with features of moulding in whom there was concern over the development of the hip on the adducted side, have been prospectively studied with the use of ultrasound until the age of 18 months when a final radiograph confirmed normal development of the hips.     

Treatment of deformities of the locomotor system in hemiplegia]

In spastic hemiplegia mainly one side of the body is affected. In both the upper and the lower extremity the distal parts (hand and foot) are more severely involved than the proximal region. In cases of minor involvement the goal of treatment in the upper extremity is to achieve functional improvement by means of splinting and surgery. In cases of severe alterations cosmetic improvement without much functional gain is all that can be expected. Gait analysis has demonstrated that there are four basic patterns that can be related to the severity of involvement. In type I muscle imbalance exists without a contracture. In type II there is contracture of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the calf. In type III, in addition to the changes around the ankle joint, contractures around the knee are present, and in type IV also hip problems. Functional improvement can be achieved by means of splinting and surgery in all types. Basic principles of treatment have developed as a result of the application of gait analysis and dynamic electromyography. Specific examples of such treatment principles have recently been presented by Gage.     

儿童臀肌挛缩症并骨盆倾斜的手术治疗

目的探讨儿童臀肌挛缩症并骨盆倾斜的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法臀部挛缩组织切断松解或延长术(29例)、臀肌起点下移术(11例)治疗儿童臀肌挛缩症并骨盆倾斜。结果40例术后平均随访5年,采用臀部挛缩组织松解或延长术29例中,臀肌挛缩体征及骨盆倾斜完全消失24例,部分改善3例,2例无明显改善。臀肌起点下移术11例中,臀肌挛缩及骨盆倾斜症状完全消失9例,部分改善2例。结论经臀肌大转子顶端的小切口进行臀部挛缩组织切断松解或者延长手术,对治疗轻症臀肌挛缩症并骨盆倾斜简便、有效;而臀肌起点下移术是治疗儿童重症臀肌挛缩并骨盆倾斜的有效方法。     

Hip dislocation and subluxation in cerebral palsy

Four hundred sixty-four patients with cerebral palsy were reviewed. They were placed in four function groups: independent ambulators (n = 76), dependent ambulators (n = 43), independent sitters (n = 41), and dependent sitters (n = 304). The percentage of subluxated or dislocated hips increased from 7% for independent ambulators to 60% for dependent sitters. In the dependent sitters, a level pelvis or different degrees of pelvic obliquity did not correlate with whether the hip was located, subluxated, or dislocated. The subluxated or dislocated hip did not correlate with the high side or the amount of pelvic obliquity. Muscle imbalance around the hip and not the pelvic obliquity is the cause of the hip subluxation or dislocation.     

Idiopathic hypertonicity as a cause of stiffness after surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip

INTRODUCTION

There are various complications reported with surgical treatment of DDH. Most studied complication is avascular necrosis of the femoral head and hip stiffness. The purpose of this report was to describe a case with severe stiffness of the hip due to hypertonicity in periarticular muscles after it was treated for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

PRESENTATION OF CASE

Three-year-old patient referred to our institution with bilateral DDH. Two hips were operated separately in one year with anterior open reduction, femoral shortening osteotomy. Third month after last surgery, limited right hip range of motion and limb length discrepency identified. Clinical examination revealed that patient had limited range of motion (ROM) in the right hip and compensated this with pelvis obliquity. Gluteus medius, sartorius and iliofemoral band release performed after examination under general anesthesia. Symptoms were persisted at 3rd week control and examination of the patient in general anesthesia revealed full ROM without increased tension. For the identified hypertonicity, ultrasound guided 100 IU botulinum toxin A injection performed to abductor group and iliopsoas muscles. Fifth month later, no flexor or abductor tension observed, and there was no pelvic obliquity.

DISCUSSION

Stiffness as a complication is rare and is usually resolved without treatment or simple physical therapy. Usually it is related with immobilization or surgery associated joint contracture, and spontaneous recovery reported. Presented case is diagnosed as hip stiffness due to underlying local hypertonicity. That is resolved with anesthesia and it was treated after using botulinum toxin A injection.

CONCLUSION

Hypertonicity with hip stiffness after surgical treatment of DDH differ from spontaneous recovering hip range of motion limitation and treatment can only be achieved by reduction of the muscle hypertonicity by neuromuscular junction blockage.     

儿麻后遗骨盆倾斜(附326例前瞻性研究报告)

本文报告326例儿麻后遗骨盆倾斜,其中由于麻痹性脊柱侧突引起者12例,由髂胫束挛缩所致76例。下肢短缩引起238例。我们将由髂胫束挛缩所致者称为原发性,脊柱侧突和下肢短缩所致者称为继发性。它们又各分为两型,其临床表现亦不同。