胸腰椎爆裂骨折的后路器械复位内固定

为观察后路器械对胸腰椎爆裂骨折的复位作用,自１９８６年１月至１９９５年１２月,作者应用爱德华和沈氏经后路复位内固定器械治疗爆裂骨折６４例,分别观察骨折复位,椎管形态和脊髓神经功能变化,结果显示２周内和２周以上手术组伤椎高度分别由术前的４７．８％和５２．１％恢复到正常的９５．５％和９０．３％,水平移位分别由术前的１７．３％和１８．７％达完全复位,后凸畸形角由术前２６．１°和２３．４°分别恢复以术后的     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折的外科治疗分析

目的探讨胸腰椎爆裂骨折的最佳治疗方法。方法根据骨折类型不同,采用不同方法治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折89例,其中AF系统椎弓根钉内固定68例,Dick固定6例,ALPS固定8例,Luque棒固定2例,中华长城5例,并行植骨49例。结果随访9个月～3年6个月,平均2年。术后内固定稳固,骨折复位佳,椎管有效径恢复,术后神经功能较术前均有恢复。结论胸腰椎爆裂骨折,如骨折块占椎管容积>30%以上,椎管矢径小于10mm及伴有脊髓损伤者应积极进行手术椎管减压复位固定,矫正后倾角,同时术中脊髓造影、C臂机监视复位应达到以下标准:压缩椎体扩张80%以上;后弓角<10°,恢复椎管容积及脊髓减压,椎体间脱位完全复位。     

AF系统复位内固定治疗胸腰椎单节段爆裂性骨折

目的探讨AF系统复位固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的疗效。方法 AF系统经后路复位内固定、选择性椎管减压治疗胸腰椎单节段爆裂性骨折53例,对临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果经6～24个月随访,X线片测定椎体前后缘高度,前缘术前平均高度42.3%,术后95.4%;后缘术前平均高度82.4%,术后98.8%。Cobb角术前23.5°,术后3.2°,除脊髓神经完全损伤有1例无恢复,其余皆有完全、部分不同程度的恢复。结论 AF系统经后路复位内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折具有操作简单、手术创伤小、复位固定牢靠高效、可以早期下地活动,是治疗胸腰椎单节段爆裂性骨折的良好内固定器械。     

后路选择性椎管减压在胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的应用

目的观察选择性椎管减压内固定对合并有神经损伤的胸腰椎爆裂骨折的治疗效果。方法经椎弓根钉钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者62例，对其中伴有脊髓神经损伤的49例从后路做选择性椎管减压。结果伤椎前、后缘高度分别从术前平均47．5％和76．2％恢复到正常的95．1％和98．5％，Cobbs角由术前23．34°恢复到术后的4．88°。CT示椎管截面积术前为45．2％，术后为88．7％。各项指标与术前比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01），患者术后神经功能获得改善。结论后路选择性椎管减压技术对爆裂骨折的复位和椎管减压的作用是确切有效的。     

AF内固定加椎板关闭术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的 比较和评价后路椎板切开骨折复位椎板关闭术和结合AF系统两种不同手术方法在治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折中的疗效。方法 回顾性分析29例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者,其中早期8例单纯采用后路椎板切开、骨折复位、关闭椎板的手术;后期用此法并结合AF系统治疗21例。比较术后症状的改善和X线变化。结果 全部病例获得3个月～6年随访,脊髓神经功能及椎体高度均有不同程度恢复。AF内固定组无局部症状,后凸畸形角由术前平均28.4°减少到术后3.1°;单纯组存在腰部症状,后凸畸形角由术前平均26.2°减少到6.9°。结论 AF内固定结合骨折复位椎板关闭术,骨折复位及减压彻底,脊柱稳定性好,术后硬膜外瘢痕粘连少,是治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的一种理想方法。     

应用DRFS骨折椎内固定、小关节融合治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的　探讨胸腰椎爆裂骨折内固定新方法。方法　对 2 8例胸腰椎爆裂骨折应用DRFS行骨折椎及邻椎内固定 ,小关节融合术治疗。对手术方法 ,疗效进行总结和随访。结果　平均随访 18个月。后凸成角术前平均 2 5° ,术后 5°;椎体前高术前平均 32 % ,术后恢复到 95 % ;骨折椎体后上角突入椎管术前平均 2 8% ,术后完全复位。随访无椎体前高及脊柱后突矫正角度丢失。 2 5例神经功能获得Frankel1～ 3级改善。结论　骨折椎内固定明显提高复位与固定效果。该术式简单、安全、复位完美、固定牢靠、疗效优良     

AF复位固定术中造影对判断椎管减压的意义

目的分析AF系统治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折术中造影的意义。方法总结应用AF系统对伤椎进行复位及内固定,术中结合椎管造影决定是否直接开放椎管减压的28例病例,从影像学、手术操作过程及神经功能恢复等方面分析疗效。结果伤椎高度从46.1%恢复到正常的94.2%,水平移位完全恢复,Cobb氏角由术前21.6°恢复到术后3.7°。椎管受压程度:删除椎管开放减压的5例病例,受压面积从术前41%恢复到术后16%,受压的矢状径从术前54.7%恢复到80.8%。脊髓神经功能恢复依照Frankel分级标准有1级以上改善。结论AF系统对胸腰段爆裂型骨折治疗效果良好,对其合理选用并结合术中造影可以达到优于其它固定方法的效果。     

AF椎弓根内固定系统治疗不稳定性胸腰段骨折合并截瘫

目的 评价AF推弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗不稳定性胸腰段骨折合并截瘫的疗效。方法 1997年5月至2001年5月,采用AF椎弓根螺钉内固定结合推移复位法治疗不稳定性胸腰段骨折合并截瘫38例。结果 Cobb’s角由术前平均23.8°(11°～43°)矫正到术后平均2.6°(0°～8°)。椎体前、后缘高度由术前46％(23％～68％)和70％(32％～80％)恢复到术后的92％(89％～100％)与97％(94％～100％)。三者均有显著统计学差异(P<0.01)。术后随访6～28个月,平均随访10.5个月,32例不完全性截瘫患者均有1～3级恢复,6例全瘫患者中,4例有1～2级恢复。结论 AF椎弓根内固定系统能使突入椎管腔内的伤椎椎体后壁精确复位,牢靠固定,并使椎管有效减压。在某些前、后纵韧带完整性已遭破坏的爆裂型骨折、脱位病例,推移复位法可作为AF内固定系统的必要补充。     

自制C形椎管内骨折复位器在胸腰段爆裂骨折后路手术中的应用

目的:评价自制C形椎管内骨折复位器在胸腰段爆裂骨折后路手术中对椎管内骨折块的复位效果。方法:将78例符合纳入标准(单节段胸腰段爆裂骨折,骨折块突入椎管,椎管狭窄,合并脊髓神经损伤等)的胸腰段爆裂骨折住院患者随机分入观察组和对照组,两组患者均行后路椎板减压椎管成形、钉棒系统内固定术。观察组在术中应用自制C形椎管内骨折复位器复位椎管内骨折块,对照组应用传统的直角形复位器复位椎管内骨折块。随访并评价两组患者术后局部矢状面Cobb角、伤椎椎体前后缘高度、伤椎椎管截面积以及脊髓神经功能的恢复情况。结果:观察组获得随访34例,对照组获得随访33例,随访时间均为6～12个月,观察组平均7.9个月;对照组平均7.8个月。末次随访时观察组与对照组的局部矢状面Cobb角分别平均恢复15.32°±5.81°和17.58°±7.33°;伤椎椎体前缘高度恢复率分别为(67.32±11.74)%和(66.67±10.78)%;伤椎椎体后缘高度恢复率分别为(54.68±20.13)%和(45.53±32.99)%;脊髓神经功能ASIA评分分别恢复34.53±19.81分和26.97±12.57分;Frankel分级恢复中位数分别为1.0(1.0,2.0)和1.0(1.0,1.0),两组之间的恢复率或恢复分值比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。观察组与对照组术后椎管截面积恢复率分别为(85.97±8.74)%和(76.30±6.64)%,组间比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:在胸腰段爆裂骨折后路手术中采用自制C形椎管内骨折复位器,对突入椎管内的骨折块进行复位,可较好地恢复椎管容积,优于传统的直角形复位器。     

Steffee钢板内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

本文报告采用Steffee钢板内固定手术治疗胸腰椎骨折108例。术前平均椎体前、后高度分别是48.3%和75.6%,术后平均椎体前、后高度分别是86.8%和88.1%。术前Cobb’s角平均20.6°,术后平均6°。作者认为Steffee钢板系统结构简单,操作方便,固定坚固,但对有骨折块突人椎管内的爆裂型骨折,骨折块不能复位,椎体后高度恢复较差,建议对此类患者使用RF系统固定。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.