成人骶髂关节前脱位的手术方式及疗效

目的探讨成人骶髂关节前脱位(adult anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint, AADSJ)的手术方式及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2021年1月, 南方医科大学第三附属医院、河北医科大学第三医院、西安交通大学附属红会医院、新疆维吾尔自治区中医院、重庆医科大学附属第一医院收治的25例骶髂关节前脱位患者资料, 男18例、女7例, 年龄(38.8±15.5)岁(范围18～83岁)。根据骶髂关节前脱位的影像学表现制订骶髂关节前脱位的临床分型:Ⅰ型, 骶髂关节完全前脱位, 整个髂骨耳状面移位至骶骨前方;Ⅱ型, 骶髂关节骨折合并前脱位。Ⅱ型分为三个亚型:Ⅱa型, 髂骨骨折累及骶髂关节前1/3, 髂骨脱位至骶骨正前方;Ⅱb型, 髂骨骨折累及骶髂关节后2/3, 髂骨脱位至骶骨前上方;Ⅱc型, 髂骨骨折累及骶髂关节后2/3, 髂骨脱位至骶骨前内侧。四名观察者分别采用临床分型、Tile分型及Young-Burgess分型评估各分型的可信度及可重复性。分别采用腹直肌外侧入路和髂腹股沟入路实施手术, 记录手术时间及术中出血量;术后行骨盆X线及C...     

点穴按摩法治疗骶髂关节损伤的探讨

骶髂关节是由骶骨与髂骨的耳状关节面相关节而成的。由于重力经此关节传到髋臼,故骶髂关节在结构方面颇具特点,关节面在成年后高低不平,呈犬牙交错状,关节囊紧贴关节面,在一定程度上限制了关节的活动,有利于重力的传递。骶髂关节周围有坚固并紧张的韧带附着。关节的特殊结构限制了关节的运动度,在一般情况下,关节通过位于骶髂前下约5－10cm处的横轴,进行轻微的前后转动。在跳跃或高处着地时,骶髂关节起到缓冲冲击力吸引震荡的作用。     

骶髂关节错位的手法治疗

骶髂关节是骶骨和髂骨耳状面相互交错嵌插的滑膜关节,是组成骨盆的重要关节。骶骨关节面为凹面,髂骨关节面呈凸面,关节面上有关节软骨,两侧参差不齐的关节面相互交错,为一微动的关节,一般认为不易发生错位,但是笔者在临床诊疗过程中,发现骶髂关节错位的发病率非常高,是引发腰腿痛的主要原因之一。患者往往以腰椎间盘突出来诊,自诉腰及臀部疼痛或伴有受累侧下肢疼痛麻木,临床上极易误诊为腰椎间盘突出症。如按腰椎间盘突出症治疗,无明显疗效,笔者于2006年1月至2007年12月采用整脊手法治疗骶髂关节错位患者126例,取得满意疗效。     

骶髂关节面形态的测量及其生物力学意义

目的；用计算机辅助图象分析测量骶髂关节面的解剖形态。方法：取国性新鲜尸体骶髂关节标本，将增白剂涂于骶髂关节表面，分别将标准网点图用幻灯机投照于关节面和标准模板上，摄取其表面的网点图像并通过线路传输到计算机，得出骶髂关节面上任意一点的高度。结果：通过获得骶髂关节面上任意点的高度，发现骶髂关节两侧关节面呈一种类似齿轮样相互咬合与滑槽轨迹相结合的关节面形态。结论：计算机辅助图像分析的方法具有操作简单，测量迅速，全面，准确，结果显示形象，直观的特点，可瞬时获得测量范围内任意点的相对高度，在一定程度上优于传统的解剖测量方法。骶髂关节面的骶骨与髂骨侧的凹凸不平相互吻合，相互嵌入，呈以髂骨结节为圆心的类似圆弧形分布，形成有利于稳定的力学结构特点，提示骶髂关节沿此轴旋转运动。     

坐位骶髂关节面应力分布的三维有限元研究

目的 模拟研究成人正常静态坐位骶髂关节面的应力分布。方法 建立骶髂关节与骨盆三维有限元模型,且骶骨上面加载,双侧坐骨结节为支撑点,分析骶髂关节面的应力分布特点。结果 坐位时骶髂关节面骶骨侧与髂骨侧的应力分布规律和应力水平相似,关节面上端与中下部的应力值较高,前缘高于后缘,前后向的“山谷”较平坦。结论 坐位时骶髂关节面的应力分布较均匀,有利于关节的稳定和减少关节周围结构的劳损。     

骶骨侧块在髂骨外板后部投影的临床意义

目的：观察并测量骶骨侧块在髂骨外板后部的投影范围，探讨骶髂螺钉置入的理想区域。方法：在16具尸体骨盆标本上，用克氏针沿着骶骨侧块最外缘自内向外穿过髂骨，根据克氏针在髂骨外板的位置，得到骶骨侧块在髂骨外板的三角形投影。分别测量两侧投影的宽度、高度、投影纵轴到髂后上棘、髂后下棘的距离。结果：骶骨侧块投影的高度为61．4mm，三角形投影的底部宽度为56．8mm，三角形投影的纵轴到髂后上棘和髂后下棘的平均距离分别为30．0mm、27．4mm。结论：骶骨侧块在髂骨外板投影区的上部是骶髂螺钉置入的较佳位置。     

骨盆韧带损伤对骶髂关节稳定性影响的生物力学研究

目的 探讨骨盆韧带损伤对骶髂关节稳定性的影响,为骨盆骨折的临床治疗提供理论依据. 方法取骨盆标本10具,完整保留关节及韧带结构,左侧组逐级离断耻骨联合、骶棘韧带、骶结节韧带、骶髂前韧带及骶髂前关节囊、骶髂骨间韧带,右侧组逐级离断耻骨联合、骶髂后长、后短韧带、髂腰韧带、骶髂骨间韧带,模拟人体单足站立位,力学机上给予轴向加载,测量并记录骶骨相对于髂骨的垂直位移及矢状面骶骨旋转角度(角移位). 结果左侧力学试验中,仅切断耻骨联合周围韧带、骶结节韧带,骶骨垂直位移、骶骨角位移,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).逐步切断骶髂前韧带、骶髂骨间韧带,骶骨的垂直位移数值由完整骨盆测量的(4.144±0.538)mm增至(5.853±0.368)mm;骶骨的旋转角度由骨盆完整时的0.226°±0.061°增至0.616°±0.086°,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).右侧力学试验中,逐次切断骶髂关节后部韧带,骶骨的垂直位移数值由完整骨盆测量的(3.610±0.696)mm增至(6.825±0.565)mm;骶骨的旋转角度由骨盆完整时的0.271°±0.094°增至0.746°±0.192°,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 耻骨联合及其周围韧带的损伤对骶髂关节的稳定性无显著性影响;骶结节韧带、骶棘韧带对限制骶骨的角位移有很大作用;骨间韧带对骶髂关节稳定性的作用较大;骶髂后韧带与骨间韧带共同组成了骶髂关节后部韧带复合体,是骶髂关节周围韧带中的重要部分.     

低剂量64层螺旋CT在诊断强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节早期病变中的临床应用

目的探讨低剂量64层螺旋CT在诊断强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节早期病变中的价值。方法回顾性分析100例强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节早期病变患者的临床资料。结果早期强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节病变的影像学表现为髂骨侧关节面模糊不清,皮质部分消失或完全消失,靠近皮质部分的松质骨增生呈现出糜烂、硬化或者为硬密度不均匀呈现出"融雪状",骨小梁模糊,且随着病程的逐渐延长,还会导致骶骨侧面与韧带部位的不断发展以及关节内出现软组织肿胀等。结论低剂量64层螺旋CT能够清晰反映强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节早期病变患者的各种状况,对其早期诊断具有重要意义,可在临床推广与应用。     

S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板间螺钉治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位

目的 探索S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板问螺钉治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的临床疗效，评价两者结合对骶髂关节骨折脱位的治疗价值。方法 对11例骶髂关节骨折脱位患者用脊柱内固定系统(TSRH)之S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板间螺钉进行固定，该组患者涉及骶髂关节的垂直移位及旋转的骨盆环变形，归于Tile分型的B类或C类骨盆损伤。11例患者均伴有前环损伤，其中9例予以加压钢板(smith nephew)内固定，余2例患者单纯采用后路手术内固定。结果 7例患者垂直移位完全复位，9例旋转畸形纠正，未发现感染及神经损伤等并发症。结论 S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板问螺钉固定技术治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位，可获得即刻稳定性并良好地维持了复位的效果．这一混合技术对于涉及垂直及旋转损伤的骨盆环损伤有稳定的作用。     

GSS系统治疗13例垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折

垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折治疗困难,目前国内比较常见的手术方法包括骶骨棒、骶髂关节前路钢板和骶髂关节后路螺钉固定三种[1,2],虽然方法多样,但最终的结果都是将骶骨和髂骨进行固定.     

Dynamic changes in the contact area of the sacroiliac joint

Thirty adult dry-bone ilium specimens were used in conjunction with computer analysis to determine the average articular contact area between the sacrum and ilium at the sacroiliac joint. Simulating an unstable pelvic injury, the sacroiliac joint was displaced in three directions by moving the ilium posteriorly, superiorly, and posterosuperiorly. After each displacement, the contact area between the sacrum and ilium at the sacroiliac joint was calculated. The data showed that the average articular surface area of the male sacroiliac joint (1138.3 mm2) was approximately 12.8% greater than the average surface area of the female sacroiliac joint (992.5 mm2). The average articular contact area between the sacrum and ilium at the sacroiliac joint was lowest with the ilium displaced posterosuperiorly compared to equal displacements superiorly or posteriorly. This study quantitatively illustrated the loss of contact surface area between the sacrum and ilium during various displacements of the ilium, thus indicating the clinical cross-section area available for open reduction and internal fixation or fusion.     

Failure load and displacement of the human sacroiliac joint under in vitro loading

The stability of the sacroiliac joint was studied using an in vitro loading system. Forty-nine sacroiliac joints taken from fresh cadavers were examined. The ligamentous structures of the joint disrupted at 3368 +/- 923 N under transverse loading. Higher disruption forces were observed under ventrocranial (4933 +/- 1038 N) and dorsocranial (5150 +/- 947 N) loading. At joint failure the displacement in loading direction ranged from 5.5 +/- 2.3 mm in the transverse to 6.6 +/- 2.3 mm in the dorsocranial direction. In some experiments the interlocking effect between the articular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium were examined. The best interlocking capacity was observed under dorsocranial loading. This capacity is much higher than the friction in other human joints. The study shows that correct anatomical reconstruction without displacement increases the stability of the disrupted sacroiliac joint.     

Load-displacement behavior of sacroiliac joints

We measured the load-displacement behavior of both single and paired sacroiliac (SI) joints in fresh cadaver specimens obtained from eight adults between the ages of 59 and 74 years. With both ilia fixed, static test loads were applied to the center of the sacrum along and about axes parallel and normal to the superior SI endplate. Test forces up to 294 N were applied in the superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, and lateral directions. Moments up to 42 N-m were applied in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial torsion. Displacements of the center of the sacrum were measured 60 s after each load increment was applied, using dial gauges and an optical lever system. The tests were then repeated with only one ilium fixed. Finally, the three-dimensional location and overall geometry of each SI joint were measured. For an isolated left joint at the maximum test loads, the mean (SD) sacral displacements in the direction of the force ranged from 0.76 mm (1.41) in the medial to 2.74 mm (1.07) in the anterior direction. The mean rotations in the directions of the moments ranged from 1.40 degrees (0.71) in right lateral bending to 6.21 degrees (3.29) in clockwise axial torsion viewed from above. We also examined load-displacement behavior under larger loads. Single sacroiliac joints resisted loads from 500 to 1440 N, and from 42 to 160 N-m without overt failure.     

应用髂骨内板修复胫骨平台骨折关节面缺损

目的：探讨应用髂骨内板修复复杂胫骨平台骨折关节面缺损的可行性。方法：复杂胫骨平台骨折23例,男17例,女6例;年龄18～51岁,平均28.3岁。关节面缺损1cm×2cm～3cm×3cm,平均6.7cm^2。取带骨膜髂骨内板,修剪成和缺损区匹配的形状,并用直径1.5mm的克氏针间隔3～4mm钻孔,凹面朝上置入缺损区,其下植骨,T形或L形钢板固定。术后石膏外固定4周。结果：23例经随访8个月～3年,平均13.6个月,X线片示骨折全部愈合,关节面平整。采用Rasmussen评价标准,优11例,良8例,可3例,差1例。结论：对于复杂胫骨平台骨折关节面缺损,应用髂骨内板进行修复可恢复关节面平整,使膝关节获得满意功能,方法简单易行,很少发生供区并发症,临床实用性较强,可修复较大面积关节面缺损。     

Effects of isolated Weber B fibular fractures on the tibiotalar contact area

Fractures of the lateral malleolus can occur without rupture of the deltoid ligament or fracture of the medial malleolus. Controversy exists regarding the necessity of surgery on supination-external rotation stage II ankle fractures. Theoretically, as long as the medial structures are intact, the talus cannot displace enough to cause degenerative arthritis of the ankle joint. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in contact area between the tibial plafond and the talar dome with serial displacement of the distal fibula in both a lateral and a superolateral direction. Twelve cadaver lower extremities were used. Distal fibular fractures were replicated by creating an osteotomy. Displacement was accomplished with a customized apparatus that displaced and held the distal fibula in a malaligned position. Tibiotalar contact area was measured with pressure sensitive film at the following intervals of fibular displacement: 0 mm, laterally 2 mm and 4 mm, and then posteriorly and superiorly 2 mm and 4 mm. A servohydraulic testing apparatus was used to apply the same physiologic load to all limbs while measuring contact area. Key independent variables included the direction and amount of displacement of the distal fibula. Mean tibiotalar contact area decreased from baseline (no displacement) 361.1 mm2 (SD +/- 49.0) to 162.2 mm2 (SD +/- 81.3) and 82.6 mm2 (SD +/- 30.6) for 2 mm and 4 mm lateral displacement of the distal fibula respectively. With posterior/superior displacement of 2 mm and 4 mm mean tibiotalar contact decreased to 219.3 mm2 (SD +/- 56.7) and 109.2 mm2 (SD +/- 39.0), respectively. Statistical significance was found (P <.001) when comparing normal ankle alignment with displaced fractures at all levels of displacement.     

The aging process in the sacroiliac joint: helical computed tomography analysis

The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of degenerative changes in the sacroiliac joint by age, sex, laterality, body mass index, and childbearing experience, based on computed tomography (CT) images obtained from the lower back of symptom-free subjects in different age groups. These data were used to trace the development of the sacroiliac joint until the occurrence of osteoarthritis with aging. CT transverse and coronal images were examined for the presence of the following degenerative signs: joint space narrowing, sclerosis, osteophytes, cysts, and erosion. The results indicated that joint degeneration begins in the 20s and tends to progress with age. Each form of degeneration was markedly more frequent in the 40s or older, and some type of degeneration was observed in the joints of all subjects aged 50 years or older. In terms of the localization of the joint degeneration, sclerosis was common on the upper and middle anterior of the articular surface of the ilium, and osteophytes were common on the anterior surface of the sacrum. Degeneration had progressed further in women than in men in every age group, and tended to progress faster in parous than in nulliparous women. It was presumed that the birth of the first child, rather than subsequent births had the greatest effect on the sacroiliac joint. Received: March 23, 2001 / Accepted: August 15, 2001     

Anatomy of the interosseous region of the sacroiliac joint

STUDY DESIGN: Anatomical study of the interosseous region of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) complex. OBJECTIVES: To document and quantify the surface topography of the interosseous region of the SIJ. BACKGROUND: A review of the literature reveals that little consideration has been given to the interosseous region of the SIJ anatomically, biomechanically, and clinically. METHODS AND MEASURES: The interosseous region of 11 cadaveric specimens (9 formalin embalmed and 2 fresh frozen) were studied. Ten specimens were 55 years of age or older and 1 was 20 years old. To view the interosseous surfaces of the sacrum and ilium the specimens were either axially sectioned (1-cm slices) or disarticulated. One fresh-frozen and 6 embalmed specimens were disarticulated and the remainder axially sectioned. The topography (surface ridging and areas of ossification) of the interosseous region was documented in all specimens and in 2 specimens the surfaces were 3-dimensionally reconstructed using modeling and animation software (MAYA; Autodesk, Inc, San Rafael, CA). RESULTS: Surface characteristics of the SIJ complex observed in specimens 55 years of age or older included moderate to extensive ridging of the interosseous region of the sacrum and ilium in 100% of specimens and ossification of the central interosseous region of the sacroiliac (SI) ligament in 60% of specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Central region ossification of the interosseous SI ligament and the presence of ridges and depressions over the opposing interosseous surfaces of the sacrum and ilium are features common to specimens that are in or beyond their sixth decade. These findings further support the contention that there is little to no movement available at this joint in older individuals.     

Transarticular invasion of iliopelvic sarcomas into the sacrum: Radiological analysis of 47 cases

Joint cartilage functions as a barrier against the extension of bone tumors. However, transarticular invasion by iliopelvic sarcomas across the sacroiliac (SI) joints into the sacrum sometimes occurs. We made a radiological analysis (CT and/or MRI) of 47 bone sarcomas which originated in the ilium and extended nearly to the SI joint. 8 of 17 chondrosarcomas and 3 of 30 other sarcomas (2 of 23 Ewing's sarcomas and 1 of 7 osteosarcomas) invaded the sacrum through the SI joint.     

骶髂螺钉置入S1椎弓根的形态学研究

目的研究S1椎弓根的形态学特点，探讨经骶髂关节置入S1椎弓根螺钉的可行性。方法测量16具尸体骨盆标本双侧S1椎弓根前后缘的高度、深度(S1椎弓根最狭窄处的宽度)、骶翼深度、骶翼高度。测量骨盆出口位X线片上S1椎弓根的高度，并与肉眼解剖比较。在轴位CT图像上测量髂骨后缘到骶翼、S1椎弓根、S1椎弓根纵轴的距离、髂骨外板与骶椎前缘皮质的距离。观察S1椎弓根矢状切面，评估置入2枚经S1椎弓根骶髂螺钉的安全区。结果椎弓根前后缘的高度平均为30．2mm、26．Imm，椎弓根深度和骶翼深度平均为27．8mm、45．8mm，骶翼后部平均高度为28．7mm。骨盆出口位X线片上S1椎弓根的平均高度是20mm，小于肉眼解剖测量结果(P＜0．0001)。轴位CT图像上，S1椎弓根纵轴在髂骨外板投影点到髂骨后缘的距离平均为32．5mm，到坐骨大切迹最高点的距离平均为38．6mm，髂骨外板到S1椎体前缘皮质的距离平均为105．2mm。结论置入1枚S1椎弓根螺钉是安全的，常规置入2枚椎弓根螺钉可能较困难。     

Sacroiliac screw fixation for tile B fractures

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this comparative cadaveric study was to investigate whether the stability of partially unstable pelvic fractures can be improved by combining plate fixation of the symphysis with a posterior sacroiliac screw. METHODS: In six specimens, a Tile B1 (open-book) pelvic fracture was created. We compared the intact situation with isolated anterior plate fixation and plate with sacroiliac screw fixation. Using a three-dimensional video system, we measured the translation and rotation stiffness of the fixations and the load to failure. RESULTS: Neither absolute displacements at the os pubis or at the sacroiliac joint nor stiffness of the ilium with respect to the sacrum were significantly different for the techniques with or without sacroiliac screw or the intact situation. Load to failure was reached in only one of the six cases. In all other cases, the fixation of the pelvis to the frame failed before failure of the fixation itself. In these cases, a load of approximately 1,000 N or more could be applied. CONCLUSION: The addition of a sacroiliac screw in a Tile B1 fracture does not provide significant additional stability. Although cyclic loading was not tested, in these experiments forces could be applied that were similar to full body weight. Clinical experiments into direct postoperative weight bearing are recommended to examine the clinical situation.