关节造影对发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位治疗的影响

目的探讨髋关节造影指导发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)患儿复位治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年4月厦门大学附属福州第二医院小儿骨科诊治的DDH患儿的病例资料。纳入标准:①年龄<18个月的DDH患儿;②Pavlik吊带治疗失败或未经过治疗者;③随访时间≥2年;④术前、术后及术中髋关节造影资料完整。排除标准:神经肌肉性、创伤性、畸形性髋关节脱位。共57例患者(61髋)纳入研究,其中对照组27例(28髋)采用单纯闭合复位,造影组30例(33髋)采用闭合复位联合髋关节造影。比较两组髋臼指数(AI)、中心边缘角(CE)、髋关节再脱位率、切开复位率及股骨头坏死发生率。结果造影组随访24~30个月,平均(26.2±4.2)个月,对照组随访24~37个月,平均(33.6±7.9)个月。造影组CE角为12.14°±5.03°,小于对照组(17.84°±7.44°)(P=0.001)。造影组AI为26.09°±4.62°,与对照组(26.62°±4.41°)无差异(P=0.592)。造影组14髋(42.4%)出现坏死(Ⅰ型5髋,Ⅱ型9髋),对照组12髋(42.9%)坏死(Ⅰ型6髋,Ⅱ型6髋),两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.973)。造影组7髋(21.2%)出现再脱位,对照组3髋(10.7%)出现再脱位,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.449)。造影组6髋切开复位,对照组则无,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.027)。结论小于18个月的DDH患儿,闭合复位时行髋关节造影有助于了解髋关节脱位的真实情况。     

18～36个月发育性髋脱位闭合复位的远期疗效评价

[目的]评估内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗18~36个月婴幼儿发育性髋脱位(developmental dislocation of hip,DDH)的远期效果。[方法]随访1993年1月~2001年12月在本院采用内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗有完整资料的18~36个月DDH患儿156例232髋,其中Ⅰ度77髋,Ⅱ度95髋,Ⅲ度60髋,随访时间为5.5~14.5年,平均9.2年,并对全部病例进行影像学检查和髋关节功能评价。[结果]根据周永德发育性髋脱位疗效评价标准,本文195髋复位满意,优良率为84.05%,9例发生股骨头坏死;术前平均髋臼指数(AI):复位成功髋(35.34°±5.95°),失败髋(44.51°±5.32°),成功髋复位前AI均数明显小于失败髋均数;Ⅰ度优良率为84.41%,Ⅱ度优良率为85.21%,Ⅲ度优良率为81.67%。[结论]内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法对18~36个月DDH患儿是一种有效的治疗方法,复位前AI值的大小对于DDH保守治疗方法的选择和远期疗效评估具有一定的指导意义,而脱位程度不是能否采用手法复位的标准。     

改良蛙式石膏固定治疗发育性髋脱位

目的总结用改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗发育性髋脱位（DDH）的临床经验。方法采用内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗DDH患儿193例282髋,对患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果193例均获得随访,时间5年6个月～11年6个月,平均（8±3.2）年。参照周永德等发育性髋脱位疗效评价标准,239髋复位满意,远期优良率为84.8%。根据Salter评价标准,有10例发生股骨头缺血性坏死。结论改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗DDH具有操作简单、住院时间缩短等优点,是一种有效的方法。固定后护理很重要。     

髋关节发育不良保守治疗后股骨头坏死的随访研究

[目的]总结采用保守治疗6 ～36个月龄髋关节发育不良(DDH)的随访结果,回顾分析在该治疗模式下发生股骨头缺血坏死(AVN)的相关因素.[方法]随访2007年12月～2009年12月在本院采用双侧内收肌松解、手法闭合复位、石膏外固定方法治疗有完整资料的6～ 36个月龄DDH患儿,治疗结果的评价采用周永德、吉士俊的方法,根据影像学表现和Bucholz-Ogden分型标准进行AVN评价.[结果]63例101髋获得随访,随访时间为2.25～4.25年,平均3.2年.优良率为80.2％,13髋发生AVN,发生率为12.8％,3髋发生再脱位,发生率为2.9％.[结论]采用内收肌松解、手法闭合复位、屈髋90°～ 120°外展位外固定是治疗6～36个月DDH一种良好方法,AVN的发生与患儿的脱位程度、股骨头骨化中心发育情况有关.     

发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位后髋臼发育的影响因素研究

目的:探讨发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位后髋臼发育的影响因素,为提高发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位的疗效提供理论依据.方法:2002年1月至2005年12月,采用闭合复位治疗100例单侧发育性髋关节脱位患儿,测量患侧髋关节在复位后第12个月时的髋臼指数(AI)和髋臼深度与宽度比值[AI(D/W)].以性别、侧别、年龄、复往前患侧AI、复位前患侧AI(D/W)、脱位程度、股骨头宽度比值、复位前患侧股骨颈前倾角(FNA)、h/b比率及内收肌切断与牵引等10个因素作为自变量,分别以复位后第12个月患侧AI、AI(D/W)作为因变量,进行多重线性逐步回归分析,筛选出主要的影响因素.结果:年龄、性别、脱位程度、h/b比率、股骨头宽度比和复位前患侧FNA对AI、AI(D/W)有明显影响.年龄、脱位程度和复位前患侧FNA与AI成正相关,与AI(D/W)成负相关;股骨头宽度比和h/b比率与AI成负相关,与AI(D/W)成正相关.女性较男性髋臼发育快.结论:年龄、性别、脱位程度、是否同心复位、复位前患侧股骨头发育程度和股骨近端形态是发育性髋关节脱位患儿髋臼发育的主要影响因素.     

18个月以上儿童发育性髋关节脱位的闭合复位

作者回顾了1970～1990年间初诊年龄在18个月以上儿童发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)闭合复位的治疗结果,共32例38个髋关节,随访至少3年。其中31例在闭合复位前行2周皮肤或骨牵引。闭合复位均在全麻下进行。随访X线片检测髋臼指数(AI)、CE角。8例12个髋关节未能闭合复位而行切开复位。24例26个髋关节闭合复位成功,均同时行内收肌切断术。髋人字石膏固定平均20周,每6周更换一次。有3个髋关节在石膏固定中或拆石膏不     

关节镜辅助治疗小儿发育性髋关节脱位

[目的]介绍普通牵引床牵引双入路关节镜辅助治疗难复性小儿发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)的手术技术与临床效果。[方法] 2016年1月～2017年12月对5例(5髋)难复性小儿发育性髋关节脱位行关节镜辅助治疗闭合复位术。采用护皮膜绷带协助固定患儿双下肢于普通牵引床牵引,前外及外侧双入路观察操作,镜视下切除肥厚的圆韧带、清理髋臼底部纤维脂肪组织,盂唇内翻者行外2/3放射状切开、松解缩窄关节囊及髋臼横韧带。清理完毕后关节镜监视下手法复位,双髋人类位石膏外固定,术后6～8周更换二期石膏。[结果]全部5髋在关节镜松解下复位成功。所有患儿随访18～36个月。安全角由术前的(16.54±4.85)°增至术后的(65.98±6.56)°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);股骨头内侧化率由术前的(65.66±20.67)%增至镜下清理后的(106.45±15.55)%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。髋臼角由术前的(41.66±5.27)°降至末次随访时(27.43±5.24)°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时,1例患者出现Kalamchi-MacEwen分型Ⅰ型股骨头缺血性坏死,1例残留有髋臼发育不良,其他患儿骺板内无骨桥形成,股骨头形状修复满意。[结论]普通牵引床牵引双入路关节镜辅助下髋臼清理闭合复位术是治疗难复性小儿发育性髋关节脱位安全有效的方法。     

Pemberton截骨联合股骨截骨治疗高位脱位型发育性髋关节脱位

目的 探讨高位脱位型发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)手术治疗的体会.方法 65例高位脱位型DDFI,测量髋臼指数、股骨颈前倾角,手术行Pemberton髂骨截骨、股骨粗隆下短缩旋转截骨.结果 髋关节脱位完全复位,髋臼指数恢复到平均21以下,股骨颈前倾角恢复到平均15.1.术后早期获得满意头臼对位,髋关节功能恢复良好.术后3个月以上出现髋关节半脱位和脱位5例,术后1年出现股骨头坏死3例.结论 高位脱位型DDH采取手术综合治疗可取得良好的效果.     

开放复位加股骨短缩术治疗小儿发育性髋关节脱位的临床研究

目的探讨开放复位加股骨短缩术治疗小儿发育性髋关节脱位（DDH）的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析本组11例（11髋）DDH患儿采用开放复位、股骨短缩术加Salter截骨术式治疗。其中男2例,女9例;左侧7例,右侧4例。患儿手术时年龄为2岁8个月～5岁3个月,平均3．5岁。按Tsnnis系统分级：Ⅲ度2例,Ⅳ度9例。术前患肢缩短1．5～3．5cm,平均2．4cm。结果患儿随访时间1～6年,平均2．8年。股骨颈前倾角术前测量30°～50°,术中皆矫正至20°左右。术前髋臼指数35°～55°,术后矫正至17°～32°。术中股骨截骨长度1．0～2．5cm,平均1．6cm。McKay评分,优7髋,良4髋。股骨头缺血性坏死1例。结论对2～6岁之间的高脱位DDH患儿,开放复位术中发现复位困难或复位后压应力大时应行股骨截骨短缩术。     

切开复位、Salter骨盆截骨、股骨近端短缩旋转截骨术治疗发育性髋关节脱位

发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dislocation of the hip,DDH)治疗的目的是取得稳定的同心圆复位,避免股骨头坏死.治疗方法选择的依据是患儿的年龄以及相应的病理改变.开始治疗时的年龄越小,髋臼和股骨头的塑形潜力越大,效果越好.出生后不久的患儿,应用Pavlik吊带,就能使脱位的股骨头在2～3周内自然获得复位.8～9个月能够爬行的患儿,应选择牵引后在麻醉下闭合复位石膏裤固定.因为随年龄增长,活动水平增加,病理改变不同.1.5岁左右患儿能够独立行走后,闭合复位失败的风险明显增加.     

Hip joint development after treatment the developmental dislocation with overhead traction]

Despite the fact that ultrasound of children's hips is widely used for screening, late diagnosed cases of developmental dislocation of the hip are still a common problem in the orthopaedic practice. The aim of the study is to review final clinical and radiological outcomes of treatment of DDH with overhead traction and closed reduction after skeletal growth. Clinical records and radiograms of 107 hips (81 children) were retrospectively reviewed. All of them were treated according to the same program: overhead traction (about 2 weeks), followed by closed reduction, modified Lorenz cast (2 months) and finally cast in Lange position (3 months). Average age of children was 14.2 months at the beginning of treatment and 20.7 years at last visit. Good and very good results were found in 80% of cases according to final radiological assessment of Severin and in 91% according functional classification of Harris. Avascular necrosis of femoral head according to Bucholz-Ogden classification system was identified in one third of patients. Functional results are better than radiological, but deteriorated with time especially in hips with residual dysplasia and AVN due to development of early, secondary degenerative changes.     

Avascular necrosis after treatment of DDH: the protective influence of the ossific nucleus

We retrospectively reviewed the results of open or closed reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in 49 children younger than 12 months old, who had 57 hip dislocations. Group A (18 hips) developed partial or complete avascular necrosis (AVN), and group B (39 hips) did not develop AVN. Thirty-eight hips were treated by closed reduction, and 17 had open reduction. One patient with bilateral hip dislocation initially had closed reductions followed by bilateral open reduction 3 months later. With the numbers available for study, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of AVN with respect to variables such as preliminary traction, closed versus open reduction, Pavlik harness use, and age at the time of operative intervention. However, the presence of the ossific nucleus before reduction, detected either by radiographs (p < 0.001) or ultrasonography (p = 0.033) was statistically significant in predicting AVN. Only one (4%) of 25 hips with an ossific nucleus developed AVN, whereas 17 (53%) of 32 hips without an ossific nucleus before reduction developed AVN. Our results suggest that the presence of the ossific nucleus before closed or open reduction for DDH may decrease the risk of AVN.     

发育性髋脱位保守治疗后股骨头坏死的分析

目的评价分析发育性髋脱位闭合复位后出现股骨头缺血性坏死的影响因素。方法随访1995年1月至2001年12月采用内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗的有完整资料的6～36个月发育性髋脱位患者193例282髋,并对出现股骨头缺血性坏死并发症的10例10髋病例进行回顾性分析,比较其与复位前年龄、脱位程度、髋臼指数的关系。结果采用Salter评分标准,6～12个月组股骨头坏死2例,12～24个月组4例,24～36个月组4例。复位前髋臼指数值40。以上4例,40。以下6例。所有出现股骨头缺血性坏死的病例复位前髋关节都是Ⅲ度脱位。结论内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法对6～36个月发育性髋脱位患者是一种有效的治疗方法,能很好的降低股骨头缺血性坏死的发生率,复位前髋臼指数值的大小与股骨头缺血性坏死的发生关系不大,但大于2cm的高度脱位是并发股骨头缺血性坏死的重要因素之一。     

Prediction of acetabular development after closed reduction by overhead traction in developmental dysplasia of the hip

Background The prediction of acetabular development after reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is important to ensure optimal timing of acetabuloplasty and to avoid unnecessary surgery. The objective of this study was to find early and reliable predictors of future acetabular dysplasia in the hips reduced by overhead traction (OHT). Methods We retrospectively reviewed 45 hips in 40 patients treated by OHT for DDH without additional procedures. The average age at the time of closed reduction was 9.3 months, and the average age at the latest examination was 17.3 years. Residual hip dysplasia at skeletal maturity was defined according to Severin's classification. The following variables were evaluated as possible predictors of the final outcome: age at reduction, severity of the dislocation, serial measurements of acetabular index (AI), center-edge angle of Wiberg (CE), and the center-head discrepancy distance (CHDD). Results Sixty-two percent of the hips had satisfactory results in Severin I/II and 38% had unsatisfactory results in Severin III. Bilateral DDH showed significantly poorer outcome than unilateral DDH. The average AI of the unsatisfactory group was significantly greater than that of the satisfactory group at 4 years or more after reduction. Similarly, the average CE of the satisfactory group was greater than that of the unsatisfactory group at 5 years or more after reduction. In unilateral cases, the AI and the CE of the uninvolved hip at 1 year after reduction also correlated with the final outcome of the involved hip. Conclusions The AI of 4 years and the CE of 5 years after reduction were the earliest predictors of the final outcome. Careful consideration for the need of acetabuloplasty would be given at 4 or 5 years after reduction by OHT. Bilateral DDH and poor acetabular coverage of the uninvolved hip in unilateral DDH were the prognostic factors of unfavorable acetabular development of the dislocated hip. This work was done at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.     

A Reduction Technique of Arthroplasty Without Subtrochanteric Femoral Shortening Osteotomy for the Treatment of Developmental High Dislocation of Hip: A Case Series of 28 Hips

In total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) with high hip dislocation, it can be technically challenging to locate the true acetabulum and restore limb length without subtrochantric femoral shortening osteotomy. We explored and described total hip arthroplasty without subtrochanteric femoral shortening osteotomy in 28 hips with Crowe type III and IV dislocation by intravenous injection of rocuronium at 0.9 mg/kg 1 minute before reduction and hip reduction combined with continuous strong traction of the affected limb with patients in a position with hip and knee flexion. All patients did not show dislocation, prosthesis loosening, and other severe complications. It is thus a safe and feasible reduction technique for arthroplasty of Crowe type III or IV dislocation of DDH.     

成人髋关节发育不良患者股骨近端的解剖形态学特征

目的 探讨成人髋关节发育不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)患者股骨近端解剖形态的CT三维重建特征及其临床意义.方法 通过CT三维重建测量70例(76髋)DDH患者与54例(54髋)健康志愿者股骨近端的解剖学参数,包括股骨头直径、股骨头高度、颈干角、头心-千轴距、股骨颈前倾角、股骨髓腔冠状径、股骨髓腔矢状径、股骨髓腔最长径、股骨各断面髓腔扭转角、股骨峡部距小转子距离及髓腔开口指数.比较DDH患者与健康志愿者股骨近端的解剖学参数有无差异,分析DDH患者各解剖参数的相关性,并与国外研究中DDH患者的相关数据进行比较.结果 DDH组与健康志愿者相比,股骨头高度[(4.82±0.95)cm与(5.18±0.57) cm]、头心-千轴距[(2.66±0.74) cm与(3.16±0.51) cm]、髓腔开口指数(4.12±1.05与4.53±0.65)及小转子远端40 mm处(LT-40水平)的股骨髓腔扭转角(46.86°±49.53°与66.38°±28.75°)均较小,差异有统计学意义.DDH组股骨头高度与头心-干轴距呈正相关(r=0.491,P=0.000),股骨头直径与股骨颈前倾角呈负相关(r=-0.443,P=O.001).散点图显示DDH组峡部以上不同股骨冠状面的扭转角差异较大且无规律.与国外同类研究比较,股骨头直径的差异无统计学意义,其他参数的差异有统计学意义.结论 DDH患者股骨的解剖形态与正常股骨存在差异.对DDH患者施行全髋关节置换术前必须进行CT扫描及三维重建评估股骨近端解剖形态,对股骨畸形严重者应使用个体化定制假体.     

高位脱位髋臼发育不良中不同亚型的股骨形态差异

目的明确高位脱位髋臼发育不良中C1型与C2型股骨近端的形态有无差别,以及C1型与C2型股骨脱位高度是否相同。方法回顾性分析54例高位脱位近端股骨患者的临床资料,C1型28髋,C2型26髋。在髋关节正位、侧位平片上测量股骨干及髓腔的内外径,同时测量股骨头高度、股骨脱位高度、大转子高度。由两名独立研究者对测量的可重复性进行试验,发现测量者内和测量者间的一致性很好。结果与C1型股骨相比,C2型股骨近端股骨窄,髓腔指数更小（2.7±0.6）,更像烟囱型。C2型股骨脱位比C1型高18 mm。结论两种亚型股骨形态的差异在手术处理时需要采用不同的方式和不同形态的假体来重建近端股骨。     

Preoperative Planning for Total Hip Arthroplasty for Neglected Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is accompanied by morphological alterations on both the acetabular and the femoral side. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) provides effective treatment in cases of neglected DDH but requires elaborate preoperative planning. To determine the morphological changes resulting from the dysplasia, the anatomic acetabular position, the height of the femur head dislocation, the height of the femur head dislocation, and the combined anteversion must all be established. In addition, a vital and complicated process of strategizing leg length balance must be conducted in cases of severe DDH. Each type of leg length discrepancy (LLD), including bony and functional and anatomical LLD, should be evaluated in the context of the presence or absence of a fixed pelvic tilt. Moreover, with severe unilateral dislocated hips, a more inferior change in the original rotational center of the hip must be accounted for. Due to these multiple morphological changes, the accurate size of the prosthesis and the cup position are difficult to predict. In comparison with other methods, CT scan‐based 3‐dimensional templating provides the best accuracy. Despite the presence of anatomic alterations, various types of acetabular and femoral prostheses have been developed to treat hip dysplasia. Both cemented and cementless cups are used in DDH cases. In DDH accompanied by insufficient acetabular bone stock, a cemented cup combined with bone graft provides a reliable treatment. Monoblock stems can be used when the combined anteversion is less than 55°, and a modular stem system when this parameter is greater than 55°. Customized stems can be designed for DDH coupled with severe proximal femoral distortion. A ceramic‐on‐ceramic bearing is considered optimal for young DDH patients.