Case report: Crossed testicular ectopia

Crossed testicular ectopia is a rare congenital anomaly in which both testes descend through a single inguinal canal. The typical presentation is that of ipsilateral inguinal hernia and contralateral cryptorchidism. This is a case report of crossed testicular ectopia in a 6-month-old male infant with depiction of herniorrhaphy and laparoscopic intraabdominal findings.     

An inguinal hernia with cryptorchidism with a Leydig cell tumor in an elderly man: A case report

IntroductionCryptorchidism is common in children but is rare in the elderly. It often presents with a constellation of signs and symptoms similar to routine inguinal hernias. We present the case of an elderly man with cryptorchidism containing a Leydig cell tumor and provide clinical insights.Presentation of caseAn-84-year old man was admitted with an incarcerated right lower quadrant hernia. Both testes were absent on palpation of the scrotum. After reduction of the hernia, computed tomography scan revealed a round lesion in the hernia sac, which was suspected to be the ectopic testis. Laparoscopic exploration was performed in combination with an open anterior approach. The hernia orifice was the right internal inguinal ring, and the inguinal canal was obliterated by adhesions because the spermatic cord did not pass through it. The ectopic testis was resected with the hernia sac, and the hernia repaired with a KUGEL™ patch (Bard, USA).DiscussionLaparoscopic exploration was useful to delineate the anatomy of this unusual inguinal hernia. The open anterior approach was necessary to dissect the ectopic testis and the hernia sac. Pathological findings revealed tumor cells with clear cytoplasm in the resected testis, diagnosed as a Leydig cell tumor.ConclusionThe combination of laparoscopic and anterior approaches facilitated the surgical treatment of an unusual inguinal hernia with cryptorchidism. The resected ectopic testis should undergo thorough histopathologic examination.     

经脐单部位腹腔镜技术治疗儿童腹股沟型隐睾(附33例报告)

目的:探讨经脐单部位腹腔镜技术在儿童腹股沟型隐睾治疗中的可行性和疗效。方法:2013年8~11月对33例41侧腹股沟型隐睾患儿进行经脐单部位腹腔镜手术治疗,术中均于腹股沟外探及睾丸,其中位于右侧14例,左侧11例,双侧8例。结果:手术均获成功,无术中并发症,无中转开放手术;33例41侧腹股沟型隐睾患儿均能经脐腹腔镜技术游离足够长度的精索并使睾丸能通过腹股沟管顺利降至阴囊。31例39侧睾丸固定于阴囊底,2例2侧睾丸固定于阴囊中部。随访6~9个月,所有睾丸发育良好,术后无睾丸回缩、萎缩、腹股沟斜疝及鞘膜积液等并发症发生。结论:经脐单部位腹腔镜技术治疗儿童腹股沟可触及隐睾,方法可行有效,且美容效果满意。     

Laparoscopic orchiopexy for palpable undescended testes: a five-year experience

BACKGROUND: Most recent reports of laparoscopic orchiopexy concern nonpalpable testes. We report the results of this approach in patients with undescended palpable testes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and September 2004, 28 patients with 30 undescended palpable testes were treated by laparoscopic orchiopexy performed by the same surgeon. Patients with palpable cryptorchidism were included. Patients with nonpalpable testes, retractable, or vanishing testes were excluded. The mean age of the patients was 25 months (range, 8 months-5 years) and the mean weight was 16 kg (range, 8-24 kg). We used a 4-port technique (one 10-mm, two 2-3 mm, and one 5-mm), a 4-mm scope, and 2-3 mm instruments. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 50 minutes. The complication rate was 13.3% (4/28), all in the first two years, at the beginning of the learning curve. The remaining testes were descended by laparoscopy; 5 (16.6%) were peeping testes. We had 10 (33.3%) left and 16 (53.3%) right palpable cryptorchidia cases, plus 4 testes (13.3%) that were bilateral undescended and palpable. No hernia was found in 8 (28.6%) cases; a homolateral hernia was found in 18 (64.3%) cases, and we did not close the processus vaginalis, we only resected the membranes. We found 2 (7.1%) with contralateral hernia in which we did close the processus vaginalis. On follow-up ranging 5 months-5 years, 29 of these testes maintain good size and a correct position, with no recurrent inguinal hernia. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic approach is a safe way to descend the palpable testicle. Although this is not a large series, it shows that laparoscopic orchiopexy of palpable undescended testes can be done without a higher complication rate than the open procedure (13.3% vs. 12.2%), with several of the advantages of the laparoscopic approach.     

三种术式治疗小儿不同位置隐睾效果的分析

目的总结及分析三种术式治疗儿童不同位置隐睾的效果。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2017年6月我院泌尿外科收治的159例（213侧）隐睾患儿资料,年龄5个月至14岁（中位年龄4岁）。根据术前及术中对患儿隐睾部位、发育等情况的评估,分别采用腹腔镜高位隐睾下降固定、腹腔镜鞘状突高位结扎加经阴囊隐睾固定及经腹股沟切口开放手术治疗。比较三种术式治疗小儿隐睾的疗效。 结果90侧隐睾采取腹腔镜高位隐睾下降固定术,61侧隐睾采取腹腔镜鞘状突高位结扎加经阴囊手术,62侧隐睾采用开放经腹股沟切口手术。105例单侧隐睾病例中,术中探查见患侧鞘状突未闭者有85例（80.95%）;对侧鞘状突未闭者有40例（38.10%）。54例双侧隐睾病例中,合并双侧鞘状突未闭者31例（57.41%）,合并单侧（一侧及以上）鞘状突未闭者44例（81.48%）,其中31例为双侧鞘状突均未闭,13例为只有一侧未闭。均行腹腔镜套管针法高位结扎闭合鞘状突。2侧睾丸术中见发育不良予以切除,其余所有睾丸均无张力固定于患侧阴囊。所有病例随访3个月至6年,发现1例复发,其余病例未见手术侧睾丸萎缩及回缩。三种术式对治疗小儿隐睾的效果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论腹腔镜对腹腔高位隐睾手术治疗具有优势,可同时处理未闭鞘状突。腹股沟部低位隐睾可行腹腔镜鞘状突结扎加经阴囊切口手术。经腹股沟切口手术在诊断睾丸缺如及睾丸发育不良等情况中仍有重要价值。     

Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome Associated with Irreducible Inguinal Hernia,Bilateral Cryptorchidism and Testicular Neoplasia: a Case Report

Persistent müllerian duct syndrome is a rare form of male pseudohermaphroditism. A case is reported of normal male appearance with bilateral cryptorchidism and a right irreducible inguinal hernia. On exploration, an uterus with two fallopian tubes and a testicle were found in the hernia sac. The uterus, fallopian tubes and left testicle were en bloc removed. Right orchidopexy and hernia repair were performed.

In conclusion, if there is an adult bilateral cryptorchidism, surgeons should take into consideration a persistent müller-ian duct syndrome.     

Mesh erosion into caecum following laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia (TAPP): a case report and literature review

Repair of inguinal hernia is the most commonly performed surgical procedure. Both open and laparoscopic methods are accepted modalities of surgical treatment. Transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and total extraperitoneal (TEP) are the two types of laparoscopic repair of the inguineal hernia. The main advantages of laparoscopic repair, as compared to open repair, are a shorter hospital stay and a quicker recovery to normal activities. However, laparoscopic repairs are associated with a higher incidence of visceral and vascular injuries. One particular complication is the migration and erosion of mesh into the adjacent viscera. Although the total numbers of cases are small, compared to the total numbers of inguinal hernia repairs, they are important, as they often presented with a diagnostic dilemma. Most of the mesh migrations reported in the literature involves the urinary bladder. In this paper, we present a case of erosion of mesh into the caecum. The patient (a 66-year-old male) underwent TAPP repair of a right inguinal hernia in 1996 with polypropelene mesh. He also underwent an open appendicectomy in 1980. During the laparoscopic repair, he was found to have multiple intra-abdominal adhesions. He presented with intermittent diarrhea, for which he was investigated, and a benign caecal lesion was found. He was initially managed conservatively. However, his symptoms persisted and he underwent a right hemicolectomy in February 2006 in our hospital. The offending lesion was found to be the prolene mesh having eroded into the caecum.     

Persistent müllerian duct syndrome associated with irreducible inguinal hernia, bilateral cryptorchidism and testicular neoplasia: a case report

Persistent müllerian duct syndrome is a rare form of male pseudohermaphroditism. A case is reported of normal male appearance with bilateral cryptorchidism and a right irreducible inguinal hernia. On exploration, an uterus with two fallopian tubes and a testicle were found in the hernia sac. The uterus, fallopian tubes and left testicle were en bloc removed. Right orchidopexy and hernia repair were performed. In conclusion, if there is an adult bilateral cryptorchidism, surgeons should take into consideration a persistent müllerian duct syndrome.     

Laparoscopic management of persistent mullerian duct syndrome

Persistent mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS), characterized by the presence of mullerian structures in a virilized male, frequently presents as undescended testis, either intraabdominal or within a hernial sac. We describe a 10-month-old infant with PMDS successfully managed by the laparoscopic approach. At the age of 1.5 months, the patient presented with a left inguinal hernia and bilateral nonpalpable gonads in another center and underwent left inguinal exploration. The uterus and a gonadlike structure along with the hernia sac were found in the inguinal canal. Left inguinal herniotomy was performed after reduction of the uterus and gonadlike structure. No gonadal biopsy was obtained. The patient was further investigated in the same center. His karyotype was 46,XY. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a uterinelike structure posterior to the urinary bladder, but neither testis nor ovaries were visualized. At 10 months of age, he was referred to our department for further management. A laparoscopic single-stage orchiopexy was performed. Both testes were identified and brought to the scrotum by splitting the uterus in the midline and then bringing the testes with the vas and attached uterine tissue into the scrotum. The aim of placement of well-vascularized testes in the scrotum was achieved as confirmed on follow-up color Doppler ultrasound study 6 months postoperatively, which showed normal vascularity. Laparoscopic surgical techniques for this condition are also discussed.     

Congenital Spigelian hernia with cryptorchidism: probably a new syndrome

Nearly 28% of pediatric Spigelian hernias reported in the literature are associated with ipsilateral cryptorchidism. However, the pathogenetic relationship between the two has not been satisfactorily explained in the past. This paper describes a male neonate born with cryptorchidism and imperforate anus. Anal stenosis following the treatment of imperforate anus had let to the development of multiple hernias including Spigelian hernia on the right side. Surgical exploration revealed the right testis being located within the Spigelian hernia. Based on the sequence of events, it is hypothesized that Spigelian hernia in this case is a sequela of maldescended testis and raised intraabdominal pressure. As this explanation is also applicable to all of the previously reported cases, the author suggests that the combination of Spigelian hernia and ipsilateral cryptorchidism could probably form a hitherto unrecognized new syndrome.     

Role of laparoscopic hernia repair in men with a previous negative inguinal exploration for a cryptorchid testicle

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of laparoscopy in adults presenting with indirect inguinal hernias with a previous negative inguinal exploration for nonpalpable testes in childhood who were diagnosed with a vanishing testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a case report of an individual who underwent a negative inguinal exploration in childhood for a nonpalpable testis. During laparoscopic repair of the defect, an intra-abdominal testicle was discovered. This was the basis for a literature search for the role of laparoscopy in adults with nonpalpable testes. A MEDLINE and PubMed online literature search was performed from 1980 to present. Search words such as adult nonpalpable testis, cryptorchidism, vanishing testis, and laparoscopy were used. RESULTS: Ten articles were found detailing the role of laparoscopy in the management of undescended testes in adult patients. CONCLUSIONS: When a patient presents with an indirect hernia and a history of inguinal exploration for an impalpable testicle and there is no clear prior negative inguinal exploration for a nonpalpable testis, laparoscopy has an important role in further evaluation of the patient. Owing to the risk of malignancy in the undescended testis and risk for subfertility, patients evaluated during the prelaparoscopic era need to have the diagnosis of an absent testis confirmed or refuted. Laparoscopy is a safe, effective, and sensitive procedure for evaluating and treating nonpalpable testes in adults.     

Chronic inguinal pain after laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair for inguinal hernia treated successfully with laparoscopic selective neurectomy: A case report

IntroductionLaparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair is occasionally used for inguinal hernia repair. Here, we report a case of chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia, which was treated successfully with laparoscopic selective neurectomy.Presentation of caseA 59-year-old man with bilateral inguinal hernia underwent laparoscopic repair. Transabdominal preperitoneal repair was performed on the left side, whereas IPOM repair was performed on the right side due to a peritoneal defect. At postoperative month 1, he presented with severe pain and numbness distributed from the right inguinal region to the inner thigh region. The symptoms had persisted for 1 year despite medical treatment. We diagnosed that the symptoms might be due to the entrapment of nerves in the contracted mesh, and performed a second surgery via laparoscopic approach 13 months after the first surgery. On laparoscopic exploration, the lateral side of the mesh was contracted and involved nerve branches. We ligated and cut off these nerve branches. His symptoms resolved immediately after the surgery. At postoperative month 12, he has passed without any pain, numbness, and hernia recurrence.DiscussionLaparoscopic exploration would be useful to figure out chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.ConclusionLaparoscopic IPOM repair for inguinal hernia should be avoided as much as possible because it may cause chronic neuropathic pain. Laparoscopic selective neurectomy is an option for patients with chronic neuropathic pain after laparoscopic hernia repair.     

A rare variant of inguinal hernia: Cryptorchid testis at the age of 50 years. Etiopathogenicity,prognosis and management

INTRODUCTIONCryptorchidism is characterized by the extra-scrotal position of the testis. The surgical community has little to no knowledge of cryptorchid testis in adults apart from of pediatric surgeons. Therefore, we sought to describe this unusual cause of inguinal hernia.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 50-year-old man was referred with a inguinal hernia. Diagnosis of cryptorchidism was made during surgery, as the patient underwent an operation for repair of his left inguinal hernia. The testicle was non-viable and a left testicle was resected. Histopathology report confirmed a atrophic testis without testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT).DISCUSSIONThis is an extremely rare case of cryptorchidism revealed in an adult. The patient remained asymptomatic for 50 years. Most studies have concluded that there is a direct correlation between how long the testis was subjected to a cryptorchid position and TGCT incidence. The recommended age of surgical correction is before the age of 2 years. In our case, we did not find correlation between the time of surgery and risk of TGCT. Histopathology report confirmed the presence of leydig cells, seminiferous tubule and Sertoli cells without TGCT. Very little is known about link between cryptorchidism and TGCT. The correct diagnosis of inguinal hernia is usually made during an inguinal hernia repair.CONCLUSIONThe surgeon must always be alert to the possibility of cryptorchid testis during a surgical exploration of an inguinal hernia. In suspected cases, laparoscopy ultrasonographic, CT scan and laparoscopy evaluation may be helpful in diagnosing of this atypical inguinal hernia before surgery.     

腹股沟可触及睾丸的小儿隐睾的腹腔镜治疗体会

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在小儿腹股沟可触及隐睾中的应用。方法对23例26侧腹股沟可触及睾丸的隐睾患儿进行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术治疗。其中左侧隐睾8例,右侧隐睾12例,双侧隐睾3例。结果 23例中有20例隐睾患者经腹腔镜手术均能分离到足够长度的精索及输精管,使睾丸能通过腹股沟管顺利降至阴囊中而I期完成手术。术后随访6月睾丸发育良好,睾丸无回缩,均未出现睾丸萎缩、腹股沟斜疝及鞘膜积液等并发症。3例转为腹股沟开放性手术。结论腹腔镜治疗腹股沟可触及的隐睾方法可行,疗效满意。     

Transthoracic Repair of Asymptomatic Morgagni Hernia in an Adult

Morgagni hernia represents a rare type of diaphragmatic hernia which usually occurs on the right side, in the anterior mediastinum. Predisposing factors of Morgagni hernia include pregnancy, obesity or other causes of increased intraabdominal pressure, and a history of trauma. Most of adults diagnosed with a foramen of Morgagni are asymptomatic. We report a case of an overweight 23-year-old asymptomatic patient with a Morgagni hernia incidentally diagnosed on chest x-ray. There was a satisfactory result after the repair by a transthoracic approach.     

The right lateral position for laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair in pregnancy: technique and review of the literature

Maternal diaphragmatic hernia is a rare disorder of pregnancy. Laparoscopic repair of diaphragmatic hernias is gaining more and more consideration among the surgical community. To date, only a few centers have reported using the laparoscopic approach for diaphragmatic hernias occurring in pregnancy. As congenital diaphragmatic hernias occur mostly on the left side, a right lateral position would theoretically facilitate the surgery and would render an eventual simultaneous left thoracoscopy feasible without repositioning the patient. However, such a position in a pregnant woman has serious implications because of possible inferior vena cava compression by the gravid uterus. We performed a laparoscopic reduction and repair of a left foramen of Bochdalek hernia in a 26-week-pregnant patient, using a right lateral position. The right lateral position facilitated the procedure, without any adverse outcome for the fetus or the mother. This approach should be considered for any left diaphragmatic hernia repair occurring in pregnancy.     

隐睾合并腹股沟疝腹腔镜手术中关闭内环口的必要性探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗小儿隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝术中关闭内环口是否必要。 方法收集2009年6月至2016年5月间宜昌市第二人民医院50例隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术的患儿临床资料。腹腔镜下彻底游离精索后所有的睾丸均经腹股沟管下降至阴囊,内环口均未缝合关闭。观察手术时间、睾丸下降情况及并发症等。 结果50例患儿鞘状突均未闭合,其中腹股沟管型隐睾39例,腹腔型隐睾11例。平均手术时间72 min,所有患儿睾丸均一期下降固定于阴囊。所有病例随访时间9个月至6.5年,中位时间3年,睾丸回缩至阴囊上方3例,超声复查无一例患儿腹股沟斜疝复发。 结论隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术安全、有效,术中缝合关闭内环口也许是不必要的。     

Case report of migration of 2 ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheters to the scrotum: Use of an inguinal incision for retrieval,diagnostic laparoscopy and hernia repair

BackgroudVentriculoperitoneal shunts are commonly used in the treatment of hydrocephalus, and catheter migration to various body sites has been reported. Pediatric and general surgeons are asked on occasion to assist with intraabdominal access for these shunts, particularly when there may be extensive adhesions or other complicating factors.MethodsWe describe a case in which an old shunt catheter was never removed from the abdomen, and it migrated through an inguinal hernia into the scrotum. The catheter became entangled and fibrosed to the testicle. A second and more recent shunt catheter was also in the scrotum. A single incision in the inguinal region was used to remove both shunt catheters, repair the inguinal hernia and perform diagnostic laparoscopy to assist in placing a new ventriculoperitoneal shunt.ResultsPrompt surgical removal is recommended for catheters remaining in the abdomen after ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction. These catheters may cause injury to the testicle, or possibly other intraabdominal organs. General or pediatric surgical consultation should be obtained for lost catheters or inguinal hernias.ConclusionIn the case of an inguinal hernia containing a fractured shunt catheter, the hernia sac can be used to remove the catheter, repair the hernia and gain laparoscopic access to the abdomen to assist with shunt placement.     

A rare case of male pseudohermaphroditism-persistent mullerian duct syndrome with transverse testicular ectopia – Case report and review of literature

IntroductionPersistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare type of male pseudohermaphroditism. Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is characterized by one testis moving to the opposite side and both testes traversing the same inguinal canal.Case presentationAn 11-month-old boy presented with bilateral cryptorchidism. The left testis was not palpable; the right testis was canalicular with a right inguinal hernia. Ultrasound showed both testes located in the right inguinal canal. Right inguinal exploration revealed two testes with intact spermatic cords. A primitive uterus with fallopian tubes was also identified on opening the processus vaginalis. After herniotomy, bilateral orchidopexy was carried out (left orchidopexy through a trans-septal approach). Karyotyping confirmed a male gender (46XY). One year after the operation, ultrasound showed both testes to be in good condition.DiscussionPMDS is caused by defects in the gene that encodes Antimullerian hormone(AMH). Treatment aims to correct cryptorchidism and ensure appropriate scrotal placement of the testes. Malignant transformation is as likely as the presence of abdominal testes in an otherwise normal man. Failing early surgical correction, gonadectomy must be offered to prevent malignancy. Division of the persistent mullerian duct structures is indicated only in patients where persistence interferes with orchidopexy.ConclusionTTE should be suspected in patients presenting with inguinal hernia on one side and cryptorchidism on the other side. Herniotomy and bilateral orchidopexy is optimal. Removal of mullerian structures may injure the artery to vas deferens and is hence not recommended. Follow-up for fertility assessment in the latter years should be counselled.     

Laparoscopic repair of a Littre’s hernia with porcine dermal collagen implant (Permacol)

Background Littre’s hernia was originally defined as “the presence of a Meckel’s diverticulum in any hernia sac” by Rieke in 1841. It is a rare finding at any age, and its true incidence is unknown. The conventional treatment for Littre’s hernia is wedge resection of the diverticulum and repair of the hernia from within the sac. However, the advent of laparoscopic surgery has altered the management of all abdominal hernias, including Littre’s hernia. Case report We present a case of a 55-year-old woman who presented as an emergency with right iliac fossa pain and tenderness. A CT scan demonstrated a 46 × 25 × 25 mm lesion related to the distal ileum extending towards the inguinal canal. At laparoscopy she was found to have a Meckel’s diverticulum herniating through the deep inguinal ring into the right inguinal canal. We report the laparoscopic excision of the Meckel’s diverticulum using an endoscopic stapling device and repair of this hernia with Permacol, an acellular porcine collagen mesh. The patient made a quick recovery and was discharged 5 days post-operatively. A complication of an umbilical port site infection was treated 2 weeks post-operatively with oral antibiotics. To date there has been no recurrence of the hernia and no right inguinal pain. Laparoscopic repair of Littre’s hernia using Permacol has not been reported previously. Conclusions Laparoscopy is a safe, inexpensive and efficient method for the diagnosis and treatment of Littre’s hernia. Permacol is a strong yet supple material for hernia repair.