超声引导下仰卧位和俯卧位两种腘静脉穿刺方法的比较

背景与目的 超声引导下腘静脉穿刺是下肢静脉腔内手术的常用入路之一，目前多是采用俯卧位，但长时间的俯卧位手术会让患者感觉不适。因此，本研究探讨采用仰卧位在超声引导下穿刺腘静脉的可行性，并比较采取仰卧位和俯卧位两种方法的优劣。方法 将髂静脉狭窄性疾病患者随机分成两组，分别在仰卧位和俯卧位下使用超声引导进行腘静脉穿刺，分析术中穿刺所用时间、患者不适程度的视觉模拟评分（VAS）等指标以及术后并发症发生情况。结果 共纳入27例患者，其中仰卧位组14例（16条肢体），俯卧位组13例（16条肢体）。两组患者的基线资料及病变静脉处理方法差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。仰卧位穿刺腘静脉所用的操作时间与俯卧位穿刺腘静脉所用的操作时间差异无统计学意义［3.7（3.4~6.2）min vs. 4.2（3.5~4.4）min，P>0.05］。仰卧位组的VAS评分明显低于俯卧位组［2.0（1.0~2.8）vs. 6.0（4.0~8.0），P<0.01］。仰卧位组有1例术后腘动脉分支出血，经过超声引导下压迫动脉破口后成功治愈。结论 与俯卧位穿刺腘静脉相比，仰卧位穿刺腘静脉不会延长手术时间，但明显减少了患者的不适感，因此，推荐临床使用。     

可视化超声用于输液港植入全流程医护一体化管理

目的 观察可视化超声用于输液港植入前、中、后全流程医护一体化管理的价值。方法 选取133例于化学治疗前接受输液港植入的恶性肿瘤患者,其中106例经颈内静脉、27例经腋静脉植入;并观察植入前、中、后的临床及超声资料,分析超声对其全流程医护一体化管理的价值。结果 133例患者中,术前超声发现一侧颈内静脉狭窄4例,一侧颈内静脉先天走行变异2例,一侧颈内静脉血栓2例。133例均成功一次性穿刺植入输液港。术后发现27例经腋静脉植入输液港中,导管异位于右侧颈内静脉1例;106例经颈内静脉植入输液港中,导管附壁血栓13例,导管折断并异位3例,注射座周围皮下软组织感染2例,注射座翻转1例;以相应措施干预后,患者一般情况均良好。结论 可视化超声可于植入输液港前评估拟穿刺血管、于植入中实时引导穿刺、于植入后密切监控,实现输液港植入全流程医护一体化管理。     

超声引导下经锁骨下静脉植入输液港的可行性

目的 观察超声引导下经皮穿刺锁骨下静脉（SCV）植入输液港的可行性。方法 选取196接受输液港植入术的恶性肿瘤患者,其中98例于超声引导下（超声组）、98例于DSA引导下经SCV植入输液港（DSA组）;对比2组总穿刺次数、一次性穿刺成功率,以及术中、术后（随访12个月）并发症发生率。结果 超声组总穿刺次数100次、一次性穿刺成功率97.96%（96/98）,DSA组总穿刺次数117次、一次性穿刺成功率89.80%（88/98）;超声组总穿刺次数少于DSA组（P=0.02）,一次性穿刺成功率高于DSA组（P=0.02）。超声组1例术中出现心律失常,DSA组术中臂丛神经损伤3例、误穿动脉2例、气胸2例;术后随访12个月,超声组2例发生导管异常,DSA组4例静脉血栓形成、3例导管异常、2例切口感染、2例输液座外露;超声组术中及术后并发症发生率均低于DSA组（P均<0.05）。结论 超声引导下经SCV植入输液港穿刺成功率高、并发症发生率低,具有高度可行性。     

超声引导下腘静脉穿刺在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的应用

目的 探讨超声引导下腘静脉穿刺在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的应用.方法 71例下肢深静脉血栓患者,为行接触性溶栓治疗,均行超声引导下患肢腘静脉穿刺术.结果 69例患者均置管成功,无严重并发症发生,经溶栓、抗凝等治疗效果满意.2例患者因血栓机化,导丝置入困难,置管失败.结论 超声引导下腘静脉穿刺安全简便、可操作性强,值得临床应用推广.     

下肢能谱CT静脉成像最佳重建能级和自适应统计迭代重建权重

目的 探讨下肢能谱CT静脉成像(CTV)最佳重建能级和自适应统计迭代重建(ASIR-V)权重。方法 收集82例接受下肢CTV的疑诊下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)患者,根据扫描模式分为常规120 kVp组(A组,n=42)和能谱扫描组(B组,n=40);将A组CTV图像重建为40% ASIR-V图像,将B组图像分别重建为40、50、60及70 keV结合40%、60%及80% ASIR-V图像。针对所获13种图像,比较下腔静脉、股静脉及腘静脉CT值、噪声(SD)、信噪比(SNR)及对比度噪声比(CNR),并对静脉和血栓显示情况进行主观评估。结果 13种图像之间,各静脉CT值、SD、SNR及CNR差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。B组12种图像中,ASIR-V权重一致时,随keV能级增加,各静脉CT值、SD、SNR及CNR均降低;keV能级水平一致时,随ASIR-V权重增加,SD减小、SNR和CNR增加。B组40、50、60 keV图像中的各静脉CT值均高于A组(P均<0.05);40、50、60、70 keV结合60%、80% ASIR-V图像中,除70 keV结合60% ASIR-V图像外,其余图像各静脉SNR和CNR均高于A组(P均<0.05)。13种图像中,50 keV结合40%、60%、80% ASIR-V图像显示静脉主观评分最高(P均<0.05);50 keV结合60% ASIR-V图像显示DVT清晰度≥4分者占比最高。结论 50 keV结合60% ASIR-V为能谱下肢CTV成像最佳重建方法。     

C臂CT辅助数字减影血管造影引导肾上腺静脉取血

目的 观察C臂CT辅助数字减影血管造影(DSA)引导肾上腺静脉取血(AVS)的价值。方法 回顾性分析57例原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)患者,其中25例接受DSA引导AVS(DSA-AVS组)、32例接受C臂CT辅助DSA引导AVS(C臂CT-AVS组),比较组间插管总成功率(双侧AVS均插管取血成功为总成功)、曝光时间及辐射剂量面积乘积(DAP)。结果 C臂CT-AVS组AVS插管总成功率为84.38%(27/32),DSA-AVS组为52.00%(13/25),组间差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.00,P=0.01);组间曝光时间及DAP差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。DSA-AVS组1例右肾上腺静脉(RAV)破裂出血,出血较少,后自行缓解;2组均未见肾上腺危象、严重出血、下腔静脉穿孔等严重并发症。结论 C臂CT辅助DSA引导可在不增加曝光时间和辐射剂量的前提下提高AVS技术成功率。     

Aspirex机械清栓治疗创伤后急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床疗效

背景与目的 下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）行早期血栓清除减容可恢复静脉通畅及缓解症状,目前AngioJet是国内最常用的静脉血栓清除系统,而Aspirex应用较少,本研究探讨Aspirex机械血栓清除治疗在创伤后急性DVT患者中的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2016年5月—2020年8月在北京积水潭医院血管外科收治的54例创伤后急性DVT患者的病例资料。所有患者行下腔静脉可回收滤器置入术,其中有Dneali 35例（64.8%）、Celect 3例（5.6%）、Cordis 14例（25.9%）、Octoparms及临时滤器（贝朗）各1例（1.9%）。患者创伤经手术及固定治疗后均行彩超检查或造影明确为髂股静脉及下腔静脉血栓形成。其中,22例（40.7%）为髂股静脉血栓、4例（7.4%）为髂及下腔静脉血栓、11例（20.4%）为下腔静脉血栓、17例（31.5%）为股髂静脉及下腔静脉血栓。所有患者在局麻下行经腘静脉或股静途径Straub Aspirex机械血栓清除手术（PMT）,术中联合导管取栓（MAT）、导管接触性溶栓（CDT）、髂静脉球囊扩张及髂静脉支架置入术。统计技术成功率、即刻临床成功率（症状缓解率）、围手术期出血发生率及术后滤器取出率。术后随访1年,超声评价目标静脉通畅率及血栓后综合征（PTS）的发生率。结果 54例患者中,3例（5.6%）行单纯机械血栓清除手术,17例（31.5%）行血栓清除联合导管取栓术,3例（5.6%）行血栓清除联合置管溶栓术,18例（33.3%）行血栓清除联合导管取栓及置管溶栓术,12例（22.2%）行血栓清除联合导管取栓及髂静脉球囊扩张术,1例（1.9%）行血栓清除联合导管取栓及支架置入术。技术成功率及即刻临床成功率均为100%。12例（22.2%）血栓III级清除,33例（61.1%）为II级清除,9例（16.7%）为I级清除,血栓清除成功率为83.3%。围手术期1例（1.9%）出现脑出血,给予停止溶栓及抗凝,2周复查头颅CT见血肿吸收,无后遗症;2例（3.7%）出现鼻出血及穿刺点血肿,给予压迫后缓解,无症状性肺栓塞及死亡等发生。滤器留置时间为（61.4±84.8）d,51例（94.4%）患者尝试行滤器取出,所有患者均成功取出。术后无血栓复发,术后1年PTS的发生率为33.3%,目标静脉通畅率为75.9%。结论 对于创伤后急性髂股及下腔静脉DVT患者,应用Aspirex机械血栓清除疗效显著,较为安全可靠,与导管吸栓、CDT、髂静脉球囊扩张及支架置入结合应用可改善静脉通畅率。     

颈动脉斑块常规超声及超声造影预测颈动脉狭窄患者缺血性脑卒中

目的 观察常规超声及超声造影(CEUS)评估颈动脉斑块、预测颈动脉狭窄患者缺血性脑卒中的价值。方法 回顾性分析115例经超声证实的颈动脉斑块致狭窄(狭窄率≥50%)患者,根据近6个月内有无缺血性脑卒中将其分为症状组(n=53)及无症状组(n=62)。以单因素分析及多因素logistic回归分析筛选颈动脉狭窄患者发生缺血性脑卒中的颈动脉斑块超声特征,建立回归模型,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,评估其预测患缺血性脑卒中的效能。结果 单因素分析显示,组间颈动脉狭窄率、斑块表面形态及斑块内新生血管分级差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,斑块表面形态及斑块内新生血管分级为颈动脉狭窄患者发生缺血性脑卒中的独立预测因素,建立回归模型Y=－4.914+2.272X₁+2.354X₂(X₁为斑块表面形态,X₂为斑块内新生血管分级),其预测缺血性脑卒中的曲线下面积为0.886。结论 常规超声联合CEUS评估颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉斑块有助于预测缺血性脑卒中。     

超声引导下骶裂孔注射联合针刺治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的 观察超声引导下骶裂孔注射联合针刺治疗腰椎管狭窄症（LSS）的效果。方法 将60例LSS患者随机分为观察组和对照组，每组30例。给予对照组常规针刺治疗，观察组针刺治疗+超声引导下骶裂孔注射复方倍他米松注射液+利多卡因+0.9%氯化钠混合液。对比治疗前及治疗4周结束时（治疗后）2组视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、功能障碍问卷（RDQ）、直腿抬高（SLR）、腰部活动范围（ROM）、站立行走计时（TUG）及6分钟步行（SMW）距离。结果 观察组28例一次性完成注射，2例因骶裂孔定位失误致首次注射失败，再次定位后注射成功；注射后即刻1例出现尿失禁，注射后48 h内6例短暂性疼痛加重、3例面部潮红，均自行缓解；术中及术后均未见神经损伤、感染或血肿等并发症。治疗后观察组腰部和下肢VAS评分、RDQ和TUG均较治疗前降低（P均<0.01），且均低于对照组（P均<0.05）；SLR、腰部屈曲和伸展ROM及SMW距离均较治疗前增加（P均<0.05），且SLR及SMW距离均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。治疗后随访3个月期间，观察组复发率16.67%（5/30），低于对照组的43.33%（13/30）（P<0.05）。结论 超声引导下骶裂孔注射联合针刺治疗LSS安全、有效。     

简易举宫器用于超声引导下经腹射频消融治疗子宫后壁肌瘤

目的 观察简易举宫器用于超声引导下经腹射频消融治疗子宫后壁肌瘤的价值。方法 纳入28例经盆腔超声和MRI诊断的单发子宫后壁肌瘤患者,其中13例接受简易举宫器辅助下超声引导下经腹射频消融治疗(观察组),8例接受无辅助、7例接受其他方法辅助超声引导下经腹射频消融治疗(对照组);对比组间年龄、子宫肌瘤均径、消融期间肌瘤边缘清晰与否、消融时间、一次性完全消融率及子宫内膜损伤的差异。结果 消融治疗中,组间肌瘤边缘清晰与否、消融治疗时间及子宫内膜损伤差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),年龄、子宫肌瘤均径及一次性完全消融率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论 简易举宫器可有效推举、固定子宫,有利于超声引导下射频消融治疗子宫后壁肌瘤。     

Central venous versus mixed venous oxygen content

Mixed venous oxygen content (commonly measured as oxygen saturation) is a highly relevant parameter in the monitoring of critically ill patients; unfortunately, its measurement requires catheterization of the pulmonary artery. Though less invasive, the central venous oxygen saturation is an unsatisfactory substitute, due to fluctuations in perfusion distribution and regional oxygen extraction in the course of illness.
The present study examined the relation of oxygen contents in simultaneously withdrawn central venous and mixed venous blood samples from critically ill patients, in order to validate a hypothetical algorithm for the estimation of mixed venous oxygen content from a central venous sample: Although the proposed algorithm had a fairly high power of prediction, its merits in comparison to assuming simple proportionality between central venous and mixed venous oxygen content seemed marginal.
However, as it is likely that the results so far are mathematically coupled, further prospective studies are necessary.     

Diagnosing venous and venous/arterial ulcers

A venous ulcer can be diagnosed on the basis of elements arising from the questioning and the clinical examination of the patient. A venous Doppler ultrasound can specify the type of reverse flow (superficial and/or deep). Measuring the ankle brachial pressure index helps to eliminate or confirm any arterial involvement. Depending on the systolic pressure index, the ulcer will be considered as purely venous, mixed (arterial-venous) or predominantly arterial.     

Deep venous thrombosis and superficial venous reflux

OBJECTIVE: Although superficial venous reflux is an important determinant of post-thrombotic skin changes, the origin of this reflux is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and etiologic mechanisms of superficial venous reflux after acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). METHODS: Patients with a documented acute lower extremity DVT were asked to return for serial venous duplex ultrasound examinations at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, every 3 months for the first year, and every year thereafter. Reflux in the greater saphenous vein (GSV) and lesser saphenous vein (LSV) was assessed by standing distal pneumatic cuff deflation. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients with a DVT in 69 lower extremities were followed up for a mean of 48 (SD +/- 32) months. Initial thrombosis of the GSV was noted in 15 limbs (21.7%). At 8 years, the cumulative incidence of GSV reflux was 77.1% (SE +/- 0.11) in DVT limbs with GSV involvement, 28.9% (+/- 0.09%) in DVT limbs without GSV thrombosis, and 14.8% (+/- 0.05) in uninvolved contralateral limbs (P <.0001). For LSV reflux, the cumulative incidence in DVT limbs was 23.1% (+/- 0.06%) in comparison with 10% (+/- 0.06%) in uninvolved limbs (P =.06). In comparison with uninvolved contralateral limbs, the relative risk of GSV reflux for DVT limbs with and without GSV thrombosis was 8.7 (P <.001) and 1.4 (P =.5), respectively. The relative risk of LSV reflux in thrombosed extremities compared with uninvolved extremities was 3.2 (P =.07). Despite these observations, the fraction of observed GSV reflux that could be attributable to superficial thrombosis was only 49%. CONCLUSIONS: Superficial venous thrombosis frequently accompanies DVT and is associated with development of superficial reflux in most limbs. However, a substantial proportion of observed reflux is not directly associated with thrombosis and develops at a rate equivalent to that in uninvolved limbs.     

Portomesenteric venous thrombosis associated with rectal venous malformations

Purpose

We report thrombosis of portal and mesenteric veins in patients with a pattern of rectal venous malformations (VMs) and ectatic major mesenteric veins.

Methods

Eight patients having rectal VMs with either ectatic mesenteric veins and/or evidence of portomesenteric venous thrombosis (PVT), evaluated from 1995-2009, were reviewed.

Results

Portomesenteric venous thrombosis was evident in 5 patients at presentation. Three had patent ectatic mesenteric veins, 2 with demonstrated reversal of flow, and 2 of whom went on to thrombosis during observation. Six patients developed portal hypertension. Five remain on long-term anticoagulation. After recognizing this pattern, one patient underwent preemptive proximal ligation of the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) to enhance antegrade portal vein flow and prevent propagation or embolization of venous thrombus from the IMV to the portal vein.

Conclusion

Rectal VMs should be evaluated for associated ectatic mesenteric veins. The ectatic vein siphons flow from the portal vein down to the rectal VM, leading to stagnation of blood in the portal vein and resultant thrombosis. Primary thrombosis in the stagnant rectal VM and/or mesenteric vein can also predispose to embolization up into the portal vein. This pattern of rectal VM and ectatic mesenteric vein should be considered a risk factor for devastating PVT.     

Compression and venous surgery for venous leg ulcers

This article reviews published data on the effects of surgery and compression in the treatment of venous ulcers and the best options for compression therapy. Randomized controlled studies reveal that surgery and compression have similar effectiveness in healing ulcers but surgery is more effective in preventing recurrence. Most leg ulcers have a venous pathophysiology and occur because of venous ambulatory hypertension caused by venous reflux and impairment of the venous pumping function. Proposed surgical interventions range from crossectomy and stripping to perforator vein interruption and endovascular procedures (laser, radiofrequency). More conservative procedures (foam sclerotherapy, conservative hemodynamic treatment) have also been proposed.     

The venous ulcer and the superficial venous reflux

The management of venous ulcers must take into account the many aspects of the pathology and, overall, the hemodynamic patterns of reflux and the clinical pictures correlated. The most frequent model is represented by a superficial venous reflux that may be successfully treated by surgery with a very high percentage of ulcer healing. Compared to compression therapy, surgery allows a minor percentage of recurrence. Sclerotherapy may represent a valid alternative. The meaning and the treatment of incompetent perforating veins is controversial, but the poor results of conservative treatment justify the disconnection of large perforators in addition to ablation of saphenous reflux.     

Iliac venous pressure estimates central venous pressure after laparotomy

Background

Central venous pressure (CVP) is traditionally obtained through subclavian or internal jugular central catheters; however, many patients who could benefit from CVP monitoring have only femoral lines. The accuracy of illiac venous pressure (IVP) as a measure of CVP is unknown, particularly following laparotomy.

Methods

This was a prospective, observational study. Patients who had both internal jugular or subclavian lines and femoral lines already in place were eligible for the study. Pressure measurements were taken from both lines in addition to measurement of bladder pressure, mean arterial pressure, and peak airway pressure. Data were evaluated using paired t-test, Bland-Altman analysis, and linear regression.

Results

Measurements were obtained from 40 patients, 26 of which had laparotomy. The mean difference between measurements was 2.2 mm Hg. There were no significant differences between patients who had laparotomy and nonsurgical patients (P = 0.93). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias of 1.63 ± 2.44 mm Hg. There was no correlation between IVP accuracy and bladder pressure, mean arterial pressure, or peak airway pressure.

Conclusions

IVP is an adequate measure of CVP, even in surgical patients who have had recent laparotomy. Measurement of IVP to guide resuscitation is encouraged in patients who have only femoral venous catheter access.     

Management of significant venous discrepancy with microvascular venous coupler

Microsurgery has revolutionized the art of reconstruction, with the discovery of the ability to replace like tissue with like tissue transferred from a distant site. The evolution of the tissue transferred has also progressed. No longer are free flaps based off a dominant anatomically named vessel, but one of its later derivatives, the perforator. Perforator breast reconstruction dominates the authors' practice, and a frequently encountered problem is mismatched vessels. This situation typically requires more time and concentration for successful completion. Venous mismatches tend to be harder to overcome than arterial; the venous hand-sewn end-to-end anastomoses result in bunching of the larger vessel around the perimeter of the smaller. In this low flow system, these anastomotic imperfections can frequently result in anastomotic failure. Many other techniques have also been described in hopes of improving the anastomotic success. These are often timely or lack improvement in patency rates. The authors have found the MCA microvascular venous coupler to be a reliable method to overcome this problem. The end-to-end technique of microvascular coupling allows a perfect intima-to-intima anastomosis despite the variation in caliber of the vessels. The time to complete the end-to-end anastomoses is significantly reduced to only a matter of minutes.