腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残余胆囊的预防和处理

为探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)后残余胆囊的预防和处理方法 ,回顾分析近 4年收治的 11例LC术后残余胆囊患者的临床资料 ,均经开腹手术证实 ,其中 6例为残余胆囊 ,3例残余胆囊合并残余胆囊结石 ;2例胆总管结石行胆道探查时发现残余胆囊。 11例均行残余胆囊切除术。 2例合并胆总管结石行胆总管探察取石。病理检查证实均为残余胆囊慢性炎症改变。笔者认为 ,严格把握LC的适应证和规范操作是防止残余胆囊的关键。     

腹腔镜胆道损伤因素及预防的体会

1991年腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)引入我国,目前已经广泛推广应用,包括许多基层医院均已开展,目前已定位为良性胆囊疾病的金标准手术[1].但腹腔镜胆道手术并发症也越来越被内镜外科医生所重视,胆道损伤是LC最主要的并发症,发生率高达0.132%～1.11%[2].2000年至2004年,笔者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术520例,胆道损伤5例.其损伤均发生于胆囊切除术中,其中胆总管横断1例,胆总管部分损伤4例.现将胆管损伤因素及预防的体会报告如下.     

胆囊切除术后残余胆囊原因分析(附17例报告)

近年来,随着手术创伤小、恢复快的腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)或小切口胆囊切除术(MC)的熟练开展,胆道损伤发生率有明显下降,但残余胆囊发生率增加。由于残余胆囊内炎性病灶及其并发症,大多数患者需作第二次手术治疗,给患者带来很大痛苦,已引起临床医生们高度重视[1]。现就17例残余胆囊发生原因分析报告如下。临床资料1.一般资料:自1990年8月至2003年8月,在施行过胆囊切除后,因仍有胆道系统症状而做剖腹术中发现残余胆囊患者17例。男6例,女11例,年龄32～65岁,平均45.5岁。本组17例患者上次手术的病因为:慢性结石性胆囊炎急性发作11例,胆囊结石伴…     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残余胆囊管结石23例诊治分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后残余胆囊管结石诊治体会。方法回顾性分析我院收治的23例LC术后残余胆囊管结石患者的临床资料。结果本组23例术前均获得正确的临床诊断,均行残余胆囊切除治疗,术后恢复良好,疗效满意。结论根据患者临床表现结合影像学检查,残余胆囊结石可获得准确诊断,再次手术治疗是治愈该病的有效手段。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在急性胆囊炎中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除手术在治疗急性胆囊炎中的应用。方法对48例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性的系统分析。结果腹腔镜胆囊切除术治愈患者42例,中转开腹6例,腹腔镜手术成功率87.5%。其中术后有3例出现并发症,发生率6.25%。结论熟练的掌握LC的基本操作和手术技巧,把握手术时机,合理放置引流,及时中转开腹手术的条件下,急性胆囊炎行LC安全可行,效果较好。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤因素及预防的体会

自从Mouret1987年完成首例LC[1],LC手术已成为治疗胆囊结石以及胆囊良性疾病的首选方法和金标准.但腹腔镜胆道手术并发症也越来越被内镜外科医生所重视.胆道损伤是LC最主要的并发症,据刘允怡报道,在12500例LC研究中,胆管损伤发生率为0.85%[1].2000年1月至2005年9月,笔者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术580例,胆道损伤5例.其中胆总管横断1例,胆总管部分损伤4例.现结合文献将胆管损伤因素及预防的体会报告如下.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎45例诊治分析

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的临床诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2013年2月诊治的45例XGC患者临床资料。结果术前均行超声检查均提示有胆囊结石和胆囊壁增厚,其中5例提示胆囊占位性病变,行CT检查5例,全组病例均在术中、术后经病理检查确诊。行开腹胆囊切除术22例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)18例(其中中转开腹7例),胆囊切除+胆总管探查术2例,胆囊切除+肝脏楔形切除术1例,胆囊大部分切除术2例。术后并发切口感染2例,胆漏2例,余无并发症发生。结论 XGC术前难于诊断,病理检查是诊断XGC的关键,治疗XGC首选胆囊切除术,部分病例可行LC治疗。     

肝管空肠吻合术治疗医源性胆管损伤伴狭窄

医源性胆管损伤是胆囊切除术严重的并发症之一.在LC迅速发展的今天,LC导致医源性胆管损伤的发生率较开腹胆囊切除术更高.2006年10月至2011年8月我中心采用肝管空肠吻合术治疗14例医源性胆管损伤患者,取得了良好的疗效,现报道如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料 本组医源性胆管损伤患者14例,男6例,女8例;年龄28～62岁,平均年龄46岁.5例胆管损伤发生于开腹胆囊切除术,9例发生于LC.14例患者中,修复手术距胆囊切除术时间4个月至6年.4例患者带有T管.所有患者有急、慢性胆管炎表现,包括腹痛,伴或不伴发热,症状发作时均伴有黄疸.     

胆囊切除术后残余胆囊结石的诊断与治疗

[摘 要] 目的 探讨胆囊切除术后残余胆囊结石的原因、诊治及预防方法。方法 回顾性分析扬州大学附属医院2015年1月至2017年6月收治的23例残余胆囊结石患者的临床资料。结果 23例患者术前均明确诊断,均予行残余胆囊切除术,术后恢复良好,效果满意。结论 根据患者的临床表现及影像学检查,残余胆囊结石能获得准确的诊断,再次手术是治愈疾病的有效手段,腹腔镜手术治疗残余胆囊结石是安全、有效的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后黄疸的预防和处理

腹腔镜胆囊切除术已经成为肝胆外科最常用的手术方式,由于每位患者病情不同,往往伴随胆道系统其他病变,导致术后出现黄疸及相应情况.我院2002年12月至2010年12月共施行LC手术3026例,其中29例术后出现黄疸,治疗效果满意,现报告如下: 1临床资料 1.1一般资料 LC术后出现黄疸29例中男12例,女17例;年龄18～62岁,平均42岁.术前均行B超检查,诊断为胆囊炎、胆囊结石:其中急性结石性胆囊炎(包括颈部结石嵌顿)13例,胆囊萎缩6例,慢性结石性胆囊炎7例,胆囊息肉3例.术前均经过两次以上B超证实胆总管无扩张及结石,术前无黄疸,无肝炎病例.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.