胃癌根治术相关胰瘘预防及处理

胰瘘是胃癌根治术术后主要并发症之一,严重时可导致病人死亡。胃癌根治术术后发生胰瘘与术中胰腺损伤密切相关。因此,外科医师应熟悉其发生的危险因素,重在预防。一旦发生术后胰瘘,应分期施治,采取合理、及时的治疗措施,争取早期治愈。     

腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术后并发症及其危险因素分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术后并发症的相关影响因素,进一步预防术后并发症的发生。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2016年1月为441例患者行腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术的临床资料,观察总结术后并发症发生情况,并对其可能的危险因素进行评估分析。结果:本组441例患者中术后46例发生并发症,发生率为10.4%,其中吻合口瘘14例,吻合口出血5例,吻合口狭窄3例,十二指肠残端瘘2例,胰瘘1例,腹腔出血3例,下肢深静脉血栓1例,淋巴瘘2例,肠梗阻3例,腹腔感染3例,切口感染5例,胃瘫2例,肺部感染2例。单因素分析结果显示,高龄、肥胖、手术方式、术前合并疾病情况、手术时间、术中失血量是腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术后并发症发生的相关因素(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,影响腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术后并发症发生的独立危险因素为高龄、肥胖、术前合并疾病、手术时间(P<0.05)。与无并发症的患者相比,发生并发症的患者术后住院时间较长,且住院花费增加(P<0.05)。结论:高龄、肥胖、术前合并疾病情况、手术时间是腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术后并发症发生的危险因素,腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术后并发症中吻合口瘘较常见。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术并发症及其预防

坚持手术的安全性和肿瘤的根治性是腹腔镜胃癌根治术的第一准则。在腹腔镜胃癌根治术不断规范、推广和普及的当今,重视手术的安全性,降低并发症的发生率,避免严重手术并发症的发牛,是胃肠外科医师们所追寻的目标。腹腔镜胃癌根治术常见的腹部并发症包括腹腔内出血、吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、脏器损伤、胰漏等。本文主要探讨腹岁腔镜胃癌根治术常见腹部并发症的原因及其预防。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术围手术期使用生长抑素对减轻胰腺损伤的影响

目的:比较术前使用与术后使用生长抑素与对减轻腹腔镜胃癌根治术所致胰腺损伤的疗效差异。方法:50例拟行腹腔镜胃癌根治术的患者随机均分为观察组(术前12~24 h开始使用生长抑素,术中及术后维持)或对照组(术后使用生长抑素),5例患者中途退出研究,最终观察组纳入22例,对照组23例。比较两组相关临床指标。结果:两组一般资料及术前感染、营养指标差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组术后第1天腹腔引流量明显低于对照组(P=0.016),但术后总引流量两组无明统计学差异(P0.05);两组间围手术期血清淀粉酶浓度、腹腔引流液淀粉酶含量、术后感染与营养指标、引流管拔除时间、胃肠动力恢复与并发症情况均无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:术前、术后使用生长抑素比较,在减轻腹腔镜胃癌根治术所致胰腺损伤方面无明显差异。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘预防的研究进展

目的总结胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防方法。方法通过检索近年来国内外关于胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘预防方法的相关文献并做一综述。结果胰瘘是胰十二指肠切除术后常见并发症之一,其主要由于术前持续高黄疸,术中吻合方式的选择,术后早期大量胰液的分泌,胰蛋白酶原被碱性肠液激活,从而消化附近的组织造成胰瘘,胰液流入腹腔而消化腹腔组织,造成严重并发症,甚至死亡。通过药物、术前减黄、术中吻合方式的选择等方面的预防,术后胰瘘的发生率有所下降。结论胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防是一个综合过程,需贯穿整个围手术期。     

胰腺完全性横断伤的诊断与治疗：附23例报告

作者总结３０多年以来，收治胰腺完全性横断伤共２３例，均经急诊手术治疗并证实。术前有１８例误诊为腹部其他脏器损伤，仅有５例术前拟诊为胰腺损伤。２３例中２２例治愈，１例因并发胰腺脓肿，于术后４９天死于败血症。作者认为：术后应用生长抑素，可减少术后胰瘘、胰腺炎、胰腺坏死等并发症的发生。     

开放、腹腔镜及机器人辅助行胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘特点及对策

微创手术的发展为胰腺外科手术指明了新的发展方向,然而其术后并发症尤其是胰瘘的发生仍严重影响病人的术后恢复。腹腔镜及机器人手术系统为减少胰十二指肠切除术术后胰瘘发生提供了新的研究领域。根据现有经验,机器人手术并不能明显降低术后胰瘘发生率,但在微创化和精确化方面明显优于开放和腹腔镜手术。     

胰外瘘的诊治

胰瘘（pancreatic fistula,PF）是胰腺外科的严重并发症之一。引起胰瘘的病因主要有急、慢性胰腺炎、胰腺外伤、胰腺手术（如胰腺切除术、引流及活检术等）及胰周脏器的手术,这些原因均可使胰管破裂,致胰液渗出,从而导致出现一系列的症候群。     

胃癌根治术后胰瘘预防与治疗

根治性手术是胃癌的主要治疗方法。胰瘘是胃癌根治术后的主要并发症之一,处理不及时可能危及病人生命。胃癌根治术后胰瘘的发生主要与手术方式、器械操作、胰腺和病人全身的基本情况密切相关。胃肠外科医生应该熟悉胰瘘发生的危险因素并加以关注,加强预防。胰瘘的治疗应根据分期而定,及早治疗,从而改善预后。     

胰外瘘的诊治

胰瘘(pancreatic fistula,PF)是胰腺外科的严重并发症之一.引起胰瘘的病因主要有急、慢性胰腺炎、胰腺外伤、胰腺手术(如胰腺切除术、引流及活检术等)及胰周脏器的手术,这些原因均可使胰管破裂,致胰液渗出,从而导致出现一系列的症候群.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.