广东省近5年骨质疏松症研究新进展

骨质疏松症在老年人中发病率较高,严重影响着老年人群的生活质量。随着全球人口老龄化加剧,骨质疏松的防治已成为世界医药关注的热点。本文分析近5年广东省学者发表的文章995篇,并与5年前文献对比,发现近年的研究在流行病学方面有了新的认识,说明骨质疏松症已引起广大临床医生的重视。骨质疏松症的动物实验和病理机制研究已比较成熟,近年研究有所下降。双能X线骨密度检查已广泛应用于临床骨质疏松的诊断。骨折是骨质疏松最严重的并发症,尤其是股骨粗隆间骨折是老年人常见骨折,并发症概率高,死亡率高。骨质疏松性骨折的治疗不仅要考虑局部骨折的处理,且要把骨质疏松症的治疗结合在一起,才能提高其整体疗效,改善患者生活质量。钙剂、维生素D、阿伦膦酸钠、鲑鱼降钙素已规范应用于临床。新的治疗措施,如复合振动治疗已在临床应用。总之,骨质疏松症已引起广东省医学界广泛的重视,诊断、治疗也逐渐规范。若能提高患者的自我保健意识和水平,积极用科学的方法干预,骨质疏松症是可以延缓和预防的,这将对病人及社会均有重要的意义。     

老年骨质疏松症流行病学调查及预防措施研究

目的探讨老年骨质疏松症流行病学调查及预防措施。方法 2017年6月至2018年6月,对辖区5432例老年人进行骨质疏松症调查。结果骨质疏松症发生率为12. 44%;腰椎2～4部位骨密度平均为(0. 820±0. 111) g/cm~2,股骨颈平均骨密度为(0. 818±0. 103) g/cm~2,股骨颈粗隆平均骨密度为(0. 712±0. 100) g/cm~2,Ward三角区平均骨密度为(0. 704±0. 112) g/cm~2;骨质疏松症患者女性比例、年龄、饮酒比例、日饮用牛奶量250 mL/d比例、未口服钙片比例及体育锻炼30 min/d比例分别为59. 17%、(75. 20±9. 28)岁、60. 95%、69. 08%、65. 83%、57. 25%,明显高于无骨质疏松症者(P0. 05); Logistic回归分析显示女性、年龄是老年人发生骨质疏松的危险因素(OR=1. 761、1. 964,P0. 05),而日饮用牛奶量、口服钙片和体育锻炼是老年人发生骨质疏松的保护因素(OR=0. 725、0. 661和0. 718,P0. 05)。结论本地区老年骨质疏松症发生比例较高,应根据相关危险因素采取有针对性的措施,以减少骨质疏松的发生。     

骨质疏松症流行病学研究现状

骨质疏松症患病率逐年上升,严重影响老年人的寿命和生活质量.传统的骨质疏松症流行病学研究方法以骨折发病率和患病率研究为主,目前的研究方法主要以人群骨量或骨密度测定为主,为骨质疏松症预防、早期诊断、治疗提供科学依据.骨质疏松症与种族、民族、地域、生活习惯和饮食方式等多种因素有关,积极掌握其危险因素及易感人群,适时评估骨量,对多学科综合性防治至关重要.该文就骨质疏松症流行病学研究现况作一综述.     

慢性肾脏病流行病学研究现状

慢性肾脏病的患病率逐年增高,终末期肾病给国家和家庭带来了巨大的经济负担.筛查是早期发现慢性肾脏病的重要手段,早期诊断、早期防治能够延缓慢性肾脏病的进展,遏制终末期肾脏病的发生.国内、外关于慢性肾脏病流行病学研究结果提示,慢性肾脏病已成为继心脑血管病、肿瘤、糖尿病之后又一个威胁人类健康的重要疾病,成为全球性公共卫生问题.慢性肾脏病的防治面临严峻挑战,希望卫生部门和政府决策者对慢性肾脏病的防治给予足够重视.     

1088例医务人员骨质疏松的流行病学研究

目的 通过对我院医务人员体检,了解本院骨质疏松的流行病学情况,分析骨质疏松相关危险因素。方法 选取2014年7月~9月在我院体检的40岁以上在职和离退休医务人员1088例,采用双能X线骨密度仪（DXA）测腰椎（L1-4）、股骨颈、Ward区、大转子区的骨密度。测定空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胆固醇( TC)、甘油三脂( TG)、低密度脂蛋白( LDL- C)、高密度脂蛋白( HDL- C),结合性别、年龄、科室、体重指数（BMI）等因素进行研究。按年龄、性别进行分组,以10岁作为1个年龄段。结果 1.骨质疏松总患病率27.8% （其中女性30.6%,男性21.1%）。2.脂代谢异常占60.11%,糖代谢异常占16.54%。3.女性骨质疏松患病率随年龄上升而增加。不同年龄组的OP患病率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。4.离退休医务人员骨质疏松患病率最高（38.8%）,外科医生最低（16.9%）。5.Logistic回归分析显示：高BMI值是骨质疏松的保护因素。结论 与普通人群相比,我院医务人员骨质疏松患病率较高,增龄和低BMI是骨质疏松的主要危险因素。     

腰背痛流行病学进展

腰背痛患病率高,易复发,大多无明显病因,缺乏特异性表现,具有自愈倾向,仅少数腰背痛患者转为慢性。腰背痛的危险因素有年龄、心理、遗传、性别、职业、妊娠、体重、腰背痛病史、不良生活方式等。腰背痛患病率随年龄增长而增加,但到一定年龄阶段保持不变;社会心理因素对腰背痛的影响渐受重视;性别与腰背痛关系的报道不一;遗传可能是腰背痛最主要的危险因素;某些职业因素如负重、弯腰、旋转、振动等是腰背痛重要的危险因素;近年来与妊娠妇女相关的腰背痛受到重视;生活方式改变可使腰背痛患病率增加。X线和MRI等检查对腰背痛的诊断无特异性,仅适于排除腰背部特异性疾病。腰背痛的治疗方法很多,但流行病学调查显示缺乏有效方法,建议对不同病程采取相应治疗方法。目前腰背痛的预防未能降低发病率。     

血透患者中丙型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学研究

目的：了解血透患者中丙型肝炎病毒的感染情况,并探讨相关的危险因素。方法：对150例维持性血透患者应用逆转录聚合酶链反应及酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中HCV－RNA及抗HCV－IgG的水平。结果：HCV－RNA的阳性率为26．7％（40／150）;抗HCV－IgG的阳性率为24％（36／150例）;HCV感染率（总阳性率）为35．3％（52／150例）。结论：提示血液患者中HCV感染率明显高于普遍人群。输血及血制品是其第一位的危险因素,而透析器及管路的交叉使用也是不容忽视的危险因素之一。     

基于CiteSpace的近5年国内外男性骨质疏松症研究热点可视化分析

目的 对比近5年男性骨质疏松症国内外研究现状、热点。方法 以中国知网（CNKI）、Web of Science（WOS）核心合集数据库为数据来源,利用CtieSpace,v.5.6.R1对近5年男性骨质疏松症文献进行可视化分析。结果 共纳入中文文献552篇、英文文献3632篇,针对男性骨质疏松症领域的研究主要国家为美国、英国、法国、澳大利亚,主要期刊为Journal of Bone and Mineral Research、Osteoporosis International、Bone。与国外相比,国内机构之间、作者之间缺乏合作。国内外男性骨质疏松症的研究在骨质疏松症的病因、危险因素、实验室检查、影像学检查、治疗药物、骨折风险评估等基础上,以药物治疗、疾病筛查、骨折风险评估等方面为研究热点,就骨质疏松症预防与骨折风险评估而言,国内外研究方向大致相同。在药物治疗方面,国外对新型抗骨质疏松药物的研究较国内更深入。结论 在我国未来男性骨质疏松症的相关研究中,多中心、机构、作者之间的合作有助于研究领域的发展,同时也需更进一步开展骨质疏松性骨折评估、预防、新型抗骨质疏松药物等研究。     

近5年来中国11个城市门诊勃起功能障碍患者的流行病学变化

目的:研究5年来就诊的勃起功能障碍(ED)患者中流行病学变化及其原因。方法:于2003年和2008年先后2次对全国11个城市医院就诊的ED患者采取问卷调查,就患者的年龄、病程、ED程度、吸烟与饮酒状况、高血压、冠心病和糖尿病等伴随疾病的发病率、患者的性生活满意度、勃起功能等方面进行调查。结果:在800多份问卷中,5年来到医院门诊就诊的ED患者的年龄构成几乎不变,其中30～50岁的ED患者占60%以上,但更多长病程的ED患者来就诊,其中病程为5～10年的患者比5年前上升了约13%;中度和重度的ED患者分别从5年前的24.1%和20.4%上升到42.9%和29.9%;吸烟和饮酒的患者均比5年前至少增加了10%;伴随疾病中除心脏病无显著变化外,高血压、糖尿病的发病率都比5年前显著增长,分别从11.5%和9.4%增加到16.2%和13.5%;患者的性生活满意度明显下降,性生活不满意的比例从5年前的57.6%上升到73.3%。结论:5年来,随着生活水平的提高,越来越多的男性追求更高的性生活质量,同时关于性生活等科普知识的普及已见成效;但各种不良生活习惯和影响勃起功能疾病的增加,使ED的发病率和疾病程度都有所增加,在ED的预防和早期诊治方面还有许多工作要做。     

胆石病的流行病学和危险因素

胆石病是最常见的胃肠道疾病之一。我国在上世纪开展过两次全国范围的临床流行病学研究。1989年第1次调查显示,胆石病住院病人占普外科的10.05%,1994年第2次调查的胆石病收治率约相当于普外科的11.53%[1]。在讨论其流行病学和发病危险因素之前,有必要先分析胆石分类。胆石病根据发生部位分为胆囊结石、     

Risk factors for osteoporosis for residents of Kiwa

We evaluated 207 individuals (49 men and 158 women) living in a small town in central Japan to identify the risk factors for, and the etiology of, osteoporosis. Female sex, advanced age, short stature, low body weight, and deficiencies in calcium and protein intake were associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis. Nutrition appeared to be strongly related to a decrease in bone mass, because subjects who lived solitary lives were more likely to have decreased bone mass and bone mass was similar between husbands and wives.     

南昌市部分社区40岁以上人群骨质疏松症流行现状调查及影响因素分析

目的 明确南昌市部分社区40岁以上人群骨质疏松症(Osteoporosis,OP)的患病状况及其影响因素,为OP的社区干预提供基础信息和依据.方法 应用HOLOGIC公司生产的Sahara定量超声骨密度检测仪测量南昌部分社区10071名40岁以上人群跟骨骨密度.对所有受试者进行问卷调查,检测其肝肾功能、血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、总胆固醇(TC);测量血压、身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算其腰臀比(WHR)、体质指数(BMI).首先行单因素Logistic分析,有统计学意义者(P＜0.1)进一步行二分类Logistic回归分析,计算OR值及其95％置信区间.结果 (1)OP的总患病率为9.3％,男性7.1％,女性10.8％;年龄、性别标化后的总患病率为11.3％,男性7.9％,女性11.7％;(2)在男性,单因素分析显示年龄、文化程度、饮酒、饮牛奶、舒张压、HDL-c、BMI、体力劳动、OP家族史等与OP患病可能相关(P＜0.1).二分类Logistic回归分析显示增龄、OP家族史为OP可能危险因素;高文化程度、饮酒、饮牛奶、大BMI为OP的可能保护性因素;(3)在女性,单因素分析显示年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、吸烟、饮牛奶、收缩压、HDL-c、LDL-c、TG、TC、HbA1c、BMI、WHR、体力劳动、孕次、产次、初潮年龄、绝经状态、绝经年龄、绝经年限、哺乳是OP的可能影响因子(P＜0.1);二分类Logistic回归分析显示增龄、无配偶、多产次、已绝经、长绝经年限和大WHR是OP的可能危险因素;经常饮用牛奶、晚绝经年龄、高BMI为其可能保护性因素.结论 南昌市部分社区OP骨质疏松症的主要危险因素在男性是OP家族史和增龄;在女性是增龄、绝经、无配偶、多产次以及中心性肥胖.饮牛奶和合适的体质指数是男女共同的OP保护因素,在男性良好的教育和适量饮酒,女性晚的绝经年龄可能有助于减少OP的患病风险.应要采取相应的干预措施,控制OP的可控因素,预防和延缓骨质疏松症的发生.     

新乡市部分社区人群骨质疏松症流行病学调查及相关影响因素Logistic 回归分析

目的了解新乡市部分社区人群骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)的患病情况及相关影响因素,为OP的社区干预提供基础资料。方法应用HOLOGIC公司生产的Sahara定量超声骨密度检测仪测量新乡市部分社区4280名人群右侧跟骨骨密度。通过对受试者进行调查问卷,测量身高、体重、体重指数(BMI),是否服用糖皮质激素及其他影响骨代谢的药物等。单因素Logistic分析,有统计学意义者(P0.1)进一步行二分类Logistic回归分析,计算OR值及其95%置信区间。结果 1 OP总患病率为11.7%,男性8.4%,女性16.3%,OP及低骨量发生率随年龄增加呈上升趋势,同年龄组女性较男性更易发生OP及低骨量;2在男性,单因素分析显示年龄、文化程度、饮酒、咖啡、日饮用牛奶量、BMI、固定锻炼、OP家族史等与OP患病可能相关(P0.1)。二分类Logistic回归分析显示增龄、OP家族史、饮酒为OP可能为危险因素;高文化程度、稳定日牛奶饮用、固定锻炼为OP的可能保护性因素;3在女性,单因素分析显示年龄、文化程度、日饮牛奶量、咖啡、BMI、固定锻炼、绝经年龄及年限是OP的可能影响因子(P0.1);二分类Logistic回归分析显示增龄、绝经状态及BMI是OP的可能危险因素;晚绝经、每日稳定牛奶饮用及锻炼为其可能保护性因素。结论新乡市部分社区OP骨质疏松症的发生随着增龄而增加,女性更为明显。影响男性OP的主要危险因素为家族史和增龄及饮酒;在女性是增龄、绝经及BMI。饮用牛奶和规律锻炼是OP可能保护性因素。在社区一级预防中加强宣教,控制可能导致OP的不良因素,预防和延缓骨质疏松症的发生。     

Changes in hip fracture rates in southeastern Australia spanning the period 1994–2007

Hip fracture incidence rates appear to be declining in Western populations. Utilizing comprehensive incident hip fracture data from radiology reports, we determined changes in hip fracture rates in southeastern Australia between 1994–1996 and 2006–2007 for residents aged 55 years or older. During this period, the population at risk increased by 47% for men and 40% for women. Although the absolute number of hip fractures increased by 53% in men and 4.4% in women, standardized hip fracture ratios were 0.92 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79–1.08] and 0.69 (95% CI 0.62–0.77), respectively. Marked reductions in hip fracture rates were observed for women: 32% for ages 75 to 84 years and 29% for ages 85 years or older. Data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study were used to identify changes in body composition and lifestyle that might have influenced hip fracture risk in women during this period. Between 1993–1997 and 2004–2008, there was an increase in adiposity, bone mineral density (BMD), healthy lifestyles, and exposure to bone‐active drugs; use of hormone therapy declined. Thus hip fracture incidence rates have decreased from the mid‐1990 s to the mid‐2000 s, the effect being greater among women. Our data also suggest that the recent increase in adiposity and consequent increase in BMD at the hip may have contributed to this decline. However, improved efficacy and increased uptake of antifracture drug treatments, other cohort effects, or other environmental influences cannot be excluded. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Reducing the risk for distal forearm fracture: preserve bone mass, slow down, and don’t fall!

A case-control study of 1,150 female and male distal forearm cases and 2,331 controls of age 45 years and older was undertaken from 1996–2001 in five Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers. Most information on possible risk factors was obtained by an interviewer-administered questionnaire, supplemented by a few tests of lower extremity neurological function. Previous fractures since 45 years of age, a rough marker of osteoporosis, were associated with an increased risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval] =1.48 [1.20–1.84 ] per previous fracture). Several factors thought to protect against low bone mass were associated with a reduced risk, including current use of menopausal hormone therapy (adjusted OR = 0.60 [0.49–0.74]), ever used thiazide diuretics or water pills for at least 1 year (adjusted OR=0.79 [0.64–0.97]), high body mass index (weight in kg/height in m²) (adjusted OR=0.96 [0.89–1.04] per 5 unit increase), and high dietary calcium intake (adjusted OR=0.88 [0.75–1.03] per 500 mg/day). Falls in the past year and conditions associated with falling, such as epilepsy and/or use of seizure medication (adjusted OR=2.07 [1.35–3.17]) and a history of practitioner-diagnosed depression (adjusted OR=1.40 [1.13–1.73]), were associated with increased risks. Having difficulty performing physical functions and all lower-extremity problems measured in this study were associated with reduced risks. The results from this and other studies indicate that distal forearm fractures tend to occur in people with low bone mass who are otherwise in relatively good health and are physically active, but who are somewhat prone to falling (particularly on an outstretched hand), and whose movements are not slowed by lower extremity problems and other debilities. Thus, measures to decrease fall frequency and to slow down the pace of relatively healthy people with low bone mass should lead to a lower frequency of distal forearm fracture.     

Risk factors for fracture of the shafts of the tibia and fibula in older individuals

A case-control study to identify risk factors for fracture of the shafts of the tibia and fibula among persons 45 years of age and older was undertaken in five Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers during 1996–2001. One hundred seventy-nine cases of newly diagnosed fracture of the tibia/fibula shaft and 2,399 controls sampled from the membership lists of the same five medical centers were included. Information on potential risk factors was obtained by a standardized questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. The number of previous fractures was associated with an increased risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) =1.49 (1.09–2.03) per previous fracture]. Attributes known or thought to be associated with protection against loss of bone mass, including high body mass index [adjusted OR =0.82 (0.69–0.97) per 5 kg/m² increase], having ever used thiazide diuretics or water pills for at least 1 year [adjusted OR =0.62 (0.38–1.02)], and current use of menopausal hormone therapy among females [adjusted OR =0.84 (0.53–1.32)] tended to show decreased risks. Factors generally associated with lower bone mass, such as current cigarette smoking [OR =1.55 (1.01–2.39)] and, to some extent, lack of physical activity [OR =1.31 (0.87–1.96) for the lowest quartile compared to the upper three quartiles], tended to demonstrate increased risks. The number of falls in the past year and risk factors for falls were not associated with tibia/fibula shaft fractures, and indicators of health status were weakly and inconsistently associated with risk. Thus, this study suggests that risk factors for low bone mass, but not health status or risk factors for falls, may be important in the etiology of fracture of the shaft of the tibia/fibula in older individuals.     

Prevalence of osteoporosis and its reproductive risk factors among Jordanian women: a cross-sectional study

Extensive differences in the osteoporosis epidemiological pattern among geographic and ethnic groups have been reported. The evidence concerning association of multiple pregnancies, lactations, and other menstrual history factors with low bone mineral density (BMD) remains inconclusive. Previous local studies addressing these issues in Jordan are very restricted. We present a cross-sectional study of Jordanian women who visited outpatient clinics between August 2000 and August 2002 at two community hospitals in Amman City. BMD measurement was performed for all subjects, while comprehensive appraisal of clinical issues related to reproductive status and past medical history was carried out using a structured questionnaire administered to 50% of the subjects. We also attempted to examine the current hypothesis of possible influence of hyperlipidemia and thyroid abnormalities on decreased BMD. According to WHO criteria, 119 (29.6%) were identified as having osteoporosis, 176 (43.8%) were osteopenic, and 107 (26.6%) had normal BMD. The multiple-linear regression analyses at different bone sites revealed that age, years of menopause, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have strong independent associations with decreased BMD at all lumbar and femoral neck regions. The negative effect associated with number of children (live births) and frequency of lactations was only evident at femoral neck. Although years of menstruation, age at menopause, days of menstrual cycle, number of pregnancies, and duration of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were positively correlated with BMD, they had weaker associations than previous variables. Moreover, in the final multivariable logistic regression model, variables which rendered significantly independent risk factors after adjustment for age and BMI were: current smokers of more that 25 cigarettes/day, postmenopausal women irrespective of HRT use, menopausal years of 5 year intervals, natural early menopause, gastrointestinal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, hypertension, and thyroid replacement therapy. Ever-lactation, frequent lactation of 4 or more times, duration of lactation interval of 1–6 months and clinical hyperthyroidism were significant protective factors. Hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy, premature ovarian failure, gravidity, menstrual flow pattern, family history of osteoporosis, clinical hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, HRT, and corticosteroids therapy were not independent predictors of osteoporosis among our population. It was concluded that the prevalence of this worldwide public health problem among the Jordanian female population is extremely high, and is even found in younger age categories compared to previous international surveys. Though, the number of pregnancies in our multiparous female population showed a negative impact on femoral neck BMD, no evidence of increased risk of osteoporosis among ever-pregnant women was noted. Conversely, the current data analysis highlight many potential risk factors including associated medical illnesses, and other hormonal alterations experienced during menopausal period. Therefore, increased health awareness and intensive screening programs are mandatory for early detection of low bone mass.     

内蒙古西部地区蒙古族骨质疏松症的发病及其危险因素分析

目的：探讨内蒙古西部地区蒙古族骨质疏松症（ OP）的发病及其危险因素,以便针对性地进行干预。方法连续抽取内蒙古医科大学附属医院体检中心300名蒙古族健康人群进行OP患病率调查,发现OP 43例,为病例组,未发生OP的257名中随机抽取86名为对照组。对2组的年龄、身高、体重指数和性别等17项予以比较分析。所得资料在单因素分析的基础上,又做多因素logistic回归。结果 OP的患病率为14．33％。 OP发生的相关因素分析,排除进入模型的其他作用因素后,年龄每增加1岁和体重指数每增加1个单位,促使OP发生的危险性分别是原来的1．10倍和1．21倍（ OR分别是1．10和1．21,其95％可信区间内均不包含1, P均＜0．05）;城市居住和进食蔬菜少促使发生OP的危险性分别是农牧区居住和进食蔬菜多的3．85倍和3．82倍（OR分别是3．85和3．82,其95％可信区间内均不包含1, P均＜0．05）,促进发病。而男性和饮酒多促使发生OP的危险性分别是女性和饮酒少或无的0．41倍和0．11倍（ OR分别是0．41和0．11,其95％可信区间内均不包含1, P均＜0．05）,女性更易发生OP,饮酒多可阻止发病。结论增龄、体重指数增高、城市居住、进食蔬菜少和女性是发生OP的危险因素,而饮酒多为其保护因素。     

Influence of duration of total breast-feeding on bone mineral density in a Turkish population: does the priority of risk factors differ from society to society?

Introduction Despite numerous studies on risk factors for osteoporosis the effect of breast-feeding on bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. In this study our aim was to determine the influence of total duration of breast-feeding on BMD, and subsequent risk of osteoporosis. Methods A total of 1,486 postmenopausal women over the age of 40 were included in the study. Women with diseases or who were under drug treatments known to affect bone metabolism were excluded. The BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry technique, using either the Norland XA-26 or Lunar DPX-IQ densitometers and were transferred to standard values. Patients were placed in groups of five with respect to the duration of their breast-feeding as never, 1–12 months, 12–24 months, 24–60 months, >60 months. Results One-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference between the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD of these groups of women (p<0.001, p<0.001). Post hoc Bonferroni correction revealed that both the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD results of women with longer duration of total breast-feeding were significantly lower than those of women with less duration of total breast-feeding. In subsequent analysis other potential risk factors were also considered in a multiple linear stepwise regression model. Years since menopause (p<0.001), weight (p<0.001), total duration of breast-feeding (p<0.001), and body mass index (p=0.001) were found to be the most important predictors for lumbar spine BMD; and age (p<0.001), weight (p<0.001), years since menopause (p<0.001), and total duration of breast-feeding (p<0.001) for femoral neck BMD. Conclusions This study showed significant associations between total duration of breast-feeding and BMD. In conclusion, total duration of breast-feeding might be an important risk factor besides age, weight, and years since menopause in postmenopausal osteoporosis.