肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术治疗-改良手术技术及初步结果报道

目的 总结肱尺关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的手术治疗体会.方法 回顾5例典型肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术治疗结果.手术方法包括:经肘关节外侧入路予桡骨头骨折内固定、修补外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱止点.经肘关节内侧径路固定尺骨冠状突,修复肘关节周围关节囊和内外侧副韧带损伤.最后使用肘关节铰链式外固定支架固定肱尺关节脱位,恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性.于术后1、3、6个月及随访结束时,进行影像学和临床检查评估.结果 5例平均手术时间为76 min(60-150 min),平均随访时间8.8个月(3-13个月).外固定支架拆除时间6周(4-9周).至随访末患者肘关节活动度平均为(127±25)°.按照Mayo肘关节评分平均为87分(80-95分),优2例,良3例.无浅表或深部感染、皮肤无坏死、无骨化性肌炎等并发症.结论 通过手术内固定或修补肘关节稳定结构结合外固定支架维持肘关节同心圆解剖关系可以明显改善肘关节"恐怖三联征"患者肘关节的功能及预后,对此类损伤建议采用内固定结合外固定治疗.     

Anterior approach for operative fixation of coronoid fractures in complex elbow instability

The coronoid process has been shown to play a critical role in ulnohumeral stability. Coronoid process fractures can occur in isolation or as part of a complex injury pattern. The most common complex pattern, known as the "terrible triad," includes a radial head fracture and elbow dislocation along with the coronoid fracture. Failure to address these fractures and ligamentous injuries can result in recurrent instability and progression to painful arthrosis. Both medial and lateral approaches to the coronoid have been popularized in recent literature, but there is no universally accepted approach. Common fixation techniques include suture lasso, suture anchors, lag screws, and plating all of which have various drawbacks. We describe a direct anterior approach to address coronoid process fractures made in addition to a lateral approach to address radial head and lateral collateral ligament injuries. Coronoid fractures addressed through the anterior approach were stabilized with anterior to posterior screw fixation combined with buttress plating, which allowed anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation at short-term follow-up.     

Posterolateral elbow dislocation with sub flexor displacement of radial head fragment

Elbow joints are the second most common joints to dislocate, second only to shoulder joints with most of the dislocations occurring in the posterolateral direction. The dislocations can be simple involving capsuloligamentous structures around the joint or complex involving associated bony injuries. The dislocations can be disabling for the patients with the sequelae involving decreased range of movement, valgus instability due to ruptured medial collateral ligament complex, ectopic calcification, degenerative changes and neurologic deficits. The terrible triad is a type of complex elbow dislocation involving fracture of radial head along with coronoid process fracture. This injury is highly unstable and most of the time requires surgical intervention. We present 2 cases of terrible triad injuries that needed surgical intervention. The radial head fractures in both the cases could be classified as Mason type 2 injuries and the coronoid fractures could be classified as type 1 fracture according to Regan and Morrey classification. The aim of this report is to highlight the medial and distal migration of the fractured fragment of the radial head to the anterior aspect of ulna underneath flexor digitorum profundus, at the junction of proximal third and distal two thirds of the shaft of ulna. On radiographs, this could be mistaken for fractured fragment of coronoid process of ulna, which could mislead the surgeon pre and intra operatively causing delay and confusion in the surgery.     

A figure-eight suture loop with Kirschner wires for fixation of anteromedial coronoid process fractures: A case series

PurposeSufficient fixation of an anterior or anteromedial facet fracture of the coronoid process in fracture-dislocation of elbow is important to maintain joint stability. The purpose of this study was to report our experience with 11 patients who were managed with an original fixation technique using a “figure-eight” suture loop.MethodsFrom February 2010 to March 2011, 11 cases with a fracture of the anterior or anteromedial facet of the coronoid process were treated by coronoid fixation using a figure-eight suture loop. For cases with comminuted fractures, to prevent a suture from sliding into the fracture line, a 3- or 4-hole phalanx plate was enclosed in the suture loop to compress multiple fragments. Accompanying injuries, such as a radial head fracture or olecranon fracture, were fixed with repair of lateral collateral ligament injuries.ResultsOn final evaluations at an average of 18 months after injury, the mean elbow arc of motion was 125.5° and the mean forearm rotation arc of 124.1°. All fractures were united with an average postoperative score according to the Mayo Elbow Performance Index of 91 points. All patients achieved satisfactory scores (seven excellent, four good). All 11 fractures were united at final follow-up with no joint incongruity, dislocation, or subluxation of the injured elbow.ConclusionsThe figure-eight suture loop technique is an easy and effective technique to fix anterior or anteromedial facet fractures of the coronoid process.     

Surgical management of medial and lateral elbow instability secondary to acute atypical complex elbow dislocation: Case report and literature review

Introduction and importanceElbow dislocation is common in adults, and complex elbow dislocations are generally associated with bone fractures. Anteromedial coronoid fracture, in association with lateral collateral ligament (LCL) disruption, often results from varus posteromedial forces. “Terrible triad” injuries are more likely to result from valgus posterolateral forces. However, our case presentation has combined medial and lateral elbow instability in addition to “terrible triad” injury of the elbow with no radial head injury.Case presentationThe patient was a 38-year-old man with an atypical complex elbow dislocation. He was successfully treated by stabilizing the medial epicondyle and coronoid anterolateral facet fractures, in addition to LCL repair and medial collateral ligament (MCL) reconstruction. A radial head fracture was unnoted. The procedure yielded satisfactory functional outcome, with a stable and painless full elbow range of motion.Clinical discussionMulti-ligament injuries with coronoid fractures result in highly unstable elbow joints, forming a variant of the “terrible triad” injury. Surgical options vary according to the surgeon’s experience and equipment availability. In this case, direct LCL repair and MCL reconstruction were performed and were well tolerated. Elbow stability improved and the patient experienced improved functionality with minimal pain. However, it may be premature to report a definite outcome in this case because of short follow-up time postoperatively.ConclusionThe injury described in this case has a unique presentation as a multi-ligamentous injury will make the elbow very unstable. Thus, careful clinical judgment, knowledge, and experience are needed to identify the underlying injury and for optimal management.     

A rare combination of fractures around the elbow: Bony variant of terrible triad

Radial head and coronoid fractures without posterior dislocation of the elbow have not been recorded in the literature. There is no literature documenting the combined fractures of the radial head, capitellum and coronoid process together in the same elbow. This is a case report highlighting this combination of fractures in a 30 year old patient treated with open reduction and internal fixation of all three fractures. The patient was followed up for 28 months and had a good range of motion of the elbow without any instability. Thus such a triad with no ligamentous injuries could depict a bony variant of terrible triad and a mechanism for such an injury has also been explained.     

Surgical management of elbow dislocation associated with non-reparable fractures of the radial head

BackgroundThe “terrible triad” of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, radial head and a coronoid process fracture. Because of a combined sagittal, frontal and transverse instability, these injuries are notoriously difficult to treat. We report our results with a technique for reconstruction of “terrible triad” injuries with either no facture or a type I fracture of the coronoid process in addition to a non-reparable radial head fracture. The hypothesis of this study was that standard surgical treatment of this lesion using a “deep to superficial” stabilisation by a single lateral approach and radial head replacement enables early and reliable functional results.PatientsFrom June 2004 to January 2007, 13 patients with an average age of 40 years at the date of trauma (range 18–77) underwent reconstruction of a “terrible triad” injury of the elbow with the same technique. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range 15–48).ResultsEighty-four percent of the patients were very satisfied and satisfied. Average flexion was 131° (110–140). Average extension was ?11° (?30–0). Average pronation was 72° (40–80). Average supination was 70° (50–80). The grip strength averaged 75% of that of the non-injured side (50–105). All elbows were stable at review. Eight complications occurred.ConclusionOur results suggest that some terrible triad injuries can be successfully managed with deep to superficial stabilisation by lateral approach, consisting in three-dimensional stabilisation done by anterior capsular reinsertion with absorbable anchors, radial head replacement and lateral collateral ligament repair. This standard management provides enough stability to allow early active rehabilitation, preventing post-operative instability and stiffness. This procedure appears to be reliable and reproducible.     

肘部损伤"三联征"的手术治疗及入路选择

目的 探讨肘部损伤"三联征"(肘关节后脱位复合桡骨头骨折、尺骨冠状突骨折)的手术方法,分析各种手术入路的优缺点和适应证,以期优化肘部损伤"三联征"的治疗.方法 2003年6月至2008年8月共收治17例肘部损伤"三联征"患者,男11例,女6例;年龄22～48岁,平均34.5岁;受伤至手术时间3～7d,平均5.4 d.桡骨头骨折按照Mason分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型5例;尺骨冠状突骨折按照ReganMorrey分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型2例.采用外侧入路9例,外侧入路联合内侧入路2例,前侧入路6例.尺骨冠状突骨折行摘除1例,内固定16例;桡骨头骨折行内固定14例,单纯桡骨头切除1例,桡骨头置换2例.术后测量肘关节活动度,并对肘关节功能采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)进行评估.结果 所有患者获得12～48个月(平均21个月)随访.所有切口均一期愈合,无骨不连、骨不愈合及前臂缺血性肌挛缩发生.出现迟发性尺神经麻痹1例,异位骨化2例.末次随访肘关节平均活动度:屈伸128.3°±6.8°,旋转74.6°±4.2°.MEPS评分:优6例,良8例,可2例,差1例,优良率82.4%.除1例桡骨头切除患者外,其余患者术后肘关节稳定性好,影响评分的主要因素为运动受限和日常生活功能部分丧失.结论 肘部损伤"三联征"为复杂类型的肘关节损伤,应根据骨折和损伤类型选择合适的手术入路.     

桡骨头置换在肘关节恐怖三联征中的应用

目的总结采用人工桡骨头置换在治疗肘关节恐怖三联征中的临床疗效。方法自2008年2月至2013年8月,采用人工桡骨头置换治疗肘关节恐怖三联征13例,其中男7例,女6例;年龄33~75岁,平均46.7岁。左侧6例,右侧7例。受伤至手术时间为2~14 d,平均7.6 d。冠突骨折按Regan-Morrey分型,Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型5例;桡骨头骨折按Mason分型,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型11例。采用Mayo评分评价术后肘关节功能。结果 13例患者均获得随访,随访时间为12~22个月,平均15.6个月。13例患者评分,优10例,良2例,可1例。末次随访时,可见1例人工桡骨头松动,未见脱出,肘关节功能可,12例未见感染、异位骨化、人工关节松动、脱出、肘关节滑膜炎、功能障碍、旋转时疼痛等并发症。结论人工桡骨头置换在治疗肘关节恐怖三联征的短期临床应用效果良好,可早期恢复肘关节稳定性,能够使肘关节早期活动,有利于康复。     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗-改良手术技术及初步结果报道

目的总结肱尺关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的手术治疗体会。方法回顾5例典型肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗结果。手术方法包括：经肘关节外侧入路予桡骨头骨折内固定、修补外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱止点。经肘关节内侧径路固定尺骨冠状突,修复肘关节周围关节囊和内外侧副韧带损伤。最后使用肘关节铰链式外固定支架固定肱尺关节脱位．恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性。于术后1、3、6个月及随访结束时,进行影像学和临床检查评估。结果5例平均手术时间为76min（60．150min）。平均随访时间8．8个月（3～13个月）。外固定支架拆除时间6周（4—9周）。至随访末患者肘关节活动度平均为（127±25）°。按照Mayo肘关节评分平均为87分（80～95分）,优2例,良3例。无浅表或深部感染、皮肤无坏死、无骨化性肌炎等并发症。结论通过手术内固定或修补肘关节稳定结构结合外固定支架维持肘关节同心圆解剖关系可以明显改善肘关节“恐怖三联征”患者肘关节的功能及预后．对此类损伤建议采用内固定结合外固定治疗。     

Terrible triad of the elbow--role of the coronoid process: a case report

Posterior dislocation of the elbow joint with fracture of both the radial head and coronoid process, the so-called 'terrible triad', is a complex and difficult-to-treat injury. We report a case of a 34-year-old man with terrible triad of the elbow and associated injuries secondary to a fall. The patient was treated with radial head osteosynthesis, resection of the coronoid process fragments, and stabilisation of the ulnohumeral joint by Kirschner wire transfixation. The sequence of treatment steps is provided. The priority for treating multiple injuries should be established. The integrity of the coronoid process is essential for providing the elbow with maximum functionality.     

Rehabilitation considerations in the management of terrible triad injury to the elbow

An elbow dislocation associated with a radial head and coronoid fractures is termed a terrible triad. This injury almost always renders the elbow unstable requiring surgical intervention. The primary goal of surgery is to stabilize the elbow to permit early motion to prevent stiffness. Recent literature has improved our understanding of elbow anatomy and biomechanics as well as the pathoanatomy of this injury. This article reviews key concepts that will allow the surgeon and therapist to apply an systematic rehabilitation approach when managing such injuries.     

Surgical treatment of “terrible triad of the elbow”: technique and outcome

Objective: To describe the authors' surgical technique and to evaluate the final functional outcome of surgical treatment of the “terrible triad of the elbow”. Methods: Eight patients identified with “terrible triad” injury patterns, including posterior elbow dislocation, radial head fracture and coronoid fracture, were available for a minimum of 11 months follow‐up. Evaluation of functional outcome was based on Mayo elbow performance, Broberg‐Morrey scores, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Complications were also recorded. Results: Five elbows redislocated while in a splint after manipulative reduction. Three had residual subluxation after operative treatment. The final mean extent of forearm movement was as follows: 21° of extension deficit (range, 5° to 45°), 126° of flexion (range, 110° to 140°), 75° of supination (range, 45° to 90°), and 71° of pronation (range, 30° to 90°). The mean Mayo, Broberg‐Morrey, and DASH scores were 78.0 ± 13.4, 76.0 ± 14.0, and 28.0 ± 24.7, respectively. Conclusions: When an elbow joint is affected by the terrible triad, it is very unstable and prone to numerous complications. With operative treatment, the surgeon should attempt to perform internal fixation of the coronoid fracture, to regain normal radiocapitellar contact (either by preserving the radial head with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or by replacing it with a prosthesis), and to repair the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Thus early functional recovery and a successful final functional outcome can be achieved.     

Anatomy,Definition, and Treatment of the “Terrible Triad of the Elbow” and Contemplation of the Rationality of this Designation

In the realm of orthopaedics, the terrible triad of the elbow is infamous, not simply because the prognosis is poor for most patients, but also, maybe to a greater extent, because the unique name of this malady attracts considerable attention and interest in both doctors and patients. The adjective terrible is bestowed on an elbow triad that comprises three coexisting complicated traumas; namely, radial head and ulnar coronoid process fractures and posterior dislocation of the elbow joint. In this review, the classification, treatment principles and prognosis for different forms of management of the radial head and ulnar coronoid process fractures and the ligaments lesions are introduced sequentially and various surgical procedures and their efficacy are discussed. This triad has long given orthopedic surgeons headaches. Nonetheless, in recent years a series of anatomical mechanical studies on the elbow joint have been published and there have been several breakthroughs in surgical techniques for managing this elbow triad. This review examines some memorable millstones and unveils trends in the current clinical norm for this triad. The accomplishments achieved recently have reportedly resulted in enhanced prognoses in the last two or three years compared with previous years. It is therefore high time to revise our thoughts about the justice and accuracy of defining this triad of the elbow as terrible. Lastly, we may safely conclude that the terrible triad of the elbow is much less terrible than previously, provided the commonly approved clinical approaches are undertaken.     

陈旧性肘关节恐怖三联征伴关节僵硬的手术治疗

目的观察陈旧性恐怖三联征伴关节僵硬患者的手术疗效。 方法回顾性分析2013年2月至2018年6月行手术治疗的7例陈旧性恐怖三联征伴关节僵硬患者临床资料及随访结果，其中男5例、女2例，平均年龄为（45.14±15.79）岁（18~61岁）。患者从受伤到手术翻修时间平均为（99.57±67.85）d（38~240 d）。伤肘右侧5例、左侧2例。损伤原因：摔伤4例，车祸伤2例，高处坠落伤1例。所有患者无神经损伤表现。桡骨头骨折Mason分型为：Ⅰ型1例，Ⅱ型3例，Ⅲ型2例，Ⅳ型1例；尺骨冠状突骨折分型为：Regan-morreyⅠ型4例，Ⅱ型2例，Ⅲ型1例；按O'Driscoll分型均为冠状突尖部骨折，第1亚型4例，第2亚型2例，第3亚型1例。肘关节处于半脱位状态5例，完全脱位状态2例。切口为内、外侧联合切口或后正中切口联合外侧切口，行关节松解、冠突及桡骨头重建、韧带修复。术后进行规范功能训练，进行早期主动功能锻炼。 结果所有患者术后均获得随访，随访平均（13.28±4.34）个月，10~23个月。所有患者切口均一期愈合。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分系统（Mayo elbow performance score，MEPS）、Broberg-Morrey评分系统进行肘关节功能评价。术后骨折均愈合，所有患者均无骨折畸形愈合、空心钉退出、空心钉断裂等并发症。末次随访时，MEPS评分：术前为（42.86±11.13）分（35~55分），术后为（85.29±2.75）分（80~89分，P=0.000018）。Broberg-Morrey评分：术前为（33.43±12.79）分（11~48分），术后为（85.57±2.23）分（83~89分，P=0.00004）。视觉模拟评分：术前为（6.43±0.98）分（5~8分），术后为（1.00±0.00）分（0~1分，P=0.000006）。伸直角度：术前为42.14°±10.35°（30° ~60°），术后为18.57°±8.02°（10° ~30°，P=0.0581）。屈曲角度：术前为75.71°±35.99°（20° ~110°），术后为120.00°±8.16°（110° ~130°，P=0.0272）。旋前角度：术前为24.29°±41.58°（0° ~90°），术后为80.00°±5.77°（70° ~90°，P=0.0126）。旋后角度：术前为32.86°±43.09°（0° ~90°），术后为84.29°±15.12°（50° ~90°，P=0.0154）。 结论临床上需重视肘关节恐怖三联征的早期诊断，以防漏诊和延误治疗。对于陈旧性肘关节恐怖三联征伴关节僵硬患者行手术治疗，并注重早期功能锻炼，能使患者尽早尽快恢复肘关节功能。     

Elbow dislocation with intra-articular fracture: the results of operative treatment without repair of the medial collateral ligament

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of a protocol for the treatment of fracture-dislocations of the elbow based on the concept that, if dislocation of the elbow with associated fractures can be made to resemble a simple elbow dislocation by repairing or reconstructing the fractured structures, repair of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) will not be necessary. METHODS: Over a 5-year period, a single surgeon operated on 34 patients with a posterior dislocation of the elbow associated with one or more intra-articular fractures. The mean age of these 19 men and 15 women was 48 years. Associated fractures included the capitellum, trochlea, and lateral epicondyle in 3 patients; the olecranon in 1 patient; and the radial head in 30 patients (with concomitant fracture of the coronoid process-the so-called "terrible triad" of the elbow-in 22 patients, and concomitant fracture of the coronoid and olecranon in 1 patient). Operative treatment consisted of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) or prosthetic replacement of all fractures and reattachment of the origin of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex to the lateral epicondyle. The MCL was not repaired. RESULTS: Two patients (1 with a terrible triad injury and 1 with fracture of the capitellum and trochlea) had postoperative instability related to noncompliance, had reconstructive procedures, and were considered failures. An average of 32 months after injury, the remaining 32 patients regained an average of 120 degrees ulnohumeral motion and 142 degrees forearm rotation. Twenty-five of 34 patients (74%) had good or excellent results according to the system of Broberg and Morrey. Patients with terrible triad injuries had an average of 117 degrees ulnohumeral motion and 137 degrees forearm rotation, and 17 of 22 patients (77%) had good or excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: MCL repair is unnecessary in the treatment of dislocation of the elbow with associated intra-articular fractures, provided that the articular fractures and the LCL are repaired or reconstructed.     

Outcomes after terrible triads of the elbow treated with the current surgical protocols. A review

Dislocation of the elbow associated with radial head and coronoid fracture, the so-called “terrible triad” of the elbow, is challenging to treat and has a history of complicated outcomes. However, advances in the knowledge of elbow kinematics combined with improved implants and surgical techniques during the past few years have led to the development of standard surgical protocols. This review article analyses the results in 137 elbow triad injuries of five studies treated using the current protocols. These include fixation of the coronoid fracture, repair or replacement the radial head, and repair of the lateral ligament complex, reserving medial collateral ligament repair and application of hinged external fixation for patients with residual instability. Treatment of these demanding injuries appeared effective in the majority of cases, i.e. with an average of 31 months of follow-up, overall flexion arc was 111.4°, averaged flexion was 132.5° with forearm rotation of 135.5°, Mayo elbow performance score was 85.6 points, and Broberg-Morrey score was 85 points. Nevertheless, the patient should be informed about the incidence of complications including joint stiffness, ulnar nerve symptoms or post-traumatic arthritis.     

肘关节“三联征”的诊治分析

目的:探讨肘关节"三联征"的诊疗要点及治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2001年6月至2009年6月7例肘关节"三联征"的临床资料及随访结果。男6例,女1例;年龄20～68岁,平均36.5岁;均为新鲜骨折。全部病例住院后先行手法复位肘关节脱位,石膏固定,7～10d后手术治疗。均采用外侧切口入路,依次从深层至浅层修复冠状突骨折、前方关节囊、桡骨头骨折、外侧副韧带、伸肌总腱起点,冠状突骨折和桡骨头骨折复位后根据骨块大小采用不同方法固定。疗效按Mayo肘关节功能评分(Mayoelbowperformancescore,MEPS)评定。结果:本组平均随访16.3个月(5～36个月),骨折平均愈合时间4.5个月(3～6个月),异位骨化4例。肘关节活动度-20°～130°,平均106.5°;前臂旋转度70°～140°,平均121°。本组疗效优2例,良0例,一般4例,差1例。1例桡骨头切除,冠状突骨折复位后克氏针自后向前固定,术后拍X线片示冠状突骨折块发生分离移位,肘关节呈半脱位状态,随访时肘关节仍不稳定,关节功能差。结论:肘关节"三联征"应积极手术治疗,骨与软组织损伤并重处理,结合术后早期功能练习是获得良好疗效的关键。