后牙弯曲根管充填方法的根尖封闭能力研究

本实验用常规法、逐步后退法和超声法三种方法预备后牙弯曲细小根管，再分别用传统侧压充填法和热侧压充填法进行充填，然后比较其根尖封闭能力。结果表明：热侧压充填法的根尖封闭能力优于传统的侧压充填法，并能在一定程度上弥补常规法和超声法预备弯曲细小根管成形不佳的缺陷，增加其根尖封闭能力     

E&Qplus根管充填技术与侧压充填技术封闭能力的比较

目的：评价并比较E＆Qplus技术和侧压技术的根尖封闭能力。方法：选取64个新鲜拔除的单直根管下颌前磨牙。4个做为阴性和阳性对照，60个随机分为6组（每组10个），预备至同一标准，分别采用两种充填技术配合三种不同种类的封闭剂（ADSEAL；cortisomol；Apexit）充填。X线牙片评价两种技术根管充填影像质量，通过20g／L亚甲蓝染料渗透试验比较各组的根尖微渗漏。结果：①两种充填技术的根尖微渗漏有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。②E＆Qplus技术充填组3种封闭剂的根尖封闭能力无统计学差异（P〉0。05）。③侧压技术组3种封闭剂的根尖封闭能力有显著的差异，ADSEAL封闭剂最好，Apexit封闭剂居中，cortisomol封闭剂最差。④X线影像质量，E＆Qplus技术优于传统侧压技术（P〈0．05）。结论：E＆Qplus技术的根尖封闭能力优于传统侧压技术，不同种类封闭剂对两种充填技术的根尖封闭能力均有影响，但程度不同。     

Ultrafil-3D系统与侧压法充填根管效果的比较研究

目的：比较Ultrafil-3D系统根管充填与冷侧压充填法的根尖封闭性，同时观察不同封闭剂对根尖封闭性的影响。方法：44个人离体单、直根管前牙，在釉牙骨质界处截冠，逐步后退法预备根管，结合碘仿糊剂或Roekoseal封闭剂，分别用建立根尖屏障后的Ultrafil-3D牙胶（Firm set）充填或进行常规冷牙胶侧压充填，拍摄近中远中向和唇舌向X线片，20g/L亚甲蓝染色5d，将牙体纵劈后测量染料的线形渗漏长度。结果：①侧压充填法的X线片评价结果整体优于Ultrafil牙胶充填（Kruskal-Wallist test，P〈0．01）。②相同充填方法时，Roekoseal组的封闭性显著优于碘仿组（ttest，P〈0．01）。③采用同一种根管封闭剂时，Ultrafil-3D系统充填与侧压充填的染料渗漏无显著差异（ttest，P〉0．05），但前者小于后者。结论：建立根尖屏障后，Ultrafil-3D系统根管充填的根尖微漏略小于侧压充填法，Roekoseal封闭剂能够显著减少根尖微漏。     

ObturaⅡ热牙胶系统根管充填的微渗漏研究

目的:比较ObturaⅡ热牙胶系统在3种加热温度设定下充填根管后根尖封闭效果的差异,并与冷牙胶侧压充填技术的密封性进行比较.方法:28个离体单根管恒牙,根管预备后随机均分为4组:A组用传统的泠牙胶侧压充填法进行充填,B、C、D组用ObturaⅡ系统将牙胶分别加热至160℃、180℃、200℃进行充填.使用染料渗入法检测根尖微渗漏的发生情况.结果:ObturaⅡ热牙胶系统在160℃、180℃、200℃的温度设定下充填后的微渗漏与冷牙胶侧压法相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但温度设定不同的热牙胶充填组间的微渗漏差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:ObturaⅡ热牙胶系统加热温度设定在160℃、180℃、200℃进行充填时根尖封闭能力无显著差异,但其根管封闭能力明显优于冷牙胶侧压充填技术.     

根管消毒药物控释系统的体外细胞霉性研究

采用细胞培养技术和ＭＴＴ法，进行根管消毒药物控释系统的细胞毒性观察。结果发现，贮库型控释系统的高分子包膜材料光吸收值与细胞对照组接近（Ｐ＞０．０５），并高于牙胶材料组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。整体型控释系统光吸收值同牙胶组（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示根管消毒药物控释系统均可用于髓腔、根管消毒及根管充填，其中贮库型以其良好组织相容性可用于根尖周病的根管超充填治疗。     

(纸尖法定量研究镓合金的倒封闭性能

目的 研究根尖倒封闭材料镓合金的密封性能。方法 将标准纸尖法和染料渗法相结合定量分析７８颗完整离休平时管牙根尖倒一的微渗漏情况。结果 镓合金组根尖充填二２８天时的微渗情况明显 地ＧＫ高铜银汞合金组,差异显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 镓合金ＧＫ高铜银汞合金具有更好的根尖倒封闭性能。     

不同根管预备和充填技术根尖封闭能力的实验研究

目的：比较两种根管预备和充真方法的根尖封闭能力。方法：离体单根管恒牙42颗，随机分为四组，每组10颗，结合染料渗透法和透明标本法，测量根尖微渗漏距离，评价各组根尖封闭能力。结果：镍钛机动 Themafil 组根尖封闭能力最好，不锈钢手动 侧压组根尖封闭能力最差。结论：镍钛机动根备 Themafil热塑牙胶充填根尖封闭能力好，省力，节时，建议在临床推广使用。     

α和β相主牙胶尖热垂直加压根管充填的根尖微渗漏评价

目的：采用葡萄糖定量微渗漏模型评价2种主牙胶尖进行热垂直加压根管充填技术封闭根尖的能力.方法：68颗单根管牙,随机分为3个实验组和2个对照组,采用冠向下根管预备技术,实验组分别为SystemB α相主牙胶尖组、SystemB β相主牙胶尖组、冷牙胶侧压组（Cold Lateral Condensation,CLC）,每组20颗牙.各组按照要求进行根管充填后连接于葡萄糖定量检测微渗漏模型,从冠方给予1.6kPa压力,检测第1d、2d、4d、7d、10d、15d、20d、30d从冠方向根方渗漏的葡萄糖含量.通过计算渗漏葡萄糖的浓度推算微渗漏的大小.结果：阴性对照组30d的渗漏值为0,阳性对照组30 d的最大渗漏值为177.5mmol/1.SystemB α组、SystemB β组、冷侧压组三种充填材料在30d内均具有较好的根尖封闭能力.自第7d起,SystermB d组、SystemBβ组渗漏量显著少于冷侧压组（P＜0.05）,Systems组与SystemB β组之间无明显统计学差异（P＞0.05）.结论：热垂直加压根管充填技术在根尖微渗漏方面优于冷侧压根管充填技术,在30d内,两种不同相主牙胶尖的根尖微渗漏量无统计学意义.     

不同根管充填方法和根管封闭剂根尖微渗漏的研究

目的：探讨不同根管充填方法和根管封闭剂的根尖封闭效果。方法：选择150颗近期拔除的单根管牙,选取140颗分为A、B、C、D4组（每组35颗）,其它10颗随机分为E组：阳性对照组（n=5）和F组：阴性对照组（n=5）,采用手用Pro-taper镍钛根管锉预备根管,分别采用Cortisomol根管封闭剂加冷牙胶侧方加压充填技术（A组）、AHplus根管封闭剂加冷牙胶侧方加压充填技术（B组）、Cortisomol根管封闭剂加Obtura-Ⅱ热牙胶充填技术（c组）、AHplus根管封闭剂加Obtura—II热牙胶充填技术（D组）进行根管充填,采用染料渗透法检测根尖微渗漏,对染料渗透的长度进行测量并对结果进行分析。结果：A组和B组、A组和C组、C组和D组的染料渗透长度有显著性差异@〈0．05）,B组和D组的染料渗透长度无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：热牙胶垂直加压术的根尖封闭效果好于冷侧压充填术,AH-plus根管封闭剂的封闭性能好于Cortisomol根管封闭剂。     

热侧压牙胶根管充填术的临床疗效

目的 观察热侧压牙胶根管充填术的临床疗效。方法 随机选择200例单根管患牙,实验组用热侧压牙胶充填术,对照组用传统冷侧压牙胶充填术,比较两组的根管充填效果及术后疼痛发生率。结果 两组的恰填率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,热侧压牙胶充填术组的欠填率低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 热侧压牙胶根管充填术改善了牙胶的根管适应性,提高了临床根管充填效果。     

Comparison of cold lateral condensation and a warm multiphase gutta-percha technique for obturating curved root canals

AIM: The aim of this project was to evaluate and compare the radiographic quality and sealability of root fillings in extracted human teeth using lateral condensation of gutta-percha or multiphase gutta-percha obturation (Alphaseal). METHODOLOGY: A total of 108 freshly extracted human, mature single-rooted teeth were divided into two identical groups of 54 teeth on the basis of root canal shape. The canals were prepared to a minimum 0.055 taper and enlarged to size 35 at the apex. All root canals were flushed with 17% EDTA solution and 2.5% NaOCl to remove the dentinal smear layer. The canals of one group were obturated using cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha and the canals of the other group were filled using a warm multiphase gutta-percha obturation technique. The extrusion of sealer and/or gutta-percha through the apex of the teeth was recorded using a simple yes/no scheme. The sealability of each technique was assessed by a dye penetration method. The radiographic quality of obturation was determined for each canal using a four-point scale. RESULTS: Root canals filled by multiphase obturation had significantly more extrusion of sealer (P < 0.001) and gutta-percha (P < 0.001) than canals filled by lateral condensation. Canals filled by multiphase gutta-percha obturation had significantly less apical dye leakage than those obturated by lateral condensation (P < 0.05). Lateral condensation achieved significantly better scores for radiographic quality than multiphase obturation from the bucco-lingual view (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Under laboratory conditions multiphase gutta-percha had better sealability but poorer radiographic quality than lateral condensation.     

Evaluation of the Trifecta obturating technique

Abstract – The aim of this project was to evaluate and compare the radiographic quality and sealability of root fillings in extracted human teeth using lateral condensation of gutta‐percha or the Trifecta obturating system. One hundred freshly extracted human mature, single‐rooted teeth were divided into four identical groups of 25 teeth on the basis of root canal shape. The root canals of two groups were prepared in such a way as to produce a relatively parallel canal shape with little or no flare towards the coronal orifice. The root canals of the other two groups were prepared in such a way as to produce a canal shape that was deliberately more flared to ensure that they were wider at the orifice than at the endpoint of the preparation. All root canals were flushed with 17% EDTA solution and 2.5% NaOCl to remove the dentinal smear layer. The canals of one flared and one parallel group were obturated using cold lateral condensation and the canals of the other two groups were obturated using the Trifecta system. The sealability of each technique was assessed by a dye penetration method. The radiographic quality of obturation was determined for each canal using a 4‐point scale. Canals filled with thermoplasticised gutta‐percha had significantly less apical dye penetration than those obturated by lateral condensation (P<0.001). Lateral condensation achieved significantly better scores for radiographic quality than thermoplasticised gutta‐percha from both the bucco‐lingual (P<0.001) and the mesio‐distal views (P<0.001). Root canals obturated using the Trifecta technique showed significantly more apical extrusion of sealer than those obturated by lateral condensation (P<0.001). Under laboratory conditions the Trifecta technique had better sealability but poorer radiographic quality than lateral condensation.     

Sealability of the Trifecta™ technique in the presence or absence of a smear layer

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the sealability of a recently introduced thermoplasticized gutta-percha technique (Trifecta, Hygenic Corp., OH, USA) in the presence or absence of a smear layer. A total of 100 teeth with single straight root canals were included in the study. The teeth were decoronated and the canals prepared with a modified double-flared technique under constant irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution. The apical matrix was prepared to size 40 and apical patency subsequently confirmed with a size 10 file. Four teeth were discarded for technical reasons and the remaining 96 allocated randomly into two groups of 44 teeth and a group of eight teeth which acted as controls. Canals in group 1 were obturated randomly with either cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha or with the Trifecta technique. Canals in Group 2 were rinsed with 17% REDTA to remove the smear layer and then obturated with lateral condensation or the Trifecta technique. All teeth were suspended in India ink for 9 days, demineralized, and rendered transparent prior to the assessment of apical linear dye penetration. Apical extrusion of sealer and gutta-percha occurred commonly but there was no significant difference between the four obturation groups. However, overall, there was significantly more extrusion of sealer with the Trifecta technique compared with lateral condensation (P<0.05). The majority of canals (79 out of 88) had no evidence of apical leakage and there was no significant difference between the groups. The prevalence of sealer and gutta-percha penetration into the dentinal tubules was significantly different between the four obturation techniques (P<0.01) and significantly more common in the absence of the smear layer (P<0.001). Under the conditions of this study, the Trifecta technique     

糊剂输送方式对根尖封闭性影响的研究

目的比较根充糊剂输送方式对根尖封闭性的影响。方法选择100颗离体单根管前牙，使用手用Protaper镍钛器械逐步后退法预备根管，并制备桩腔。样本随机分为5组。A组为主尖输送糊剂，B组为K锉输送糊剂，C组为侧压针输送糊剂，D组为阳性对照组，E组为阴性对照组。其中3个实验组再各分为2个亚组：a亚组（副尖不带糊剂）与b亚组（副尖带糊剂）。使用葡萄糖氧化酶比色测定法测定微渗漏实验第1、2、4、7、10、15、20、25、30天时的根尖微渗漏情况，对不同糊剂输送方式下的根尖封闭性能进行比较。结果不同实验组间的微渗漏差异有统计学意义（F=4.832，P=0.001），各亚组间的微渗漏差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），其中Aa组及Ab组的微渗漏最小。结论不同糊剂输送方式对根尖封闭性有影响，主尖输送糊剂可以获得最好的即刻根尖封闭效果；副尖带与不带糊剂根管治疗后的根尖封闭性能无显著差异。为了获得较好的根尖封闭效果并简化临床操作，推荐使用主尖带糊剂、副尖不带糊剂的糊剂输送方式。     

Comparison of the obturation of lateral canals by six techniques.

The following obturation techniques were compared on their ability to obturate lateral canals in vitro, lateral condensation (LC), continuous wave of condensation (CW), warm vertical condensation (WV), carrier-based thermoplasticized gutta-percha (CB), warm lateral condensation (WL), and vertically condensed high-temperature gutta-percha (HT). A root canal system with lateral canals in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds was prepared in resin blocks. Each block was obturated using each technique (n = 30, 15 each, with and without sealer). The length of gutta-percha and sealer in each of the lateral canals was measured with a measuring microscope and statistically compared. All techniques obturated all three levels of lateral canals with sealer. WV, CB, and CW were able to fill the lateral canals with gutta-percha significantly better when root canal sealer was used. WV, CB, CW, and HT filled the coronal and middle lateral canals significantly better with gutta-percha than LC or WL condensation. CB and CW filled the apical lateral canal significantly better with gutta-percha than HT, WV, WL, or LC.     

E-Q根管充填系统的实验研究

目的 :体外评价E -Q根管充填系统的充填质量和封闭根尖能力。方法 :离体单根管恒牙 5 5个 ,随机分为 3组 ,每组 17个 ;通过X线与根尖微渗漏实验 ,比较E -Q根管充填系统 (包括A组 :固核载体插入技术 ,B组 :热牙胶旋转推入技术 )和冷牙胶侧方加压充填技术 (C组 )的充填质量和封闭根尖能力。结果 :糊剂超充以A组最多 ,B组次之 ,C组最少 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;近中远中向根充质量以C组最好 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,颊舌向各组差别无统计学意义 ;封闭根尖能力以A组最强 ,B组次之 ,C组最差 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :E -Q根管充填系统有较好的封闭根尖能力 ,但X线充填质量差于侧方加压技术     

Evaluation of the Trifecta obturating technique

The aim of this project was to evaluate and compare the radiographic quality and sealability of root fillings in extracted human teeth using lateral condensation of gutta-percha or the Trifecta obturating system. One hundred freshly extracted human mature, single-rooted teeth were divided into four identical groups of 25 teeth on the basis of root canal shape. The root canals of two groups were prepared in such a way as to produce a relatively parallel canal shape with little or no flare towards the coronal orifice. The root canals of the other two groups were prepared in such a way as to produce a canal shape that was deliberately more flared to ensure that they were wider at the orifice than at the endpoint of the preparation. All root canals were flushed with 17% EDTA solution and 2.5% NaOCl to remove the dentinal smear layer. The canals of one flared and one parallel group were obturated using cold lateral condensation and the canals of the other two groups were obturated using the Trifecta system. The sealability of each technique was assessed by a dye penetration method. The radiographic quality of obturation was determined for each canal using a 4-point scale. Canals filled with thermoplasticised gutta-percha had significantly less apical dye penetration than those obturated by lateral condensation (P < 0.001). Lateral condensation achieved significantly better scores for radiographic quality than thermoplasticised gutta-percha from both the bucco-lingual (P < 0.001) and the mesio-distal views (P < 0.001). Root canals obturated using the Trifecta technique showed significantly more apical extrusion of sealer than those obturated by lateral condensation (P < 0.001). Under laboratory conditions the Trifecta technique had better sealability but poorer radiographic quality than lateral condensation.     

The long-term sealing ability of AH 26 and AH plus used with three gutta-percha obturation techniques.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the sealability of root fillings in extracted teeth by using AH 26 and AH Plus in conjunction with three different obturation techniques. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Root canals of 940 single-rooted teeth were prepared according to the crown-down/stepback technique (using both 2.5% NaOCl and File-Eze) before lateral condensation and hybrid condensation of gutta percha or obturation with Thermafil. Teeth were immersed in India ink for 90 hours after storage for 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months. The roots were split longitudinally, and the extent of dye penetration was measured using a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in apical leakage within the AH 26 and the AH Plus groups, nor between the two sealer groups, at any observation period. Coronal leakage was significantly higher for Thermafil compared to hybrid condensation at 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks both for AH 26 and AH Plus. Coronal leakage was higher only for Thermafil compared to lateral condensation at 1 week for AH 26 and for lateral condensation compared to hybrid condensation at 1 week for AH Plus. CONCLUSION: Both AH 26 and AH Plus, when used with an identical gutta-percha obturation technique, resulted in comparable sealability at all evaluation times and in comparable coronal sealability at 1 and 6 months.     

Comparison of laterally condensed and low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha root fillings

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the radiographic quality and sealability of root fillings in extracted human teeth using lateral condensation of gutta-percha or low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha (Ultrafil). One hundred freshly extracted human, mature single-rooted teeth were divided into four identical groups of 25 teeth on the basis of root canal shape. The root canals of two groups were prepared in such a way to produce a relatively parallel shape with little or no flare toward the coronal orifice. The root canals of the other two groups were prepared in such a way as to produce a canal shape that was deliberately more flared to ensure that they were wider at the orifice than at the end point of the preparation. All root canals were flushed with 17% EDTA solution and 2.5% NaOCl to remove the dentinal smear layer. The canals of one flared group and one parallel group were obturated using cold lateral condensation, and the canals of the other two groups were obturated using low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha. The sealability of each technique was assessed by a dye penetration method. The radiographic quality of obturation was determined for each canal using a 4-point scale. Canals filled with thermoplasticized gutta-percha had significantly less apical dye penetration than those obturated by lateral condensation (p < 0.001). Lateral condensation achieved significantly better scores for radiographic quality than thermoplasticized gutta-percha from both the buccolingual (p < 0.005) and mesiodistal views (p < 0.001). Low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha root fillings were associated with significantly more apical extrusion of sealer (p < 0.001) and gutta-percha (p < 0.005). Under laboratory conditions the low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha had better sealability but poorer radiographic quality than lateral condensation.     

Comparison of lateral condensation and thermomechanically compacted warm alpha-phase gutta-percha with a single cone for obturating curved root canals

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the sealability and radiographic quality of root fillings in extracted teeth by using lateral condensation of gutta-percha or alpha-phase gutta-percha in conjunction with a single gutta-percha cone. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 108 single-rooted teeth were divided into 2 groups of 54 teeth based on canal shape. Canals were prepared to a minimum 0.055 taper and enlarged to a size 35 at the working distance. Irrigation was done with 17% EDTA and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to remove smear layer. One group was obturated by using cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha; the other group was obturated with thermomechanically compacted alpha-phase gutta-percha and a single cone of gutta-percha. Apical extrusion of sealer or gutta-percha was recorded. Sealability of each technique was assessed by dye penetration. The radiographic quality of obturation was also determined. RESULTS: Root canals filled with alpha-phase gutta-percha and a single cone had significantly more extrusion of sealer than canals filled by lateral condensation. Lateral condensation achieved significantly better scores for radiographic quality. There was no significant difference between the 2 filling techniques in terms of apical or coronal leakage. CONCLUSIONS: Thermomechanically condensed alpha-phase gutta-percha used in conjunction with a single gutta-percha cone had poorer radiographic quality than laterally condensed gutta-percha.