镍铬合金烤瓷修复体拆除前后患者尿和血清中镍铬含量的评估

目的 通过测定镍铬合金烤瓷修复体拆除前后患者尿和血清中的镍铬含量,对镍铬合金的临床应用安全性进行科学评估.方法 选择因怀疑镍铬合金烤瓷修复体的镍、铬元素对全身有影响,主动要求拆除修复体的患者86例,于修复体拆前、拆后1个月采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测患者尿镍、铬含量(86例)和血清镍、铬含量(69例).结果 镍铬烤瓷修复体拆除前后86例患者尿镍含量分别为(3.52±3.05)和(3.31 ±3.28) μg/L,尿铬含量分别为(0.81±0.54)和(1.34±1.15) μg/L;修复体拆除前后69例患者血清镍含量分别为(2.04±1.06)和(2.67±2.32) μg/L,血清铬含量分别为(1.07±0.88)和(1.02±0.86) μg/L;拆除前后差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 本项研究条件下镍铬合会烤瓷修复体释放的镍、铬离子量微小,不足以对人体尿液及血液中的镍、铬含量造成影响.     

3种不同金属烤瓷修复体临床应用效果评价

目的比较镍铬合金、含钛镍铬合金及金合金烤瓷修复体的临床应用效果。方法选择临床病例134例,其中47例患者制作镍铬合金烤瓷修复体53件,45例患者制作含钛镍铬合金烤瓷修复体51件,42例患者制作金合金烤瓷修复体55件。修复完成时和完成后12个月随访,检查修复体颜色、颈缘变色、颈缘适合性、瓷损坏及探诊深度、牙龈指数(G1)6项指标。结果金合金烤瓷修复体组的各项指标优于其余两组。结论在3种烤瓷修复体中,金合金烤瓷修复体性能最佳。     

ICP-AES法测定镍铬烤瓷合金中多元細初步研究

目的 初步探讨ICP-AES法测定镍铬烤瓷合金中除镍元素以外的其他多元素的可行性.方法 准确称取0.00899g～0.08176g样品经混酸（盐酸与硝酸体积比为7∶2）完全溶解后,优化仪器条件,以基体匹配法配制工作曲线标样,消除基体干扰,从而测定镍铬烤瓷合金中多元素（Cr、Al、Mo、Co、Be、Fe、Cu）的含量.结果 测定样品中元素含量（wt％）平均为Cr 11.90％、A1 1.895％、Mo 6.905％、Co 0.205％、Be 1.67％、Fe 0.045％和Cu0.03％;6次测定的相对标准差在0.51％～1.48％范围内,加标回收率89.72％～100.90％,仪器检出限在0.11ng/ml～9.33ng/ml之间.结论 本实验初步提示ICP-AES法可测定镍铬烤瓷合金中除镍元素以外的其他多元素的含量,且该方法简便和快速.     

镍铬合金烤瓷修复体拆除前后患者尿镍铬含量的检测与评估

目的探讨镍铬合金烤瓷修复体是否会对人体尿液中的镍、铬含量造成影响。方法选择要求拆除原镍铬烤瓷修复体的患者86例,于修复体拆前、拆后1个月,分别检测患者尿镍、铬含量,并按年龄、性别、修复体数目、修复体戴入时间以及修复体有无金属暴露等进行分组分析。结果 86例患者在镍铬烤瓷修复体拆除前后的尿镍含量分别为(3.52±3.05)μg/L、(3.31±3.28)μg/L,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);拆除前后的尿铬含量分别为(0.81±0.54)μg/L、(1.34±1.15)μg/L,差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者的尿镍、铬含量与年龄、性别、修复体的数量、修复时间以及有无金属暴露等均无明显的相关性(P>0.05)。结论镍铬合金烤瓷修复体所释放的镍、铬离子量微小,短期内不足以对人体尿液中的镍、铬含量造成影响。     

不同合金烤瓷修复体的临床应用180例

目的探讨贵金属、钛合金及镍铬合金烤瓷修复体的临床应用效果。方法检查180例患者240件不同合金烤瓷修复体的颜色、形态、边缘密合度、颈部灰线、牙龈红肿及瓷折裂等情况。结果不同合金烤瓷修复体在颜色、边缘密合、颈部灰线、牙龈刺激,瓷折等方面均有不同情况。结论贵金属及钛合金烤瓷修复体具有较满意的临床效果,镍铬合金在后牙连续固定义齿修复中有一定的优势。     

钛合金烤瓷冠、桥在口腔修复中的应用分析

目的分析钛合金烤瓷修复体临床应用效果。方法300例患者制作192个单位钛合金和258个单位镍铬合金烤瓷冠、桥修复体,观察修复体颜色、固位、颈缘密合度,18个月后再观察修复体颜色、菌斑指数、牙龈指数、颈缘染色、瓷折裂、继发龋情况。结果两组在颈缘染色方面差异有显著性,其余情况相似。结论钛合金烤瓷修复体的临床应用效果优于镍铬合金烤瓷修复体。     

不同种类的固定修复体市场需求分析

目的探讨不同种类固定修复体的市场需求和需求变化。方法收集四川华西义齿修复制作中心2009—2011年生产的95 789件固定修复体为研究对象,统计产量构成比、绘制产量趋势图,分析固定修复体的市场需求及变化,采用季节指数分析固定修复体的产量规律。结果金属烤瓷修复体的构成比达到90%以上,钯银合金烤瓷修复体是主要的修复体选择类别,镍铬合金烤瓷修复体产量逐年降低,钴铬合金烤瓷修复体、种植体固定修复体、全瓷修复体产量保持稳定增长,金铂合金烤瓷修复体稳定在一定水平呈上下波动;季节指数的高峰为7月,指数达到1.155 56,低谷为2月,指数达到0.840 79,季节指数最高和最低月份相差0.314 77。结论金属烤瓷修复体占市场需求的主导地位,镍铬合金烤瓷修复体的产量逐年降低并逐渐被钴铬合金烤瓷修复体代替,固定修复体的产量存在季节波动,应优化资源配置并积极推广新技术。     

4种材料冠修复效果的临床评价

目的研究镍铬合金、含钛镍铬合金、金合金烤瓷冠和VitaIn．Ceram全瓷冠的临床应用效果。方法191个烤瓷冠,根据冠的种类分为4组,镍铬合金烤瓷冠组48个,含钛镍铬合金烤瓷冠组50个,金合金烤瓷冠组46个,VitaIn-Ceram全瓷冠组47个。修复18个月后观察、记录并比较各组修复体的颜色、边缘着色、颈缘适合性、瓷折裂和牙龈健康状况。结果修复体颜色、颈缘适合性、颈缘着色在镍铬合金组和含钛镍铬合金组问、金合金组和全瓷冠组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,在镍铬合金组和金合金组问的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。镍铬合金组与含钛镍铬合金组间、金合金组与全瓷冠组间牙龈炎症的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。镍铬合金组与金合金组牙龈炎症的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论金合金烤瓷冠、VitaIn-Ceram全瓷冠的修复体颜色满意度高、颈缘适合性优良,较少发生边缘着色、瓷折裂和牙龈炎症。     

镍铬合金镀金烤瓷修复体对牙龈组织健康状况的影响

目的：观察镍铬合金镀金烤瓷修复体对牙龈组织的影响。方法：将45例临床病例分别采用镍铬合金,镍铬合金镀金,金合金进行修复。6个月后,采集龈沟液,用酶联免疫吸附法测定龈沟液中TNF-α的浓度,观测牙龈指数（G I）。结果：镍铬合金和镍铬合金镀金的两项指标均显著高于其对照组;金合金与对照组无显著性差异;金合金的两项指标显著低于镍铬合金镀金和镍铬合金（P〈0.05）,而镍铬合金镀金和镍铬合金无显著性差异。结论：镍铬合金镀金烤瓷修复体对牙龈组织刺激性明显大于金合金,与镍铬合金无明显差别;TNF-α的浓度可以作为监测修复体效果的理论指标。     

金沉积烤瓷冠的临床评价

目的：评价金沉积烤瓷冠临床修复效果。方法：选择金沉积烤瓷冠、贵金属烤瓷冠、镍铬合金烤瓷冠各50颗牙,观察修复体颜色、牙龈染色、边缘适合性、牙周组织健康状况、瓷裂、瓷崩等情况。结果：对临床修复病例进行6个月至1年的随访观察,在颜色、牙龈染色、牙周组织健康方面金沉积烤瓷冠与贵金属烤瓷冠差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,明显优于镍铬合金烤瓷冠（P〈0.01）;在边缘适合性方面,金沉积烤瓷冠优于贵金属烤瓷冠（P〈0.05）,明显优于镍铬合金烤瓷冠（P〈0.01）,三者在瓷崩瓷裂方面差异无显著性。结论：在烤瓷修复体中金沉积烤瓷冠是良好的修复体。     

Ni-Cr合金烤瓷界面结合的微观机理研究

目的探讨烤瓷用Ni-Cr合金金瓷结合的微观机制。方法制备经除气预氧化处理的Ni-Cr合金金瓷试片,对金瓷界面采用扫描电镜,X射线衍射仪观察界面反应产物。结果在金瓷界面的陶瓷侧生成AlNi3与SnCrO的复合氧化物,在金瓷界面的金属侧形成了扩散反应层。结论界面反应产物AlNi3及SnCrO的复合氧化物同时具备有金属性和陶瓷性,适宜宽度的扩散反应层有助于金瓷之间的可靠结合。     

含钛镍铬合金金瓷结合性能的研究

目的:研究钛对Ni-Cr-Ti合金金瓷结合强度的影响并探讨其作用机理。方法:采用三点弯曲试验评价Ni-Cr-Ti合金金瓷结合强度,运用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪分析金瓷结合界面。结果:Ni-Cr-Ti合金与瓷的结合强度,显著高于Ni-Cr合金与瓷的结合强度(P<0.001)。SEM观察显示,Ni-Cr-Ti合金与瓷结合紧密。EDS分析显示,Ni-Cr-Ti合金和Ni-Cr合金金瓷界面均存在元素扩散现象,Ni-Cr-Ti合金组Ni、Cr、Ti、Si呈“乙”状单纯扩散型曲线,界面区元素扩散带的宽度为4μm。Ni-Cr合金组Ni、Cr、Sn在界面附近聚集,呈现高峰。界面区元素扩散带的宽度为6μm。结论:Ni-Cr-Ti合金中的添加元素Ti对控制合金表面氧化膜的厚度,改善氧化膜与合金的附着,提高金瓷结合强度有一定作用。     

Surface analysis of porcelain fused to metal systems.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of four different, commonly performed, metal-ceramic alloy, surface preparation stages, were investigated to observe surface compositional changes. METHODS: Two metal-ceramic alloys were examined (Pd/Ag alloy and a Ni/Cr alloy). Discs 12 mm diameter and 2mm thick were produced using the lost wax casting process. Prior to casting alloy ingots were examined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) to determine bulk composition. The four preparation stages were (1) devesting and Al2O3 blasted; (2) ground smooth and Al2O3 blasted; (3) oxidation firing; (4) firing cycle for opaque porcelain application. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis was performed after each surface preparation stage to determine changes in surface composition. SEM with EDS was also used to identify surface composition. RESULTS: XRF and manufacturers compositional analysis of the alloys showed similar findings for the major elements. XPS analysis showed that at preparation stages 3 and 4 evidence of elemental migration to the surface (In with Pd/Ag alloy and Cr and Mn with Ni/Cr alloy). Alumina was also seen on the alloy surfaces, with SEM/EDS confirming Al2O3 particles embedded in the surface of the alloys. SIGNIFICANCE: Surface composition is very different from the batch composition. Surface preparation stage 3 is essential in bringing to the alloy surface elements which could be directly involved in the metal-ceramic bond. Elements and their oxides, in various forms, cover the surface of the alloys. Al2O3 particles can remain embedded in the alloy surface during porcelain application.     

前牙金沉积烤瓷冠修复临床效果观察

目的探讨金沉积烤瓷冠的临床应用效果。方法临床选择行前牙烤瓷修复的患者96例(共120颗),随机分为3组:金沉积烤瓷冠组、铸造镍铬合金组、铸造金铂合金烤瓷冠组,每组各制作40例。30个月后临床复查,检查临床边缘密合度、颜色、牙龈炎性反应、烤瓷冠的折裂及崩瓷情况。结果金沉积烤瓷冠与金铂合金烤瓷冠边缘密合度接近,均优于镍铬合金烤瓷冠(P<0.05);金沉积烤瓷冠与金铂合金烤瓷冠的颜色均优于镍铬合金烤瓷冠(P<0.05);三者在崩瓷、折裂方面无差异。结论金沉积烤瓷冠具有良好的美观效果,边缘密合度好,抗折强度高。     

Corrosion behaviour and surface analysis of a Co-Cr and two Ni-Cr dental alloys before and after simulated porcelain firing

This study evaluated the corrosion behaviour and surface properties of a commercial cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy and two nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys [beryllium (Be)-free and Be-containing] before and after a simulated porcelain-firing process. Before porcelain firing, the microstructure, surface composition and hardness, electrochemical corrosion properties, and metal-ion release of as-cast alloy specimens were examined. After firing, similar alloy specimens were examined for the same properties. In both as-cast and fired conditions, the Co-Cr alloy (Wirobond C) showed significantly more resistance to corrosion than the two Ni-Cr alloys. After firing, the corrosion rate of the Be-free Ni-Cr alloy (Stellite N9) increased significantly, which corresponded to a reduction in the levels of Cr, molybdenum (Mo), and Ni in the surface oxides and to a reduction in the thickness of the surface oxide film. The corrosion properties of the Co-Cr alloy and the Be-containing Ni-Cr alloy (ChangPing) were not significantly affected by the firing process. Porcelain firing also changed the microstructure and microhardness values of the alloys, and there were increases in the release of Co and Ni ions, especially for Ni from the Be-free Ni-Cr alloy. Thus, the corrosion rate of the Be-free Ni-Cr alloy increased significantly after porcelain firing, whereas the firing process had little effect on the corrosion susceptibility of the Co-Cr alloy and the Be-containing Ni-Cr alloy.     

The influence of different thicknesses of dentin porcelain on the color reflected from thin opaque porcelain fused to metal

Gold and nickel-chromium alloys were used as substrates for one shade of fused porcelain. Chroma characteristics were compared between samples with opaque thicknesses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm. Thicknesses of 0.1 to 0.5 mm of dentin porcelain fused on each of the thicknesses of opaque porcelain were measured. Perceptible color differences were found for most of the samples, and all nongold alloy samples showed such changes.     

烤瓷用镍铬合金阳极钝化处理的表面氧化膜研究

目的 分析烤瓷用镍铬合金在上瓷前进行阳极钝化处理对其表面氧化膜的形貌、厚度及主要金属元素氧化程度的影响。方法 将烤瓷用镍铬合金制成10个试片,随机分成2组,每组5片。1组经阳极钝化处理,1组不经处理作为对照。每组随机抽取2片进行扫描电镜观察,其余3片采用X射线光电子能谱仪和俄歇电子能谱仪进行表面氧化膜分析。结果 经阳极钝化处理的试片表面发生了轻度的选择性溶解,增加了金属的表面积,所形成的氧化膜厚度是空白对照组的1.72倍;氧化膜中铬、镍、钼等主要元素氧化成离子的比例较高,铬尤为明显。结论 采用阳极钝化法处理镍铬合金表面,形成的氧化膜较薄,表面结构均一,操作可重复性强,是烤瓷前金属表面处理的新方法。     

Bond strength between nonprecious metal alloy and porcelain. (Part 2) Effects of the addition of Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Ta and Ti on bond strength of 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy (author's transl)]

Alloys added 2, 4 and 6 wt% Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Ta and Ti to 80 wt% Ni-20 wt% Cr alloyand no-added 80 wt% Ni-20 wt% Cr alloy were prepared and casted to obtain the test specimens 3 mm in diameter 25 mm in length. Ceramco porcelain (B.F. Vacuum Porcelain) was fused to each of these specimens, and the bond strength was measured by the pull-out method which applies shear stress to the metal/porcelain interface to investigate the effect of each addition element. The test results may be summarized as presented below. 1) The bond strength between the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain was 182 +/- 14 kg/cm2. 2) Of the six kinds of addition elements, it was Mo, Sn, Ta and Ti that increased the bond strength. 3) The bond strength between the alloy added 6 wt% Ti to the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain was 319 +/- 8 kg/cm2, which was increased by about 75% over the strength between the 80 Ni-20 Cr alloy and the porcelain.