高频超声对臂丛神经显像和定位的价值

目的评价高频超声对臂丛神经显像和定位的价值。方法采用高频超声对30例志愿者行臂丛神经检查，主要在肌间沟、锁骨上、锁骨下及腋下4个部位。11例志愿者臂丛分布的4个部位上，在实时超声引导下进针及定位神经，然后在电神经器刺激下确认是否为神经。所有臂丛神经声像图特征、解剖的变化、进针和神经定位均被动态记录。结果臂丛神经在横断面上表现为圆形或椭圆形的低回声结构，内部由点状回声组成，肌间沟、锁骨上及腋下臂丛神经显示率均为100％，锁骨下臂丛神经显示率为97％。11例志愿者臂丛声像图上低回声结构在超声引导下行电刺激均被证实为神经组织。结论高频超声能提供高质量的臂丛神经声像图。超声引导下穿刺对臂丛神经阻滞麻醉有潜在应用价值。     

X线与B超结合对照探查胸腔肿瘤的临床意义

目的:探究分析X线与超声结合对照探查胸腔肿瘤的临床意义。方法:选取2016年1月—2019年1月我院收诊的胸腔肿瘤患者60例,经由X线与超声结合对照探查,并进行具体分析。结果:结合临床表现,对所有患者的X线与超声结合对照探查胸腔肿瘤的影像学结果以及诊断结果进行分析。局限性胸膜纤维瘤,检查可见单发性病灶并常发生于胸膜,尤其以脏层胸膜较为多见。由梭形细胞组成,可见不同程度的胶原纤维与丰富的间质血管。可见胸腔积液,其中约有8%可见骨吸收。神经梢瘤,患者常觉肋间神经分布区麻木,一般病灶呈圆形,与胸膜成锐角,会有囊性改变。胸膜间皮瘤,良性胸膜间皮瘤病灶较小,会有石棉接触史。恶性胸膜间皮瘤常见于胸膜,病灶是多发性的软组织肿块,通常边界界限不清,并伴有大量胸腔积液,病变常累及多个组织。结论:X线与超声结合对照探查胸腔肿瘤可以快捷有效的获取诊断结果,对于临床诊断以及治疗具有积极意义,建议在临床广泛推广使用。     

Double aortic and pulmonary valves: An artifact generated by ultrasound refraction.

Echocardiography is an essential diagnostic tool for the investigation of the cardiovascular system. However, the nature of the ultrasound beam may lead to artifacts such as doubling of cardiac structures because of refraction. Here we present two illustrative cases showing doubling of the aortic ring and double regurgitation through the pulmonary valve. Doubling by refraction is different from other artifacts generating double images, such as mirroring of the ultrasound beam (eg, by prosthetic valves). Anatomic structures between the transducer and the heart such as the pleura, pericardium, or rib cartilage may induce refraction of the ultrasound beam resulting in doubling of cardiac structures. The resulting doubling of anatomic structures must not be misdiagnosed.     

前锯肌平面阻滞效果影响因素的研究进展

前锯肌平面阻滞(serratus anterior plane block,SAPB)作为近几年提出来的一种新型区域阻滞技术,已广泛用于胸外科及乳腺外科手术麻醉与镇痛中。SAPB通过阻滞肋间神经外侧皮支、胸长神经以及胸背神经达到完全的半胸阻滞。近年来,随着可视化技术在临床麻醉中的飞速发展及加速康复外科理念在围术期重要性的提升,超声引导下SAPB因其定位准确、安全性高、成功率高、并发症少等优点得到普及。     

Transversus abdominis plane block: A new method in renal colic pain management

In recent decades, regional plane blocks via ultrasonography have become very popular in regional anesthesia and are more commonly used in pain management. The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a procedure where local anesthetics are applied to block the anterior divisions of the tenth thoracic intercostal through the first lumbar nerves (T10–L1) into the anatomic space formed amidst the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles located in the antero-lateral part of the abdomen wall. The most important advantage of this block method is that ultrasonographic identification is easier and its complications are fewer compared with central neuroaxial or paravertebral blocks. Here, we describe three cases where pain management in renal colic was treated with the TAP block.     

Combination of High-Resolution Ultrasound-Guided Perivascular Regional Anesthesia of the Internal Carotid Artery and Intermediate Cervical Plexus Block for Carotid Surgery

All previously documented regional anesthesia procedures for carotid artery surgery routinely require additional local infiltration or systemic supplementation with opioids to achieve satisfactory analgesia because of the complex innervation of the surgical site. Here, we report a reliable ultrasound-guided anesthesia method for carotid artery surgery. High-resolution ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia using a 12.5-MHz linear ultrasound transducer was performed in 34 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesia consisted of perivascular regional anesthesia of the internal carotid artery and intermediate cervical plexus block. The internal carotid artery and the nerves of the superficial cervical plexus were identified, and a needle was placed dorsal to the internal carotid artery and directed cranially to the carotid bifurcation under ultrasound visualization. After careful aspiration, local anesthetic was spread around the internal carotid artery and the carotid bifurcation. In the second step, local anesthetic was injected below the sternocleidomastoid muscle along the previously identified nerves of the intermediate cervical plexus. The necessity for intra-operative supplementation and the conversion rate to general anesthesia were recorded. Ultrasonic visualization of the region of interest was possible in all cases. Needle direction was successful in all cases. Three to five milliliters of 0.5% ropivacaine produced satisfactory spread around the carotid bifurcation. For intermediate cervical plexus block, 10 to 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine produced sufficient intra-operative analgesia. Conversion to general anesthesia because of an incomplete block was not necessary. Five cases required additional local infiltration with 1% prilocaine (2–6 mL) by the surgeon. Visualization with high-resolution ultrasound yields safe and accurate performance of the block. Because of the low rate of intra-operative supplementation, we conclude that the described ultrasound-guided perivascular anesthesia technique is effective for carotid artery surgery.     

Review about ultrasounds in paravertebral blocks

Paravertebral block was introduced by Hugo Sellheim in 1905 as a unilateral block preventing the hemodynamic side effects of spinal anaesthesia, but was almost forgotten in the middle of the last century. Eason and Wyatt revitalized the technique in 1979. Ultrasound guidance was first described for vessel cannulation, and gained widespread clinical use in regional anaesthesia. However, anatomical knowledge is a prerequisite for use of ultrasound. The paravertebral region is a wedge-shaped space bounded anteriorly by the parietal pleura, medially by the postero-lateral aspect of the vertebra, the intervertebral foramen, and the intervertebral disc, and posteriorly by the superior costotransverse ligament. Paravertebral block has been reported to be highly efficient for perioperative and chronic pain management, but with reduced adverse effects compared with central neural block. Techniques to reach the paravertebral space include the landmark method, nerve stimulation, the intercostal approach, and placement under direct visualization. Two difficulties of the classic approach have to be considered: (1) the distances from the skin to anatomical landmarks are highly variable and (2) loss of resistance to saline injection may often be overlooked. Several studies have yielded high success rates for ultrasound-guided paravertebral needle placement, without any signs of pleural puncture. However, anatomical data showed that paravertebral catheters inserted through ultrasound-guided, correctly placed needles were often misplaced. In conclusion, there is strong evidence that ultrasound guidance may enhance efficacy and safety of single-shot paravertebral block. However, data concerning ultrasound-guided paravertebral catheterization are conflicting, and further refinements are required to improve continuous paravertebral regional anaesthesia as well.     

Ultrasound‐Guided Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Block: Technical Description and Block Distribution in Healthy Volunteers

The posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve branches from the radial nerve proximal to the elbow and supplies sensation to the posterior aspect of the forearm. With a high‐frequency linear transducer, the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve was identified in 8 healthy volunteers. Under aseptic conditions and with an ultrasound‐guided in‐plane technique, 1% lidocaine was injected circumferentially around the nerve. In each participant, the block was successful, and neither incidental blocks of other nerves nor any other complications were observed. These results demonstrate that the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve can be blocked to provide anesthesia or analgesia to the posterior forearm.     

Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Plexus Block for Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Hip Fracture

Purpose: Ultrasound technology has been applied to increase both efficacy and safety of certain peripheral nerve blocks. This case report describes the first successful ultrasound‐guided lumber plexus block. Clinical Features: We describe a 91‐year‐old woman with aortic stenosis who successfully underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a fractured right hip with a lumbar plexus block. Ultrasound provided direct visualization to help identify the anatomical structures and guide the block needle during performance of the block. Complete block of the lumbar plexus was attained within 15 min, and the surgical procedure was performed uneventfully. Conclusion: The use of ultrasound has gained popularity to perform peripheral nerve blocks. In this case report, a successful lumbar plexus block was performed with ultrasound guidance. By direct visualization, using this technology may potentially reduce complications associated with lumbar plexus blocks.     

Clinical Utility of Low‐Volume Ultrasound‐Guided Interscalene Blockade

Objective. The purpose of this series is to describe cases in which ultrasound guidance was used to allow patients to receive the benefits of regional anesthesia while safely circumventing traditional contraindications to interscalene blockade (ISB). Methods. Targeted low‐volume ISB was performed in 3 patients in whom this procedure would typically be contraindicated because of phrenic nerve blockade or risk of local anesthetic toxicity. A patient with severe respiratory dysfunction, a patient undergoing bilateral shoulder surgery, and a patient requiring awake fiberoptic intubation underwent low‐volume ultrasound‐guided ISB. The ultrasound technique involved the use a low local anesthetic volume, anatomic identification of the brachial plexus trunk, needle placement opposite the phrenic nerve position, and control over local anesthetic spread. Results. In both patients in whom diaphragmatic paralysis was a concern, postoperative respiratory parameters indicated successful regional analgesia without evidence of phrenic nerve blockade. In the patient requiring an additional regional anesthetic procedure, ISB was performed with a local anesthetic volume low enough to avoid exceeding toxic safety thresholds. Conclusions. Although further studies are warranted, we report on 3 cases in which ultrasound guidance was used to allow patients to receive the benefits of regional anesthesia while safely avoiding standard contraindications to ISB. Ultrasound technology may allow providers to perform low‐volume brachial plexus blockade while avoiding issues related to phrenic nerve blockade and systemic local anesthetic toxicity.     

Ultrasound measurements of the distance between acupuncture needle tip at P6 and the median nerve

BACKGROUND: Pericard 6 (P6) is one of the most frequently used acupuncture points, especially in preventing nausea and vomiting. At this point, the median nerve is located very superficially. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the distance between the needle tip and the median nerve during acupuncture at P6, we conducted a prospective observational ultrasound (US) imaging study. We tested the hypothesis that de qi (a sensation that is typical of acupuncture needling) is evoked when the needle comes into contact with the epineural tissue and thereby prevents nerve penetration. SETTINGS/LOCATION: The outpatient pain clinic of the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. SUBJECTS: Fifty (50) patients receiving acupuncture treatment including P6 bilaterally. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were examined at both forearms using US (a 10-MHz linear transducer) after insertion of the needle at P6. OUTCOME MEASURES: The distance between the needle tip and the median nerve, the number of nerve contacts and nerve penetrations, as well as the number of successfully elicited de qi sensations were recorded. RESULTS: Complete data could be obtained from 97 cases. The mean distance from the needle tip to the nerve was 1.8 mm (standard deviation 2.2; range 0-11.3). Nerve contacts were recorded in 52 cases, in 14 of which the nerve was penetrated by the needle. De qi was elicited in 85 cases. We found no association between the number of nerve contacts and de qi. The 1-week follow-up showed no complications or neurologic problems. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first investigation demonstrating the relationship between acupuncture needle placement and adjacent neural structures using US technology. The rate of median nerve penetrations by the acupuncture needle at P6 was surprisingly high, but these seemed to carry no risk of neurologic sequelae. De qi at P6 does not depend on median nerve contact, nor does it prevent median nerve penetration.     

肋间神经阻滞复合全身麻醉对胸腔镜手术患者血流动力学的影响

目的探讨肋间神经阻滞复合全身麻醉(INB)对胸腔镜手术患者血流动力学的影响。方法选择2014年1月-2016年1月该院进行胸腔镜肺叶切除的患者100例,按照完全随机分组原则分为对照组和实验组。对照组患者接受单纯静脉诱导、静-吸复合维持全身麻醉,实验组患者接受INB。分别评估两组患者术后的视觉模拟疼痛得分(VAS)和血流动力学指标的变化,比较治疗前后患者免疫功能变化。其中血流动力学指标包括心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)和脉搏氧饱和度(Sp O2),免疫功能指标包括血清中T细胞亚群CD4+、CD4+/CD8+含量。结果术后不同时间点实验组患者VAS得分均明显小于对照组患者(P0.05)。术毕时对照组患者SBP和HR明显高于实验组患者(P0.05)。治疗后实验组患者的CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 INB可以更好地控制胸腔镜患者术后的心血管反应,减轻对患者免疫功能的抑制,值得临床推广。     

超声引导下大型动物胸部神经阻滞的研究进展

近年来, 大型动物区域麻醉的研究领域有了较快的发展, 并出现了多种胸部神经阻滞的新技术。这些技术在兽医临床实践中的常规实施, 使围手术期全身镇痛药物的用量大大减少, 为多模式麻醉镇痛策略提供了有价值的参考; 同时, 这些技术对大型动物模型的建立和人类医学科研领域的发展也做出了较大的贡献。本文对近年来已经发表的与大型动物胸部脊柱旁神经阻滞方法的相关文献进行整理, 并结合相关解剖学、神经刺激器定位方法以及精准超声辅助技术, 对犬胸椎旁阻滞、肋间神经阻滞以及竖脊肌平面阻滞进行综述, 为大型动物区域麻醉时提供适当的参考资料, 最终服务于科研事业的发展。      

彩色多普勒超声引导下阿霉素肋间神经毁损性阻滞的最小有效容量

目的:彩超引导精确定位行肋间神经毁损,探索阿霉素感觉神经毁损的最小有效容量。方法:21例带状疱疹后遗神经痛(postherpetic neuralgia,PHN)患者在彩色超声引导下穿刺肋间神经,以肋间动脉旁2 mm为目标,分别注射0.25%阿霉素0.2 ml~0.4 ml,注射后72 h内能使视觉模拟评分(visualanalogue scale,VAS)低于3为有效。应用Dixon上下法探索最小有效治疗容量,并用Probit test计算50%和95%有效容量(effective volume,EV50、EV95)。结果:彩超下可观察到目标肋间的重要结构,肋间动脉回声清晰,但肋间神经均未能探及。肋骨面到壁层胸膜的距离0.6±0.2 cm。穿刺针道均全程监测,注药后可见药液包绕肋间动脉,无误入胸腔等并发症。全部病例中注射容量为0.2 ml的有5例(有效0例);0.3 ml的有10例(有效5例,持续镇痛时间19±7天);容量0.4 ml的5例(有效4例,镇痛时间35±16天)(P<0.05);EV50、EV95分别为0.3 ml和0.36 ml。结论:彩色超声引导直视下肋间神经毁损术的安全性得到保证。阿霉素95%有效注射容量为0.36 ml。     

Development and Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Ultrasound Guidance System for Spinal Anesthesia: Preliminary Results

Applications of ultrasound guidance for epidural injections are hindered by poor needle and epidural space visualization. This work presents an augmented reality (AR) ultrasound guidance system that addresses challenges in both needle visualization during navigation and epidural space identification for needle positioning. In this system, (i) B-mode ultrasound and the needle are visualized in a 3-D AR environment for improved navigation, and (ii) A-mode ultrasound, obtained from a custom-made single-element transducer housed at the needle tip, is used to identify the epidural space for improved needle positioning. Performance of the system was evaluated against ultrasound-only guidance in a phantom study with novice operators and an expert anesthesiologist. The procedure success rate was higher with the AR system (100%) than ultrasound-only guidance (57%). The AR system has the potential to improve procedure outcomes in terms of success rate, time, needle path-length and usability.     

A new technique utilizing ultrasound to aid in intrauterine transfusion

A new technique is described which utilizes ultrasound to diminish fetal exposure to x ray during intrauterine transfusion. In replacing x ray imagery, ultrasound better localizes the exact position of the intrauterine contents, including the vital fetal intraabdominal structures. Using an A mode needle aspiration transducer, it is possible to guide the tip of the transfusing needle into the center of the fetal intraperitoneal cavity.     

高频超声观察T7~8椎旁间隙及其毗邻结构

目的 探讨T7~8椎旁间隙及其毗邻结构的高频超检查方法和声像图特征。方法 采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪、线阵探头（频率3~12 MHz）,以肩胛骨、肋骨、胸椎棘突及横突等作为解剖标志,检查30名正常成人共60侧T7~8椎旁间隙,观察T7~8椎旁间隙及其毗邻结构的声像图特征。结果 T7~8胸椎旁间隙声像图表现类似三角形,其内部为实性均质性低回声;T7~8椎旁间隙毗邻肌肉从浅至深依次为斜方肌、背阔肌、棘肌、半棘肌、多裂肌、回旋肌、肋间肌;彩色多普勒或能量多普勒血流成像可显示位于胸椎旁间隙内肋间后动脉。结论 高频超声可清晰显示T7~8椎旁间隙及其毗邻结构,可为临床诊治胸椎旁间隙及其毗邻结构病变提供影像学依据。     

不同方法肋间神经阻滞治疗带状疱疹神经痛疗效比较

目的:观察不同方法肋间神经阻滞治疗带状疱疹神经痛的阻滞成功率、镇痛效果和并发症情况。方法:胸背部带状疱疹伴神经痛患者93例随机分成两组,超声组和对照组,观察治疗后1、2、4、8周镇痛效果和不同疼痛缓解度比例及第8周生活质量评分。结果:超声引导下完成所有48例超声组患者后入路肋间神经阻滞,阻滞后15 min测定感觉阻滞区完全覆盖皮损疼痛区域。32例对照组患者采用传统方法完成后方入路肋间神经阻滞,13例患者肋骨触摸不清改为外侧入路完成阻滞,其中6例阻滞不完全。两组患者阻滞后均未出现胸闷或呼吸困难等表现。与治疗前比较,治疗后各观察时间点视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)均显著降低(P<0.01),组间比较存在显著差异(P<0.05)。治疗后第8周饮食、睡眠、情绪、日常生活、交际和生活兴趣等生活质量评分均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),组间比较存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。治疗后超声组显效率明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:在超声引导下行后路肋间神经阻滞术安全有效,准确率高,是治疗带状疱疹性神经痛有效的一项新技术。     

Automatic Identification of Needle Insertion Site in Epidural Anesthesia with a Cascading Classifier

Ultrasound imaging was used to detect the anatomic structure of lumbar spine from the transverse view, to facilitate needle insertion in epidural anesthesia. The interspinous images that represent proper needle insertion sites were identified automatically with image processing and pattern recognition techniques. On the basis of ultrasound video streams obtained in pregnant patients, the image processing and identification procedure in a previous work was tested and improved. The test results indicate that the pre-processing algorithm performs well on lumbar spine ultrasound images, whereas the classifier is not flexible enough for pregnant patients. To improve the accuracy of identification, we propose a cascading classifier that successfully located the proper needle insertion site on all of the 36 video streams collected from pregnant patients. The results indicate that the proposed image identification procedure is able to identify the ultrasound images of lumbar spine in an automatic manner, so as to facilitate the anesthetists’ work to identify the needle insertion point precisely and effectively.     

超声引导臀下和臀横纹下入路坐骨神经阻滞的比较

目的 比较臀下入路和臀横纹下入路超声引导坐骨神经阻滞的效果.方法 选择择期下肢手术患者148例,随机分为臀下入路和臀横纹下入路组,每组74例,在超声联合神经刺激器引导下行坐骨神经阻滞,局麻药为0.5%罗哌卡因20 ml,测定坐骨神经至皮肤距离深度,对比操作时间和调整穿刺方向次数,评价坐骨神经运动阻滞率及主要分支胫神经、腓浅神经、腓肠神经和股后皮神经感觉阻滞效果,记录麻醉相关并发症.根据手术麻醉需要所有病例同时以0.5%罗哌卡因20 ml行腰丛神经阻滞.结果 臀横纹下入路组穿刺时间和调整穿刺针方向次数少于臀下入路组,臀横纹下入路组注药15 min后脚踝运动阻滞率低于臀下入路组,两组间注药30 min后感觉和运动阻滞率无差异,两组手术麻醉效果、镇痛时间和运动阻滞时间无差异.结论 臀下和臀横纹入路坐骨神经阻滞均可用于下肢手术麻醉,臀横纹下入路组操作更方便,可作为高位坐骨阻滞的首选入路.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the effects of subgluteal(SG) and sub-subgluteal-fold(SSGF)approach for ultrasound-guided siatic nerve block. Methods One hundred forty-eight patients undergoing lower limb surgery were randomly divided into two groups to receive SG approaches and SSGF approaches to sciatic nerve block under real time ultrasound guidance. A combined posterior lumbar plexus block under ultrasound guidance was performed for sufficient surgery anesthesia. 20 ml of 0. 5% ropivacaine was used for sciatic nerve and lumbar plexus block separately. Measurements included skin-to-nerve distance,reorientation of the needle during block and execution time,rates of sensory and motor blockade after 15 min and 30 min of injection, quality of surgery blockade, duration of the sensory and motor block, and postoperative complications related to sciatic nerve block. Results In SSGF group, execution time and reorientation of needle for sciatic nerve block was significantly less than those of the SG group( P ＜0.01).But motor blockade in the SG group was quicker when compared with SSGF group ( P ＜0.01). There were no significant differences in the quality and duration of blockade between the two groups. Conclusions Both SG and SSGF approach can be used for sciatic nerve block with equal sensory and motor block rate,whereas sciatic nerve block via SSGF approach was faster and easy to perform than the SG one.