前列腺素E1对ARDS病人TNF-α IL-1β IL-6 IL-8的影响

目的 观察PGE1对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)病人细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8的影响,探讨PGE1治疗ARDS的可能作用机制。方法 61例ARDS病人随机分为PGE1治疗组和对照组,应用放射免疫技术测定ARDS机械通气即刻、48h、5d时细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8的水平。结果 PGE1治疗组在ARDS机械通气48h、5d时细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8活性比对照组显著降低(P<0.01)。结论 PGE1可降低ARDS病程细胞因子活性。     

日间CRRT对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血浆炎症介质的影响

目的　探讨日间CRRT对急性呼吸窘迫综合症患者血浆炎症介质水平的影响。方法　应用日间CRRT对 12例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者进行治疗 ,酶联免疫吸附分析方法检测治疗前和治疗后2、4、6、8、12和停止治疗后 12小时血浆中TNF -α、IL - 1β、6、8的浓度。结果　CRRT治疗 2小时后 ,血浆TNF -α、IL - 1β、6、8水平开始下降 ,至 6～ 8小时达到最低水平 ,P <0 .0 1,停止CRRT治疗后 12小时上述因子均有不同程度的回升 ,但仍低于治疗前水平。结论　CRRT对ARDS患者血浆中细胞因子的清除是确切和有效的 ,并且提示该种透析膜对炎症介质的清除方式以吸附为主。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗对急性肾功能衰竭患者血浆细胞因子的影响

目的探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)对急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者血浆细胞因子的影响。方法对42例急性肾功能衰竭患者进行CRRT治疗,使用ELISA法检测治疗前和治疗后4、12、24、48 h血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-8的浓度,并与同期健康人群做比较。结果 ARF患者TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8血浆浓度均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),4种细胞因子在CRRT治疗4 h开始后显著下降,12 h时浓度降至最低,24～48 h有不同程度的回升,但仍低于治疗前水平。结论 CRRT能有效清除ARF患者血浆细胞因子,从而阻断炎症反应。     

连续性血液净化对急性呼吸窘迫综合征单核细胞分泌功能和抗原呈递功能的影响

目的:研究连续性血液净化(CBP)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者单核细胞分泌功能和抗原呈递功能的影响.方法:动态检测36例接受CBP的ARDS患者单核细胞功能,并与健康人群进行比较.结果:ARDS患者单核细胞分泌细胞因子功能高于健康人群,而抗原呈递功能与健康人群相比无显著性差异.CBP治疗48h后,单核细胞细胞分泌功能恢复至正常水平,CBP治疗对单核细胞抗原呈递功能无显著性影响.结论:CBP治疗可降低ARDS单核细胞的细胞因子分泌功能,但对其抗原呈递功能无明显影响.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在腹腔脓毒症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目的 观察连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)对腹腔脓毒症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗效果.方法 对本院普通外科于2009-01 ～ 2011-12应用CRRT救治腹腔脓毒症合并ARDS患者12例进行回顾分析.结果 12例腹腔脓毒症患者CRRT后血浆炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8浓度呈持续性下降趋势,而作为判断氧合能力的常用指标PaO2、PaO2/FiO2明显升高,气道峰压明显下降,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义.结论 CRRT能有效降低血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子水平,减轻全身炎症反应,改善脓毒症合并ARDS患者的预后.     

胰岛素在急性呼吸窘迫综合症中的临床应用

目的:观察胰岛素在急性呼吸窘迫综合症中的抗炎作用,并探讨其机制.方法:将78名急性呼吸窘迫综合症的患者随机分成胰岛素治疗组(A组)和对照组(B组),对A组患者给予呼吸机辅助等常规治疗的同时持续性静脉输注胰岛素.使其血糖维持在4.0～8.0mmol/L;对B组患者常规使用呼吸机辅助及抗生素治疗,分别于入院当时(0 h)、入院后24 h、48 h、72 h留取外周静脉血标本,用放射免疫法测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-4(IL-4)浓度.结果:A组和B组TNF-α、IL-6浓度逐渐下降,IL-4浓度逐渐上升;与对照组比较有统计学意义.结论:胰岛素可降低促炎细胞因子浓度,同时升高抗炎细胞因子浓度,从而恢复细胞因子稳态.     

连续性血液净化对严重创伤后并发ARDS患者细胞因子及内毒素的影响

【目的】探讨连续性血液净化(CBP)对严重创伤后并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者细胞因子及内毒素(endotoxin,ETX)的影响。【方法】选择25例严重创伤后并发ARDS患者,分成两组,A组:15例,用常规方法治疗;B组:10例,除常规方法治疗外,加用CBP治疗,12h/d;另设10例年轻健康献血人员为对照组(C组)。【结果】B组患者在CBP治疗后血浆ETX和细胞因子有不同程度下降,在CBP后d1,d3,d5,d7的血浆ETX和细胞因子较A组同期水平低。【结论】早期使用CBP治疗能改善严重创伤并发患者的ETX血症,阻断其细胞因子反应。     

血液滤过对急性呼吸窘迫综合征炎症介质影响16例分析

目的探讨连续性血液滤过（CVVH）对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者血中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）的影响。方法选择ARDS患者16例,行CVVH治疗,治疗前和治疗后不同时间取血和超滤液检测炎症介质的浓度。结果 CVVH治疗后6~9 h炎症介质水平达最低,与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 CVVH对炎症介质清除有效,治疗6~9 h达最低水平。     

连续性血液净化对心脏术后多器官功能障碍综合征存活者与死亡者血浆炎性介质的影响

目的前瞻性观察连续性血液净化(CBP)对心脏术后多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)存活者与死亡者血浆细胞因子水平的影响。方法16例心脏术后重症急性肾衰竭(ARF)伴MODS的患者使用HF700型聚砜膜血滤器行CBP治疗,7例存活(A组),9例死亡(B组)。对这些患者分别在治疗前(0h)和治疗后2、6、12、24h取血应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-6和IL-8的水平,同时观察不同临床指标的变化。结果①治疗前B组受损的器官数明显多于A组(P<0·05)。②治疗前B组MODS评分明显高于A组(P<0·05);CBP治疗24h后,A组MODS评分、APACHEⅢ评分明显低于治疗前(P<0·05)。③治疗后A组的促炎因子迅速下降,而B组在整个治疗过程中促炎因子浓度无明显变化。④两组各细胞因子浓度在CBP前无差异;A组在治疗2~6h后TNF-α和IL-6水平不仅较治疗前明显减少,并且明显低于B组,IL-4尽管与治疗前相比无明显变化,但是在治疗6h后其水平明显低于B组。结论①心脏术后MODS器官损害数多的患者死亡率高。②在CBP治疗过程中,血浆TNF-α、IL-6和IL-4持续高水平者预后差。③血浆TNF-α、IL-6和IL-4的动态监测可以作为评价心脏术后器官功能障碍的参考指标。     

连续性血液净化对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的疗效分析

目的观察连续性血液净化对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效及对血浆炎症介质水平的影响。方法将40例ARDS患者分为2组。观察治疗前后APACHEII评分、动脉血气分析、TNF-α、IL-1β的变化。结果治疗组APACHEII评分、动脉血气分析的改善明显优于对照组,且TNF-α和IL-1β表达较对照组降低。差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论连续性血液净化能有效地清除ARDS患者体内的炎症因子,因而更有利于其呼吸功能的改善。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.