老年高血压危象的急救体会

<正>在急救工作中,常常会遇到一些血压突然显著或急剧升高,伴有心、脑、肾等靶器官的急性损害,称为高血压危象[1]。老年高血压患者血压波动性大,在环境因素轻度变化的影响下血压会急骤升高,极易引发心脑血管事件。及时救治老年高血压危象患     

30例高血压专项疗养24h动态血压昼夜节律变化分析

高血压是人类常见疾病之一，可以引起严重的心、脑、肾等靶器官的损害，是威胁人类健康的大敌。为此，我科于2003年10～11月对高血压专项疗养员进行了24h动态血压监测(ABPM)，旨在了解血压昼夜节律变化的情况，稳定的降低血压，减少高血压对靶器官的进一步损害。     

高血压的靶器官损害时24小时动态血压特征

通过观察，有无高血压靶器官损害的一昼夜血压变化的特点，为治疗提供治疗依据，５２例高血压患者不同程度心，脑，肾损害为观察组；３３例有高血压而无甘官损害，作为对照，用ＢＩＯＸ－１００型血压监测测试２４小时血压动态，结果发现高血压靶器官损害组其动态血压的昼夜节律消失，且２４小时内血压波动幅度较大，而无靶器官损害则否，鉴于高血压继发靶器官损害时夜间血压偏高，峰谷波动较大，故在降压过程中应结合个体的地动态血     

阴阳两虚型高血压患者动态血压变化特点与靶器官损害相关性的临床研究

目的探讨阴阳两虚型高血压患者的动态血压变化特点与靶器官损害的相关性分析.方法采用动态血压、颈、锁骨下、股、月国动脉、心超、血生化等检查资料,分为阴阳两虚和正常组,分别进行统计学分析.结果阴阳两虚组较正常组白天和夜间血压均升高,其中白天平均脉压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、夜间平均脉压有统计学显著性差异,以夜间血压升高为明显,"勺型"消失;动态血压中白天平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均脉压与高血压靶器官损害呈正相关,以白天和夜间的平均收缩压相关性更为显著.结论提示控制升高的收缩压,可以降低靶器官损害.     

老年原发性高血压患者与健康体检者昼夜血压变异与靶器官损伤的关系

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者动态血压变化及血压变异性与靶器官损害之间的关系。方法①选择1997-06/2002-08解放军第三○五医院内科住院的老年原发性高血压患者316例,年龄60～82岁。根据靶器官损害程度将患者分为2组:无靶器官损害组138例(高血压I期)和靶器官损害组178例(高血压Ⅱ～Ⅲ期)。另选本院正常健康体检者130人为对照组,年龄60～78岁。纳入对象对检查项目知情同意。②应用无创性携带式血压监测仪监测纳入对象24h动态血压,按Parati等方法,以24h动态血压监测到的血压标准差为长时血压变异指标,包括24h收缩压和舒张压标准差,白天收缩压和舒张压标准差,夜间收缩压和舒张压标准差。③计量资料差异性比较采用t检验。结果原发性高血压患者316例及健康者130人均进入结果分析。高血压患者24h动态血压及血压变异参数均明显高于对照组(P<0.05～0.01)。无靶器官损害组与有靶器官损害组组间夜间平均收缩压和舒张压及夜间收缩压和舒张压标准差差异不明显(P>0.05);有靶器官损害组日间平均血压及血压变异性参数普遍高于无靶器官损害组(P<0.05～0.01)。结论日间平均血压及血压变异性参数变化与靶器官损害程度有关。     

原发性高血压患者靶器官损害与血浆神经肽Y、神经降压素水平变化

目的　通过观察原发性高血压患者血浆中神经肽Y(neuropeptideY ,NPY)、神经降压素 (neurotension ,NT)水平的变化 ,探讨其在原发性高血压中的作用及其与靶器官损害的临床意义。方法　采用放射免疫分析法(radioimmnoassay,RIA)测定 70例原发性高血压患者及 2 0例健康对照组血浆中NPY、NT水平 ;同时检测其心、脑、肾靶器官功能。结果　①原发性高血压患者血浆中NPY水平高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,而NT水平低于对照组(P<0 .0 5 ) ;②原发性高血压患者血浆NPY水平随血压升高而逐渐增高 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;而血浆NT水平随血压升高而降低 (P <0 .0 1) ;③原发性高血压伴心、脑、肾靶器官损害的患者血浆NPY明显高于单纯高血压病患者 ,而血浆NT水平低于单纯高血压病患者 ,而在各靶器官损害患者之间血浆NPY、NT差异无统计学意义 ;④原发性高血压患者血浆NPY与NT水平两者呈负相关 (r =- 0 .4 5 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　血浆NPY和NT水平的变化不仅参与了原发性高血压的发生 ,也参与了疾病的发展。观察原发性高血压患者血浆中NPY、NT水平变化 ,在一定程度上可作为判断原发性高血压患者病情程度和预后的指标。     

原发性高血压与靶器官损害相关因素的研究

为探讨血压升高与靶器官心、脑、肾损害的关系,应用无创性血压监测仪对164例原发性高血压病病人进行24h动态血压监测。结果：单纯收缩压升高占28.0%,单纯舒张压升高占14.0%,混合型血压升高占57.7%;白昼血压升高占25.6%,夜间血压升高占17.1%,持续性血压升高占57.3%;原发性高血压靶器官损害以脑损害为主,其次为心脏、肾脏损害,提示：原发性高血压病程、血压负荷值与心、脑、肾损害密切相关;血压升高类型、血压升高时间与心脑损害相关。     

高血压急症的治疗体会

急性重症高血压是短期内血压急剧升高,血压可高达230/130mmHg,但无急性靶器官损害。是高血压病程中临床上的危、急、严重状态,该症极易发生急性左心心力衰竭(简称左心衰)、高血压脑病、脑卒中或伴有心、肾、脑重要脏器功能损害。高血压急症在急诊科较常见,其发病突然,需要紧     

高血压急症

高血压急症不是一个孤立的疾病，而是任何伴有血压升高疾病的急性或恶性进展状态。高血压急症可发生于原发性高血压患者，表现为高血压危象或高血压脑病，也可发生在其他许多疾病过程中。此外，亦有将高血压急症定义为血压明显升高（BP≥180／120mmHg）且即将发生严重靶器官损害或靶器官损害急性加剧的情况。这些损害包括高血压脑病、急性心肌梗死、不稳定性心绞痛、肺水肿、子痫、脑卒中、致命性动脉出血等。     

高血压病并靶器官损害动态血压变化观察

高血压病并靶器官损害动态血压变化观察山东省滨州医学院附属医院（２５６６０３）李翠香阮萍尚炳英薛艳为探讨高血压病并心、脑、肾靶器官损害患者动态血压的变化规律及特点，正确地评估高血压患者的病情及预后，指导临床用药和护理，减少心、脑急性事件的发生。本文对１...     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

妊娠合并血小板减少症与心、肝、肾脏器损伤

目的探讨妊娠合并血小板减少症伴随重要脏器的损伤情况。方法前瞻性研究我院及北华大学附属医院2004年10月至2005年5月妊娠合并血小板减少症的临床资料，对41例妊娠合并血小板减少症者尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（CREA）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的测定及妊娠期高血压疾病与血小板计数（PLT），血小板平均体积（MPV）和血小板体积分布宽度（PDW）参数的测定进行对比分析。结果妊娠合并血小板减少症患者心、肝、肾等重要脏器均有不同程度的改变，且随着血小板计数降低，损害程度加剧，差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。妊娠期高血压疾病，随着疾病程度的加重，血小板计数较正常孕妇明显减少，MPV、PDW明显升高，有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论血小板参数是判断疾病的重要参考指标，肝、肾、心脏器损伤程度与血小板计数具有相关性。     

Literature and poetry: Pleasure and practice

The value of a humanities perspective in the initial and continuing education of practising nurses and midwives is discussed briefly. It is suggested that nursing requires a blend of both science and sensitivity and that empirical knowledge alone is insufficient for one who cares for others. The value of literature in relation to the notions of catharsis, vicarious experience and insight into the lives of patients will be discussed. Some examples of literature that may be used to help nurses gain insight into aspects of death and dying, midwifery, physical disability and mental illness are presented.