神经电图与肌电图评估肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者的神经电生理差异

背景:肌萎缩侧索硬化症早期症状往往局限于某部位,与脊髓型颈椎病临床表现极其相似,但两者的治疗方法和预后截然不同.此时肌电图和神经电图的多部位检查具有重要参考价值,特别是胸段棘旁肌肌电图可作为区别肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病的客观指标.目的:探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病的电生理改变差异.设计:回顾性病例分析.单位:江西医学院第二附属医院的神经内科.对象:选择2001-12/2004-11江西医学院第二附属医院神经内科门诊和住院的肌萎缩侧索硬化症30例患者和脊髓型颈椎病30例患者.方法:对肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者30例和脊髓型颈椎病30例进行常规肌电图、神经电图检测.肌电图检测包括三肢体肌+胸锁乳突肌+胸段棘旁肌,观察静息状态时自发电位,测定运动单位电位的时限、波幅,大力收缩时的募集相.神经电图测定运动传导速度和感觉传导速度及动作电位的末端潜伏期、波幅.主要观察指标:①肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者肢体肌、胸锁乳突肌与棘旁肌的肌电图检测结果.②肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者神经传导速度检测结果.结果:60例患者全部进入结果分析.①肌电图检测结果:肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者的肌电图均呈神经源性损害改变,而肌萎缩侧索硬化症的损害更为广泛,尤其胸段棘旁肌自发电位的异常率高达93.3%(28/30);脊髓型颈椎病患者的胸段棘旁肌自发电位异常率仅占3.3%(1/30)(P＜0.001).肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者运动单位电位平均时限、波幅增高异常与脊髓型颈椎病比较有明显的差异,但在两病的鉴别诊断中并不具有特征性.②运动神经传导速度:肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者运动神经传导速度的复合肌肉动作电位的波幅下降率明显低于脊髓型颈椎病患者(75.6%,86.7%,x2=7.25,P＜0.01).运动传导速度减慢率也低于脊髓型颈椎病患者(14.4%,23.9%,x2=5.18,P＜0.05).③感觉神经传导速度:肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者的感觉神经传导速度未受到影响.结论:①两组患者的肌电图均呈神经源性损害改变,而肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者胸段棘旁肌自发电位异常率明显高于脊髓型颈椎病.②神经电图显示两者感觉神经传导速度均未受到影响.③神经电图还显示肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者运动神经传导速度减慢和波幅下降的运动神经数均少于脊髓型颈椎病患者.     

神经电图与肌电图评估肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者的神经电生理差异(英文)

背景:肌萎缩侧索硬化症早期症状往往局限于某部位,与脊髓型颈椎病临床表现极其相似,但两者的治疗方法和预后截然不同。此时肌电图和神经电图的多部位检查具有重要参考价值,特别是胸段棘旁肌肌电图可作为区别肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病的客观指标。目的:探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病的电生理改变差异。设计:回顾性病例分析。单位:江西医学院第二附属医院的神经内科。对象:选择2001-12/2004-11江西医学院第二附属医院神经内科门诊和住院的肌萎缩侧索硬化症30例患者和脊髓型颈椎病30例患者。方法:对肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者30例和脊髓型颈椎病30例进行常规肌电图、神经电图检测。肌电图检测包括三肢体肌+胸锁乳突肌+胸段棘旁肌,观察静息状态时自发电位,测定运动单位电位的时限、波幅,大力收缩时的募集相。神经电图测定运动传导速度和感觉传导速度及动作电位的末端潜伏期、波幅。主要观察指标:①肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者肢体肌、胸锁乳突肌与棘旁肌的肌电图检测结果。②肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者神经传导速度检测结果。结果:60例患者全部进入结果分析。①肌电图检测结果:肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者的肌电图均呈神经源性损害改变,而肌萎缩侧索硬化症的损害更为广泛,尤其胸段棘旁肌自发电位的异常率高达93.3%(28/30);脊髓型颈椎病患者的胸段棘旁肌自发电位异常率仅占3.3%(1/30)(P<0.001)。肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者运动单位电位平均时限、波幅增高异常与脊髓型颈椎病比较有明显的差异,但在两病的鉴别诊断中并不具有特征性。②运动神经传导速度:肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者运动神经传导速度的复合肌肉动作电位的波幅下降率明显低于脊髓型颈椎病患者(75.6%,86.7%,χ2=7.25,P<0.01)。运动传导速度减慢率也低于脊髓型颈椎病患者(14.4%,23.9%,χ2=5.18,P<0.05)。③感觉神经传导速度:肌萎缩侧索硬化症与脊髓型颈椎病患者的感觉神经传导速度未受到影响。结论:①两组患者的肌电图均呈神经源性损害改变,而肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者胸段棘旁肌自发电位异常率明显高于脊髓型颈椎病。②神经电图显示两者感觉神经传导速度均未受到影响。③神经电图还显示肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者运动神经传导速度减慢和波幅下降的运动神经数均少于脊髓型颈椎病患者。     

人性化护理在肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者肌电图检测中的应用

目的探讨人性化护理在肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者肌电图检测中的应用方法和效果。方法分析和总结48例肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者在行肌电图检测中应用人性化护理的经验。结果 48例肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者均顺利完成肌电图检测。患者颈段、胸段、上下肢肌肉广泛神经源性损害,81.3%-95.8%胸锁乳突肌、棘旁肌神经源性损害。结论将人性化护理应用于肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者肌电图检测中,增进了医护患间的沟通,密切了医护患关系,体现了人的尊严和医护的爱护,提高了患者对医护工作的信任度和满意度,提高检测结果的准确性,减少误差。     

胸锁乳突肌肌电图对肌萎缩侧索硬化与脊髓型颈椎病性肌萎缩鉴别诊断的临床意义

目的：探讨胸锁乳突肌(SCM肌)肌电图对肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)与脊髓型颈椎病性肌萎缩的鉴别诊断意义。方法：对13例ALS、12例脊髓型颈椎病性肌萎缩患者进行常规肢体肌电图及SCM肌肌电图检查。结果：13例ALS患者SCM肌肌电图异常率达100％，12例脊髓型颈椎病性肌萎缩SCM肌肌电图异常率为16．7％。结论：SCM肌肌电图对ALS与脊髓型颈椎病性肌萎缩诊断、鉴别诊断有重要作用。     

腓总神经麻痹患者临床与肌电图及神经电图不一致原因分析

目的 探讨腓总神经麻痹患者肌电图及神经电图改变与临床症状、体征不一致的原因。方法 对7例腓总神经麻痹患者的14条腓总神经及腓肠神经分别进行运动传导速度(MCV)、感觉传导速度(SCV）以及两侧胫前肌、腓肠肌及股四头肌等进行肌电图(EMG)测定。结果 患侧腓总神经MCV潜伏期延长，传导速度减慢，复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅降低；同时患肢胫前肌EMG有不同程度的失神经电位，但肌电图及神经电图改变与临床症状及体征的严重程度不完全一致。结论 腓总神经麻痹患者临床表现与神经电图不一致原因复杂，但肌电图及神经电图检查仍是诊断腓总神经麻痹的一种主要辅助检查手段。     

脑卒中患者周围神经与肌肉神经电生理特征分析

目的:通过神经传导及同心圆针肌电图检测探讨脑卒中患者周围神经、肌肉的神经电生理变化特征,为脑卒中后神经肌肉功能评估和预后判断提供依据。方法:对符合入选标准的41例脑卒中患者进行双侧正中、尺、桡、肌皮、腋、肩胛上、胫、腓神经运动传导及双正中、尺、桡、胫、腓神经感觉传导检测,双拇短展肌、伸指总肌、肱二头肌、三角肌、冈上肌、胫前肌、比目鱼肌行同心圆针肌电图检测。采用Brunnstrom分期评价肢体功能。分析健、患侧肢体神经及肌肉的神经电生理指标差异及其与肢体功能的相关性。结果:(1)运动神经传导:与健侧比较,偏瘫侧正中、尺、桡、腋、肩胛上、胫、腓神经复合肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential,CMAP)波幅均显著降低(P0.05),腓总神经末端潜伏期延长及腓骨小头-踝传导速度减慢(P0.05),其他各神经末端潜伏期均无明显差异;病程3—6个月患者正中、尺、桡神经运动传导异常率均高于其他病程组;(2)感觉神经传导:偏瘫侧桡、腓浅神经SNAP波幅较健侧降低,尺、桡神经传导速度较健侧减慢(P0.05),且有9例患者健侧正中神经感觉传导速度减慢;病程3—6个月患者正中神经和腓浅神经感觉传导异常率高于其他病程组;(3)同心圆针肌电图:不同病程均有一定比例脑卒中患者上下肢肌肉可见纤颤电位、正锐波等异常自发电位;肢体远端肌肉,如拇短展肌、伸指总肌在各个病程中出现自发电位的比例均较高;病程6个月以上者,三角肌的自发电位发生率增高,而比目鱼肌在各个病程的患者中自发电位的出现率均较高;无主动收缩功能肌肉自发电位出现率显著高于有主动收缩功能肌肉(P=0.000);(4)患者手Brunnstrom分期与尺神经偏瘫侧/健侧CMAP波幅比呈正相关(r=0.426,P0.05)。结论:脑卒中患者偏瘫侧运动神经轴索变性及脱髓鞘伴部分感觉神经脱髓鞘和轴索变性,且以病程3—6个月患者最为多见;同时手功能Brunnstrom分期与尺神经运动传导CMAP波幅具有相关性;偏瘫侧肢体肌肉失神经支配改变以肢体远端肌肉和无主动收缩功能肌肉为主。     

神经传导速度差异规律量化评估肌萎缩侧索硬化症

背景：肌电图的神经传导速度异常是肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lat-eral sclerosis，ALS)的诊断标准之一，可否以其变化差异规律来量化患者病情变化和评估预后?目的：研究肌萎缩侧索硬化(ammyotrophic lateral sclerosis，ALS)患者中神经传导速度的改变，建立量化评定肌萎缩侧索硬化病情及其预后的神经生理指数。设计：回顾性分析。地点和对象：本研究的地点为北京大学第三医院神经科，研究对象为北京大学第三医院神经内科1997—02／1999—03住院患者。方法：对21名ALS患者的30条尺神经、32条正中神经及24名健康对照组的38条尺神经、40条正中神经进行运动传导速度(motor conduc-tion velocity，MCV)及感觉传导速度(sensory conduction velocity，SCV)和F波进行检测。两组间数据进行统计学分析。主要观察指标：两组正中神经神经传导速度与F波，ALS组患者小指暖肌的肌力与CMAP波幅／DML&;#215;F出现率数值的相关性。结果：ALS组正中神经、尺神经运动传导速度的远端潜伏期(distal molor latency，DML)、肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential，CMAP)波幅及面积、F波的出现率较对照组有显著性差异。而两组MCV、SCV、F波的潜伏期差异无显著性。ALS组中10名小指展肌的肌力与CMAP波幅／DML&;#215;F出现率的数值有显著的相关性（r=0．89，P&;lt;0．01）。结论：CMAP波幅／DML&;#215;F波的出现率是一种有效的客观的电生理指数，可对ALS病情及其预后进行量化评估。     

平山病的临床神经电生理学特点

目的:探讨平山病的临床神经电生理学特点及其可能的发病机制。方法:对45例平山病患者进行神经传导速度、F波以及针极肌电图检测。结果:神经传导速度测定总异常率为24.4%(44/180),主要表现为运动神经DML延长以及CMAP波幅减低,感觉神经传导速度均正常。F波平均最小潜伏期为(26.64±3.10)ms,平均出现率为(58.77±35.53)%,总异常率为75.6%(34/45)。针极肌电图检测中57.7%表现为神经源性损害,主要异常为出现自发电位,MUPs时限延长、波幅增宽、多相波增多,募集相异常。前臂肌肉的异常率为患侧伸指总肌(100%)≥健侧伸指总肌(100%)>患侧拇短展肌(97.8%)>患侧小指展肌(97.7%)>健侧拇短展肌(82.6%)>患侧肱二头肌(75.0%)。双侧三角肌、健侧肱二头肌、下肢胫骨前肌、胸锁乳突肌肌电图正常。结论:根据平山病临床神经电生理学表现推测平山病可能为颈段脊髓病变。     

下胸段脊旁肌肌电图在运动神经元病诊断中的应用

目的探讨下胸段脊旁肌肌电图在诊断运动神经元病(MND)中的价值。方法共检查3组受试者，即A组为102例确诊的MND患者行常规上下肢肌肉、下胸段脊旁肌和胸锁乳突肌肌电图检测；B组为性别、年龄相匹配的96例颈腰脊神经根损害患者，行常规上下肢肌肉、下胸段脊旁肌肌电图检测；C组为性别、年龄相匹配的100名健康人．行常规上下肢肌肉、下胸段脊旁肌肌电图检测。结果102例MND患者中，87例(85．3％)下胸段脊旁肌肌电图可见大量纤颤电位和正锐波，94例(92．1％)胸锁乳突肌肌电图运动单位时限增宽、波幅增高。96例颈腰脊神经根损害的患者中，6例(6．2％)下胸段脊旁肌肌电图可见少量自发电位。100名健康人下胸段脊旁肌肌电图未见异常。结论下胸段脊旁肌肌电图有助于MND的诊断。     

肌电图与神经传导速度对Graves病患者神经肌肉受损的评估

目的：应用肌电图和神经传导速度检查探讨Graves病神经肌肉受损的临床诊断意义。方法：于2000-05／2003-12选择汕头大学医学院第一附属医院内分泌专科门诊的Graves病患者46例为研究对象，行肌电图和神经传导速度检查；正常对照组31例为健康志愿者，31例行肌电图检查，30例行神经传导速度检查。肌电图检测：用同心圆针电极观察三角肌、股四头肌自发电位及募集形式，记录及分析小力收缩时每块肌肉20个运动单位电位平均时限及去多相波平均时限、波幅和多相波百分比。神经传导速度检测：用表面电极分别在腕部刺激正中神经和内踝胫后神经，于外展拇短肌及拇展肌用表面电极记录正中神经和胫后神经运动末端潜伏期和复合肌肉动作电位。用指环电极分别刺激拇指、中指和趾1，用表面电极于腕部及内踝记录测定感觉神经传导速度及波幅，包括正中神经（拇指-腕，中指-腕）和胫后神经（趾1-内踝）。并用超强电刺激在正中神经腕部及胫后神经踝部检测F波潜伏斯及出现率。结果：纳入受试对象77例，均进入结果分析。①Graves病组患者肌电图示小力收缩后时限缩短、波幅降低，大力收缩后其峰波幅降低。Graves病组胫后感觉神经复合肌肉动作电位波幅与正常对照组比较降低；正中感觉神经拇指-腕复合肌肉动作电位波幅降低；正中神经中指-腕感觉神经传导速度减慢；Graves病组正中神经F波潜伏期延长和异常出现率增加。键）416例Graves病患者有神经肌肉临床症状26例（56％），肌电图异常39例（85％）；神经传导速度异常41例（89％）；以肌电图异常判断神经传导速度异常敏感性为83％，特异性为87％；以神经传导速度异常判断肌电图异常敏感性为87％。特异性为83％。结论：两种方法对Graves病神经肌肉损伤诊断敏感性高于临床症状，对慢性甲状腺功能亢进性肌病诊断异常率、敏感性和特异性相近；肌电图主要对肌源性损害敏感，神经传导速度主要对神经源性损害敏感，具互补性。     

Doing more with less and less with more

The "devil is in the details" of any policy response. What forms such changes may take, and what research informs them, are critical to the profession as a whole and to practitioners on a daily basis. Research partnerships between home care agencies and university professors may provide rigorous, systematic, and validated findings necessary for meaningful solutions (Plotkin & Roche, 2000). The evidence of a dialogue between nursing researchers, home healthcare practitioners, and policymakers anticipating impacts on practice of changing fiscal and information-gathering requirements is scant. Such issues are in need a priority discussion by agencies, and collaborative investigative efforts between all involved.     

Communicating with clients and colleagues with hearing loss

Abstract:

Aside from elderly relatives, some of us may have never had any direct personal experience with a person who is deaf or hard of hearing, and so may be unfamiliar with how to effectively communicate with these people. This can make for a very awkward, frustrating and possibly embarrassing experience for both parties. This author is a wearer of hearing aids herself, and would like to share some information on hearing loss and tips on effective communication with a person with hearing loss.     

Mindfulness and Coping with Dysphoric Mood: Contrasts with Rumination and Distraction

Past research has shown that rumination exacerbates dysphoric mood whereas distraction attenuates it. This research examined whether the practice of mindfulness meditation could reduce dysphoric mood even more effectively than distraction. A dysphoric mood was induced in 139 female and 38 male participants who were then randomly assigned to a rumination, distraction, or meditation condition. As predicted, participants instructed to meditate reported significantly lower levels of negative mood than those in either of the two other conditions. Distraction was associated with a lessening of dysphoric mood when compared to rumination but was not as effective as mindfulness meditation. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Special problems with children and adolescents with diabetes.

Treatment of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1) is different in many ways than it is for adults. Physical, cognitive, and emotional development changes affect therapeutic goals and modalities. Neonatal, early childhood, school-age, and adolescent patients all have unique needs. Further, diabetes can affect psychosocial maturation and the likelihood of difficulties with mood.     

Interaction of peptidoglycans with anti-IgGs and with complement.

This report describes the interaction of peptidoglycan (Streptococcus group A, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus) with 2 serum mediator systems, namely with the anti-IgG system and with complement. The observation that the majority of rabbits hyperimmunized with A-variant streptococcal vaccine produced anti-group carbohydrate antisera containing anti-IgGs and antibodies directed to peptidoglycan suggested that the production of these 2 latter antibodies was related. This view was supported by the finding of a monoclonal 7S anti-IgG with antibody specificity for the pentapeptide of peptidoglycan as evidenced by inhibition of the coprecipitation of 7S anti-IgG with antigen-antibody complexes by the pentapeptide. Inhibition of the anti-idiotype reaction by the pentapeptide provided further evidence for the antibody specificity of 7S anti-IgG for peptidoglycan. When added to normal human sera all peptidoglycan preparations inhibited the hemolytic activity of the sera. Consumption of C3 in C2 deficient serum and consumption of C2 in normal serum indicated the activation of both known complement pathways. Activation of the classical pathway of complement was more efficient since 50 mug of peptidoglycan consumed approximately 70% of C2 per ml normal serum whereas more than 2 mg of the same preparations was required to inactivate 17-24% of C3 in C2 deficient sera. Each of the different peptidoglycan preparations consumed similar amounts of complement in all 20 sera tested. This finding suggested that activation of the classical complement pathway by peptidoglycan was not mediated by anti-peptidoglycan antibodies present in only 20-40% of normal human sera.     

Expanded timed up and go test with subjects with stroke: reliability and comparisons with matched healthy controls

Faria CD, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Silva EB, Nadeau S. Expanded Timed Up and Go test with subjects with stroke: reliability and comparisons with matched healthy controls.ObjectivesTo investigate the intra- and interrater reliabilities of the Expanded Timed Up and Go (ETUG) test with subjects with stroke and to compare the ETUG scores between subjects with stroke and healthy control subjects.DesignCross-sectional.SettingResearch laboratory.ParticipantsStroke participants (n=48; mean age ± SD, 59.29±15.84y) and healthy controls (n=48), matched by age, sex, and levels of physical activity.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresThe time spent to complete the ETUG in absolute (s) and ratio values regarding the percentages of the total time. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Student t tests, and 95% confidence intervals were employed to investigate the reliability and differences between the groups (α<.05).ResultsBoth intra- and interrater reliabilities showed significant and excellent results for both groups for the absolute values (0.86≤ICC≤1.00; P<.001) and ratio values (0.55≤ICC≤0.99; P<.001). The mean time, in seconds, for all of the ETUG activities was higher for the subjects with stroke than for the control subjects (3.15≤t≤5.78; P<.001). However, when the comparisons considered the ratio values, no significant differences between the groups were found (0.45≤t≤1.15; 0.25≤P≤0.65). These results were confirmed by the 95% confidence interval.ConclusionsSubjects with stroke spent more time in all of the ETUG activities when compared with control subjects. All of the activities appeared to contribute similarly to the poorer performances observed in subjects with stroke, because the ratio values were similar between the groups. Considering the positive intra- and interrater reliability results, the ETUG could be applied to assess the functional mobility of both groups.     

Hemosuccus pancreaticus: diagnosis with CT and MRI and treatment with transcatheter embolization

We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with a presyncopal episode followed by melena. A sentinel clot sign in the pancreatic duct on precontrast computed tomography and the presence of a splenic artery aneurysm on postcontrast computed tomography strongly suggested a fistula between the aneurysm and the duct, as visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. The patient was treated successfully by complete embolization of the splenic artery aneurysm. Received: 25 January 2000/Accepted: 21 February 2001