三氧化二砷联合全反式维甲酸治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的初步观察

目的　观察三氧化二砷 (As2 O3 )联合全反式维甲酸 (ATRA)治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的疗效和不良反应。方法　As2 O3 联合ATRA治疗初治和复发APL患者 2 0例 (可评价的患者 18例 )。治疗方法如下 :As2 O3 (0 .1%溶液 ) 10ml加入 5 0g L葡萄糖溶液 5 0 0ml静脉点滴 ,持续 4～ 6h ,1次 d ;ATRA 2 5mg·m- 2 ·d- 1 ,分 2～ 3次服用。结果　 17例患者获得完全缓解 (CR) ,CR率 94.4%。 14例初治患者均获得CR ,4例复发患者中 3例取得CR。均在 30d内达CR。没有发现明显的不良反应。结论　ATRA联合As2 O3 治疗APL患者不仅能获得好的疗效 ,而且能缩短达CR的时间。     

CNS relapses of acute promyelocytic leukemia after all-trans retinoic acid

OBJECTIVE: To review the role of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide in central nervous system (CNS) relapses of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). CASE SUMMARY: A 69-year-old white man diagnosed with APL presented with bleeding diathesis. His molecular and cytogenetic studies were positive for promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptoralpha (PML-RARalpha) and t(15;17) transformation. Complete molecular and cytogenetic remission was achieved with ATRA, daunorubicin, and cytarabine. Within 6 months, the patient was readmitted for investigation of severe global headaches and an ataxic gait. His peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid were positive for PML-RARalpha fusion protein. Intrathecal chemotherapy and radiation, as well as ATRA, were the main treatment modalities provided. Molecular and cytogenetic remission was again obtained. Three months later, a second relapse occurred in the CNS and the peripheral blood. DISCUSSION: APL is typically treated with anthacycline-based chemotherapy and ATRA. Approximately 85-95% of patients achieve complete remission (CR); however, the relapse rate has been reported to be about 30-40%. A thorough literature search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CANCERLIT, 1966-January 2002) revealed only 54 cases of extramedullary disease, of which 35 involved the CNS. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of ATRA has improved patient survival dramatically. APL relapse, in general, has been in part attributable to repetitive or prolonged exposure to ATRA and the possibility of additional chromosomal changes, making the disease more refractory to treat. Given the evidence, one could argue that, with repeated ATRA treatment, CR duration may be shortened. However, limited data are available to guide the appropriate management of APL relapsed to the CNS with either ATRA, chemotherapy, or arsenic trioxide. In our opinion, treatment using arsenic trioxide is an unconventional option worthy of exploring.     

全反式维甲酸联合三氧化二砷治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床观察

目的观察全反式维甲酸（ATRA）联合三氧化二砷（As2O3）治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）的疗效和不良反应。方法ATRA联合As2O3治疗初治APL患者38例。给予全反式维甲酸（ATRA）25mg／（m^2·d）,分2～3次口服,三氧化二砷（As2O3）0．16mg／（kg·d）静脉滴注。根据外周血白细胞数量、不良反应等调整用量。结果34例完全缓解（CR）,2例死亡。完全缓解（CR）率为89．5％,取得CR所需时间为（24．4±5．2）d。2例出现不良反应均经对症治疗好转。结论ATRA联合As2O3治疗APL疗效好,不良反应少,达CR时间短。     

全反式维甲酸联合高三尖杉酯碱治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床研究

目的观察全反式维甲酸(ATRA)联合高三尖杉酯碱(HHT)治疗初发急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的疗效和生存情况。方法 ATRA联合HHT治疗初治APL患者75例,观察患者临床特征、疗效及生存情况。结果 58例患者获得完全缓解(CR),CR率77.3%;17例患者诱导失败,其中16例死于诱导治疗早期。在平均36个月的中位随访时间中,分别有2例和3例患者死于巩固和维持治疗阶段。患者预期3年总生存率为71.5%,3年无事件生存率为61.0%,获得CR患者3年无事件生存率为78.9%。结论 ATRA联合HHT治疗初发APL患者疗效好,长期生存率高,且价格经济,是APL治疗的合理选择之一。     

全反式维甲酸、四硫化四砷、化疗三联方案在急性早幼粒细胞白血病维持治疗中的应用

目的比较全反式维甲酸（ATRA）、四硫化四砷（As4S4）、化疗三联方案与ATRA、化疗二联方案在急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）维持治疗中的疗效差异。方法60例APL患者经ATRA诱导分化达完全缓解（CR）后，用联合化疗巩固治疗。随后随机分为两组，三联组30例用ATRA＋As4S4＋化疗维持治疗，二联组30例仅应用ATRA＋化疗维持治疗。分析两种治疗方案的疗效、不良反应及对PML-RARα融合基因转阴的影响。结果三联组3年累计持续完全缓解（CCR）率为90．0％，二联组为63．3％，三联组PML—RARα融合基因转阴率明显高于二联组（分别为90％和63％，P〈0．05）。加用As4S4治疗不良反应未明显加重。结论APLCR患者巩固治疗后应用ATRA＋As4S4加化疗维持治疗，CCR率高，不良反应轻。     

维A酸联合亚砷酸并化疗的序贯疗法治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病疗效分析

目的研究全反式维A酸(ATRA)联合三氧化二砷(ATO)双诱导缓解方案与单用ATRA诱导缓解方案治疗急性早幼粒细胞性白血病(APL)疗效及副作用的差异,并探讨缓解后采用联合ATRA,ATO和化疗的序贯疗法对患者长期生存的影响。方法回顾性分析2000~2003年采用ATRA单诱导方案和缓解后ATRA/化疗的APL患者和2003~2006年采用双诱导和缓解后序贯治疗的APL患者,统计分析各方案的疗效及副作用。结果ATO和ATRA双诱导与ATRA单诱导方案相比,2者完全缓解(CR)率相似,但双诱导方案明显缩短达到CR所需时间,并缩短患者血小板及凝血参数恢复所需时间,而副作用未增加。CR后采用序贯治疗较ATRA/化疗可明显延长患者无病生存期。结论ATO与ATRA双诱导缓解及缓解后序贯治疗方案较ATRA单诱导及缓解后ATRA/化疗方案治疗APL更为有效。     

Combination of interferon-alpha and all-trans-retinoic acid as a treatment for maintaining remission in high-risk group patients with acute myeloid leukemia

AIM: To evaluate the efficiency of combination of interferon-alpha (INF) and all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) as a treatment for maintaining remission in high risk group patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-day INF + ATRA course was administered every 3 months to 22 patients with AML from high risk group (impossibility of drug therapy during the first complete remission, resistant forms of AML, relapses, secondary AML, acute promyelocytic leukemia after attaining molecular remission). RESULTS: INF + ATRA during remission maintained a long first complete remission (median 18 months) in patients with primary AML after small-volume drug therapy, led to long first and second complete remissions (median 12 months) in patients with resistant AML, and induced and maintained molecular remissions in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.     

维甲酸治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病40例毒副反应的观察与护理

目的:探讨维甲酸治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的毒副作用。方法:对本组40例急性早幼粒细胞白血病使用维甲酸过程出现毒副反应的观察与护理。结果:维甲酸治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病疗效显著、毒副作用大。本组40例,35例完全缓解,3例死于脑出血,2例放弃治疗,无护理并发症。结论:早期采取有效护理措施,密切观察维甲酸应用过程中的情况,减少毒副作用,可提高患者的生命质量。     

Liposomal daunorubicin and interferon-alfa in combination with all-retinoic acid--a new regime for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia

AIM: To define duration and schemes of maintenance therapy, to evaluate cytarabine demand while treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with an original program 5D + Ifa + AT RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The above treatment was conducted in 7 patients with APL (1 male, 6 females, 18-45 years, leukocytes 1.2-15.0 x 10(9)/l). RESULTS: Induction by 5D program was performed in 5 patients. A complete remission was achieved in 4 of them, molecular--in 3. One woman died. 5D consolidation was performed in 6 patients. After the first course of consolidation all the patients achieved molecular remission. Maintenance of remission with Ifa + ATRA was made in 5 patients. In one female the remission came to the end. Mean time of the follow-up was 18 months. The remission lasted 5-36 months. Monitoring of molecular remission has not found marker PML/RARa. CONCLUSION: Daunozom monotherapy leads to a complete remission after the first course in most of the patients. In the majority of them it was molecular. Maintenance with If + ATRA for 2 years maintains molecular remission for 5-36 months.     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病基因分析

目的：分析急性早幼粒细胞白血病（ＡＰＬ）患者经全反式维甲酸（ＡＴＲＡ）联合细胞毒药物及异基因骨髓移植（ａｌｏ－ＢＭＴ）治疗后融合基因的变化。方法：采用逆转录－多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）对２２例ＡＰＬ患者治疗前后ＲＡＲα／ＰＭＬ融合基因进行检测。其中１２例患者为单纯化疗，１０例接受了ａｌｏ－ＢＭＴ，９例患者于第１次完全缓解（ＣＲ１）期、１例于第１次复发（ＲＲ１）期接受了ａｌｏ－ＢＭＴ。结果：单纯维甲酸诱导完全缓解时，７５％ＡＰＬ患者融合基因仍然阳性；继用强化疗后８３％患者融合基因转为阴性，ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ转阴时间为发病后１～３９个月；ａｌｏ－ＢＭＴ后４个月内及４个月后，分别有６２．５％及８５．７％患者融合基因转阴。结论：化疗及ＢＭＴ均可使患者融合基因转阴，ａｌｏ－ＢＭＴ似乎能更快地清除体内白血病细胞     

All-trans retinoic acid syndrome: another cause of drug-induced respiratory failure

It is now possible to achieve complete remission in the majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) if all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is administered as a single agent or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Despite its positive influence on recovery, ATRA is not without the potential for toxicity. It is important for clinicians participating in the care of patients undergoing treatment with this drug to be aware of ATRA syndrome and institute the appropriate therapy to reduce the likelihood of an adverse outcome.     

全反式维甲酸联合三氧化二砷治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病临床观察

目的探讨全反式维甲酸（ATRA）联合三氧化二砷（As2O3）治疗初治急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）的疗效和不良反应。方法初治APLl4例均接受ATRA联合As2O3方案治疗,ATRA25mg／m^2／d,分2—3次口服;As2O3 10mg／m^2／d加入5％葡萄糖500ml静脉滴注持续3—4h,1次／d,观察CR率,CR时间以及不良反应。结果14例患者完全缓解（CR）13例,死亡1例,CR率92．9％,达CR时26-45d,平均30．1d。结论ATRA联合As2O3治疗初治APL疗效好,不良反应少,能缩短达CR的时间。     

维甲酸和亚砷酸双诱导联合化疗对初诊急性早幼粒细胞白血病治疗效果

目的 观察以全反式维甲酸（ATRA）和亚砷酸（ATO）双诱导联合化疗治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）的效果.方法 对18例初诊APL病人以ATRA和ATO进行双诱导,达完全缓解（CR）以后,给予联合化疗：DA方案（第1个月,去甲氧柔红霉素每天10 mg/m2或柔红霉素每天45 mg/m2,第1～3天;阿糖胞苷每天100 mg/m2,第1～7天）、ATO（第2个月,5 mg/d静滴,第1～28天）、MTX（第3个月,15 mg静滴,每周1次,共4次）、ATRA（第4个月,每次10 mg,每日3次口服,第1～15天）,交替序贯巩固维持治疗3～4周期,总治疗时间1.0～1.5年.结果 APL病人诱导治疗后均达CR,经巩固维持治疗,15例病人至今均为持续CR（CCR）状态;3例停止治疗1～2年内复发,复发病人经再诱导后,再次缓解.无病人出现严重或不可逆的毒性反应.3年内无死亡病例.结论 ATRA和ATO双诱导联合化疗治疗初治APL,疗效可靠,毒性反应小.     

全反式维甲酸联合三氧化二砷治疗初发急性早幼粒细胞白血病的近期疗效观察

目的　观察全反式维甲酸 (ATRA)联合三氧化二砷 (As2 O3 )治疗初发急性早幼粒细胞白血病 (APL)的完全缓解 (CR)率和融合基因PML RARα转阴情况。方法　ATRA 2 5mg·m- 2 ·d- 1 、As2 O30 .16mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 联合治疗初发APL直至CR。根据外周血白细胞计数、维甲酸综合征以及肝功能变化调整ATRA和As2 O3 的剂量。观察CR率、获得CR和融合基因PML RARα转阴所需的时间、不良反应及近期缓解时间。结果　 31例初发APL患者早期死亡 2例 ,2 9例获CR ,CR率 93.5 %,获得CR的平均时间为 (2 5 .1± 3.9)d。 6 6 .5 %患者在治疗开始后出现白细胞升高 ,6 5 .5 %出现肝功能异常 ,多在As2 O3减量或停用后 1周内恢复。所有患者初发时均为PML RARα阳性 ,CR时 10 .3%转阴 ,巩固治疗后检测的 13例中 10例 (77.0 %)转阴。至今 2 9例获CR的患者仍处CR状态 (1～ 8个月 )。结论　ATRA联合As2 O3 治疗初发APL疗效好 ,不良反应少。长期CR时间需要进一步观察。     

全反式维甲酸和小剂量三尖杉酯碱治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床观察

目的:观察全反式维甲酸(ATRA)和ATRA加小剂量三尖杉酯碱(LDH)治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的疗效。方法:66例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者分成A、B两组:A组29例单用ATRA,B组37例ATRA和LDH合用。结果:完全缓解率A组为82.7％,B组为94.4％。两组完全缓解时间分别为39.50d±7.43d和24.12d±3.60d(P<0.001)。高白细胞综合征发生率分别为34.4％和5.5％(P<0.05)。结论:ATRA和LDH联合治疗APL可提高完全缓解率,缩短完全缓解时间,减少高白细胞综合征发生率,降低早期死亡率,因此本方法治疗APL有推广应用价值。     

Survivin基因在NB4细胞株细胞和急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞表达及其抗凋亡作用与临床意义

为了检测survivin基因在APL细胞中的表达率并探讨其表达与临床的相关性，本研究采用RT-PCR方法检测PML／RARα和survivin mRNA表达。结果显示：NB4细胞经过ATRA处理后，survivin mRNA表达随着时间的延长而逐渐下降，在72小时几乎检测不到survivin mRNA表达。36例初发、复发APL患者骨髓单个核细胞均有PML／RARα融合基因表达，其中survivin mRNA阳性表达24例（占67％），阴性表达12例（占33％）；22例缓解期APL患者骨髓单个核细胞PML／RARα融合基因表达均为阴性，其中survivin mRNA阳性表达8例（占36％），阴性表达14例（占64％）；初发、复发组、PML／RARa基因长型阳性组与缓解组相比，survivin mRNA表达阳性率均明显增高（两者P值均〈0．05），而与急性白血病组相比survivin mRNA表达阳性率均明显减低（两者P值分别〈0．05，〈0．001）。36例初发、复发APL患者，无论survivin mRNA表达阳性或阴性，用ATRA治疗都能达到完全缓解；临床上并发DIC和严重感染的4例APL患者的survivin mRNA表达皆为阳性（其中1例死亡），而survivin mRNA表达阴性患者临床症状均较轻，只有轻微的皮肤粘膜出血、发热和乏力等症状。2例APL患者经用ATRA治疗后外周血象以及骨髓象诱导分化症象不明显者，其survivin mRNA表达均为阳性。结论：APL患者骨髓单个核细胞survivin基因阳性表达率较其它类型急性白血病明显减低，survivin基因表达与临床有一定的相关性。     

化疗、全反式维甲酸联合砷剂序贯治疗成人急性早幼粒细胞白血病疗效分析

目的 探讨急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)不同诱导缓解方案的缓解率和缓解时间及不同治疗方案对预后和生存率的影响.方法 回顾性分析初治APL患者73例,按照不同的诱导缓解治疗方案分为单纯化疗组、单纯全反式维甲酸(ATRA)治疗组、ATRA联合化疗组和ATRA联合砷剂(As2O3)组,比较各组的完全缓解(CR)率和达到CR的时间.达到CR的病例,按照不同的缓解后治疗方案分为两组,即化疗→ATRA→As2O3序贯治疗组、化疗与ATRA交替治疗组,比较两组3年总生存(OS)率、复发率、无病生存(DFS)率.结合诱导缓解与维持巩固治疗方案,将病例重新分为两组:应用ATRA和As2O3联合诱导缓解并以化疗→ATRA→As2O3序贯维持治疗者为双药诱导、序贯维持组,其他为非双药诱导、序贯维持组.比较两组的CR率、OS率和DFS率.结果 ①在诱导缓解治疗阶段,ATRA联合As2O3组的诱导缓解率高达100%,单纯化疗组57.1%,ATRA或ATRA联合化疗组78.8%,三者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.030).达到CR的中位时间以ATRA联合As2O3组最短,为26(13～40)d.②在维持巩固治疗阶段,诱导缓解后序贯治疗组和化疗与ATRA交替治疗的3年OS率分别为(95.7±4.3)%和(68.6±11.2)%,3年DFS率分别为(79.0±9.5)%和(32.9±15.5)%(P＜0.05).序贯治疗组的复发率为14.8%,明显低于化疗与ATRA交替治疗组(50.0%).③双药诱导、序贯维持组患者CR率、3年OS和DFS率均达到100%.非双药诱导、序贯维持组CR率为72.9%,3年OS率为(72.3±9.1)%,两组的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ATRA联合As2O3的诱导缓解率高,达到诱导缓解时间短.化疗、ATRA、As2O3序贯进行诱导缓解后治疗的复发率低,生存和无病生存率高.将二者结合进行规范化治疗有助于进一步提高疗效、减少复发.     

Hemostatic changes during the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-transretinoic acid

AIM: To study hemostasis in ATRA treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hemostasis was studied in 8 newly admitted APL patients treated with ATRA. All of them had hemorrhages, thrombocytopenia 5-15 x 10(9)/l at diagnosis, laboratory signs of the DIC syndrome at induction therapy. RESULTS: Hemorrhage arresting was seen on the ATRA therapy day 14 to 30. Duration of thrombocytopenia under 20 x 10(9)/l was 5.8 +/- 1.8 days. After 7 days of ATRA therapy coagulation tests improved with some hypercoagulation tendency. Subsequent condition of hemostasis was considered as normo/hypercoagulation accompanied by constant thrombin persistence (in the presence of FDP) and depression of hageman-dependent fibrinolysis even in remission. A case of ileofemoral thrombosis followed by fatal thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery is reported. CONCLUSION: It is suggested to use heparin, especially low molecular weight heparin when there are signs of hypercoagulation in APL patients.     

全反式维甲酸与三氧化二砷治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病疗效观察

目的：探讨全反式维甲酸(ATRI)与三氧化二砷(As2O3)并用治疗7例初治急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的疗效及副反应。方法：7例采用ATRI 30mg--60mg／d，0．1％As2O3 10mg溶于15％葡萄糖500ml持续滴注3—4小时，30天为1疗程。结果：7例中6例于34天左右CR，未出现明显高白细胞综合症及维甲酸综台症，肝肾损害轻，无病生存期长，结论：ATRI与As2O3并用治疗初治APL疗效好，副反应少，无病生存期长。