经会阴超声评估前盆腔器官脱垂程度与临床盆腔器官脱垂定量分期的相关性研究

目的 应用经会阴超声观察产后女性前盆腔器官脱垂情况,并与临床盆腔器官脱垂定量分期法(POP-Q)评估进行比较分析,探讨超声量化评估前盆腔器官脱垂程度的临床应用价值.方法 对经临床POP-Q评估诊断为前盆腔脏器脱垂的67例初产妇行经会阴超声检查.以经耻骨联合下缘的水平线为参考线,在最大Valsaval动作时观察尿道和膀胱后壁的运动变化情况,测量膀胱后壁脱垂最下缘距参考线的距离,并将超声检查结果与临床POP-Q评估结果进行统计学对比分析.结果 经会阴超声对前盆腔器官脱垂的评估与临床POP-Q评估具有较好的相关性(r=0.70),经会阴超声对前盆腔器官脱垂程度的评估标准:Ⅰ度脱垂膀胱后壁脱垂最下缘位于参考线以上;Ⅱ度脱垂位于参考线以下2 cm以内.结论 经会阴超声能定量评估前盆腔器官脱垂的程度,与临床POP-Q评估相关性较好,可作为临床量化诊断前盆腔器官脱垂的影像学方法.     

经会阴盆底超声与盆腔器官脱垂定量检查(POP-Q)评估女性盆腔器官脱垂的一致性

目的观察经会阴盆底超声(TPFUS)与盆腔器官脱垂定量检查(POP-Q)评估盆腔器官脱垂(POP)的一致性。方法回顾性分析262例接受TPFUS和POP-Q评估的POP患者,观察TPFUS前盆腔测值U、中盆腔测值Cx和后盆腔测值R与POP-Q的Ba、C和Bp测值的相关性,以Kappa值评估2种方法诊断结果的一致性。结果POP-Q诊断0度POP 51例(19.47%),Ⅰ度60例(22.90%)、Ⅱ度60例(22.90%)、Ⅲ度47例(17.94%)、Ⅳ度44例(16.79%);其中129例(49.24%)存在Ⅱ~Ⅳ度阴道前壁膨出,103例(39.31%)Ⅱ~Ⅳ度子宫脱垂,68例(25.95%)Ⅱ~Ⅳ度阴道后壁膨出。Ⅱ~Ⅳ度POP患者中,U与Ba、Cx与C均呈高度相关(r=0.88、0.89,P均<0.001),R与Bp低度相关(r=0.46,P<0.001)。TPFUS与POP-Q诊断前盆腔器官膨出和子宫脱垂的一致性良好(Kappa=0.89、0.78,P均<0.001)。结论TPFUS与POP-Q评估POP的一致性良好。     

经会阴超声评估盆底康复治疗近期疗效

目的 探讨经会阴超声评估盆底康复治疗近期疗效的临床价值。方法 对前盆腔器官脱垂或盆底肌力<4级的50例初产妇行盆底康复治疗1个疗程（约6周）。对比治疗前后压力性尿失禁自主症状、前盆腔超声表现、盆底肌力的变化,并进行统计学分析。结果 与治疗前比较,压力性尿失禁自主症状者由12例（12/50,24.00%）减少至3例（3/50,6.00%,P<0.05）;静息状态及最大瓦氏动作时膀胱颈位于经耻骨联合下缘参考线的位置升高;最大瓦氏动作时,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级前盆腔脏器脱垂者由46例（46/50,92.00%）减少为34例（34/50,68.00%,χ²=11.97,P<0.05）;双侧耻骨直肠肌厚度、耻骨直肠肌增厚率均增加（P均<0.05）;Ⅰ类肌纤维肌力≥4级者由4例（4/50,8.00%）增加至24例（24/50,48.00%）,Ⅱ类肌纤维肌力≥4级者由9例（9/50,18.00%）增加至25例（25/50,50.00%）,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 经会阴超声在评估盆底康复治疗近期疗效中具有重要的临床价值。     

经会阴超声评价盆腔器官脱垂患者肛提肌收缩功能

目的 利用经会阴三维断层超声成像技术评价肛提肌的收缩功能及经会阴二维超声平面观察在三种不同状态下（在静息、肛提肌最大收缩及Valsalva动作）的盆腔脏器运动变化。方法 选择盆腔器官脱（POP）垂患者64例作为POP组及30例妇科良性疾病患者作为对照组,对所有患者在三种状态（静息、肛提肌最大收缩及Valsalva动作）下进行数据采集,并进行统计学分析。结果 静息状态下两组盆膈裂孔面积差异无统计学差异（P>0.05）,Valsalva动作下两组盆膈裂孔面积差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。POP组患者肛提肌收缩前后的厚度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,对照组肛提肌收缩厚度差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 应用经会阴三维断层超声技术可用于评价肛提肌收缩功能;经会阴二维超声技术可指导患者进行盆底康复。     

经会阴实时三维超声评估不同术式治疗前盆腔脱垂疗效

目的 探讨经会阴实时三维超声定量评价不同手术方式对前盆腔器官脱垂患者疗效的价值。方法 根据不同手术方式,将153例前盆腔器官脱垂患者分为腹腔镜改良阴道旁修补术组（A组,n=28）、单纯改良前盆底重建术组（B组,n=49）、改良前盆底重建术+骶棘韧带悬吊术组（C组,n=76）,对3组受检者术前及术后1、3、6个月分别进行经会阴实时三维超声检查,测量并比较手术前后膀胱颈距耻骨联合下缘距离（BSD）、肛提肌裂孔面积（ALH）、尿道旋转角（URA）和膀胱颈移动度（BND）,比较3组间术后复发率。结果 A、B、C组患者术前及术后1、3、6个月BSD、ALH、URA和BND总体差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。A、B、C组中,术后各指标与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.008）。术后3个月与6个月比较,A组4个指标差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.008）;B组URA、BND差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.008）;C组仅BND差异有统计学意义（P=0.005）。术后6个月,C组复发率均低于A、B组（P=0.001、0.034）。结论 改良前盆底重建术+骶棘韧带悬吊术是稳定性好、复发率低的手术方式,实时三维超声能够定量评估前盆底手术疗效。     

经会阴二维超声在女性压力性尿失禁中的临床应用

目的 探讨经会阴二维超声在女性压力性尿失禁(FSUI)的诊断、临床分型及病因鉴定中的临床应用价值。方法 对77例FSUI患者(病例组)和41名健康体检女性(对照组)行经会阴二维超声,观察静息和瓦氏动作后膀胱颈、膀胱后角及近端尿道的动态变化、静息时膀胱颈有无漏斗形成、是否合并膀胱膨出及子宫脱垂情况,并进行比较分析。结果 病例组静息和瓦氏动作后膀胱颈y轴位移(Δy)、静息时膀胱后角(α)、瓦氏动作后膀胱后角及近端尿道旋转度大于对照组(P均<0.05);病例组静息时膀胱颈漏斗形成率、合并膀胱膨出率及子宫脱垂率大于对照组(P<0.05);病例组静息至瓦氏动作后膀胱颈x轴位移略大于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 经会阴二维超声可实时动态显示盆底组织结构,可对FSUI的临床分型及病因鉴定提供丰富的影像学信息,在FSUI的诊断、治疗及预后判断方面均有具重要意义。     

MRI评价前中盆腔器官脱垂程度及其病因

目的 观察盆腔器官脱垂(POP)程度与阴道支持Ⅰ、Ⅱ水平筋膜缺陷、肛提肌萎缩或断裂的关系。方法 回顾性分析经临床POP-Q评估诊断为POP的51例中老年女性的静态及动态MRI资料。根据POP-Q评价将POP分为轻度和中-重度,比较轻、中-重度前中POP间筋膜缺陷、髂尾肌和耻骨直肠肌萎缩或断裂发生率的差异。结果 约10%前中POP患者仅有Ⅰ、Ⅱ水平筋膜缺陷,约30%仅有肛提肌缺陷,约40%二者并存,约20%既无筋膜缺陷又无肛提肌缺陷;与轻度组比较,中-重度膀胱膨出、子宫脱垂组中筋膜缺陷、髂尾肌和耻骨直肠肌萎缩或断裂的比率增高。结论 Ⅰ、Ⅱ水平筋膜缺陷和肛提肌萎缩或断裂的发生率与POP程度有关;肛提肌缺陷在POP中起主要作用。     

实时三维经胸超声心动图评价二尖瓣脱垂

目的 探讨实时三维经胸超声心动图(RT3D TTE)评价二尖瓣脱垂的可行性。方法 采集36例二尖瓣脱垂患者的RT3D TTE图像,经过旋转及切割,明确瓣膜脱垂区域,并与手术结果对照。结果 RT3D TTE平均检查时间为(7.1±2.3)min,33例(91.67%)成像质量较好。RT3D TTE评价二尖瓣脱垂的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比分别为97.10%(67/69)、96.12%(124/129)、25.05、0.03,与手术结果的相关性较好(r=0.933,P<0.05),观察者间的一致性较好(Kappa＝0.97)。结论 RT3D TTE可快速、准确评价二尖瓣脱垂。     

肛提肌损伤与盆腔器官脱垂程度相关性的静、动态MR成像

目的 探讨静、动态MRI研究肛提肌损伤与盆腔器官脱垂（POP）程度之间相关性的价值。方法 经临床POP-Q诊断为POP的患者45例（POP组）,分为：轻度（Ⅰ度）POP亚组、中重度（Ⅱ~Ⅳ度）POP亚组,对照组为20名无症状志愿者,分别行静态及动态盆底MR检查,比较对照组及POP组、不同POP亚组间肛提肌各测量指标的差异,并采用基于MRI的评分系统比较各组间肛提肌损伤的差异。结果 对照组与POP组比较,静息及用力状态的M线、双侧髂尾角、肛提肌裂隙的前后径、横径及面积,静息状态双侧耻骨直肠肌厚度以及用力状态H线的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;轻度与中重度POP亚组比较,静息及用力状态的H线及M线、肛提肌裂隙的横径及面积、右侧髂尾角,静息状态的左侧耻骨直肠肌厚度以及用力状态的提肌板角的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;对照组及轻度、中重度POP组间肛提肌损伤程度的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论 POP患者存在肛提肌形态及功能改变,肛提肌损伤与POP程度相关。     

经会阴实时三维超声评估不同术式治疗中盆腔脱垂疗效

目的 探讨经会阴实时三维超声定量分析评价经阴道单侧骶棘韧带悬吊术、双侧骶棘韧带悬吊术及采用网片的双侧骶棘韧带吊带固定术治疗重度中盆腔器官脱垂效果的价值。方法 回顾性分析96例接受手术治疗的中盆腔脱垂Ⅲ度及以上患者,根据术式分为经阴道单侧骶棘韧带悬吊术组（A组,n=23）、双侧骶棘韧带悬吊术组（B组,n=34）和采用网片的双侧骶棘韧带吊带固定术组（C组,n=39）。于术后1、3、6个月以经会阴实时三维超声测量宫颈外口最低点距耻骨联合后下缘距离（CVD）和肛提肌裂孔面积（ALH）,计算并比较术后6个月复发率。结果 A组术后3、6个月CVD较术后1个月减低（P=0.005、0.012）;术后6个月ALH较术后3个月增加（P=0.002）。B组术后6个月CVD、ALH与术后3个月差异有统计学意义（P=0.014、0.007）。C组术后6个月ALH与术后1个月差异有统计学意义（P=0.009）。术后6个月,A、B、C组的复发率分别为13.04%（3/23）、8.82%（3/34）和2.56%（1/39）,C组低于A和B组（P均<0.017）。结论 采用网片的双侧骶棘韧带吊带固定术治疗中盆腔脱垂术后稳定性好、复发率低;经会阴实时三维超声可直观、准确评估手术疗效。     

超声定量评估女性盆底器官脱垂

目的 分析超声评估女性盆底器官脱垂(POP)与盆腔器官脱垂定量评价系统(POP-Q)评价结果间的相关性,探讨超声定量评估女性POP的应用价值.方法 选取56例女性POP患者,其中46例为单腔脱垂,8例为2个腔室、2例为3个腔室的复合脱垂,共计33例存在前腔脱垂,23例有中腔脱垂,12例存在后腔脱垂.所有患者均接受经会阴二维超声检查和POP-Q评分,均由1名医师独立完成评价.对超声测量结果与POP-Q评分进行相关性分析.结果 超声评估中腔脱垂与POP-Q的相关性最好(r=0.86,P＜0.01),其次是前腔(r=0.84,P＜0.01),后腔较差(r=0.62,P＜0.01).结论 经会阴二维超声能够提供有价值的盆底解剖信息,是一种能够定量评估POP的影像学检查技术.     

Development of a biotensegrity focused therapy for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse: A retrospective case series

IntroductionPelvic organ prolapse (POP), the bulging of pelvic organs into the vagina, is a common condition thought to be caused by weak pelvic tissue. There is a paucity of evidence supporting current treatment approaches. This case series proposes a new biotensegrity-focused hypothesis that POP is caused by taut pelvic tissue and that releasing pelvic tension will improve POP.MethodsThree retrospective patient cohorts are presented illustrating the development of the new biotensegrity-focused therapy (BFT) approach. All women received: postural assessment; pelvic tissue examination; and myofascial release of taut pelvic tissue, trigger points, and scar tissue. A standard assessment protocol (SOTAP) recorded patients' Subjective experience, the therapist's Objective assessment, the Treatment plan, Assessment of treatment outcomes, and subsequent treatment and self-care Plans. Cohort three additionally self-reported symptoms using the short-form PDFI-20 questionnaire at baseline and after final treatment.ResultsTwenty-three women participated (Cohort 1 n = 7; Cohort 2 n = 7; Cohort 3 n = 9). Fourteen (61%) presented with cystocele, 10 (44%) urethracele, 7 (30%), cervical descent, and 17 (74%) rectocele. Seven (30%) presented with single prolapse, 8 (35%) double, 6 (26%) triple, and 2 (9%) quadruple. Median treatments received was 5 (range 3–8). All women reported improved prolapse symptoms. Cohort 3 (n = 9) reported clinically meaningful reductions (mean 56%) in PFDI-20 total after final treatment.ConclusionsThis case series offers preliminary evidence for the association between POP and pelvic tissue tension. Further research is needed to explore these findings and to determine the efficacy of BFT for treating POP in a wider sample.     

Laparoscopic versus abdominal sacrocolpopexy for treatment of multi‐compartmental pelvic organ prolapse: A systematic review

Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) is attracting increasing attention as a minimally invasive surgery that provides excellent therapeutic effects on apical vaginal prolapse. However, its therapeutic effects on multi‐compartmental pelvic organ prolapse (POP) remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of LSC on multi‐compartmental POP compared with abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC). We extracted three articles on randomized controlled trials that compared LSC and ASC. A total of 247 patients (123 for LSC, 124 for ASC) were evaluated. There was no evidence of recurrence or reoperation in either group for the apical vaginal compartment. Regarding recurrence within the anterior vaginal compartment, there were no significant between‐group differences in either of the two randomized controlled trials targeting vaginal vault prolapse. In contrast, in the randomized controlled trial targeting POP including cases with uteruses, there were more recurrent POP with grade II or more in the LSC group than in the ASC group (11/60 [18.3%] vs 1/60 [1.6%], P = 0.004). Reoperation for the posterior vaginal compartment was performed in three cases (2.5%) in the LSC group and in one case (0.8%) in the ASC group. The combined repeat surgery and mesh removal surgery rate was higher in the LSC group (8/119 [6.7%]) than in the ASC group (2/121 [1.7%], P = 0.049). LSC has an excellent therapeutic effect and is comparable to ASC for the treatment of apical prolapse. However, cystocele recurrence, repeat surgery of the posterior compartment, and mesh‐related complications were more frequent in patients who had undergone LSC.     

Prolift盆底重建术治疗重度盆腔器官脱垂的临床效果及预后影响因素分析

目的观察Prolift盆底重建术治疗重度盆腔器官脱垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)的临床效果及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析2015年1月—2018年5月行Prolift盆底重建术治疗的214例重度POP的临床资料,记录手术及随访情况,观察临床疗效,评价术前、术后1年标准盆腔器官脱垂定量(pelvic organ prolapse quanfitafion,POP-Q)分度、盆底功能障碍问卷-20(pelvic floor distress inventory-short form-20,PFDI-20)评分、盆腔器官脱垂/尿失禁性生活问卷-12(pelvic organ prolapse/urinary incontinence sexual questionnaire short form-12,PISQ-12)评分。根据临床疗效,将客观治愈者及主观治愈者作为预后良好组,将无效者及复发者作为预后不良组,采用多因素logistic回归分析探究影响重度POP患者预后的危险因素。结果214例手术时间为69~112(86.28±10.16)min;术中出血量71~124(98.46±15.42)ml;术后阴道壁长度≥5 cm 94例,<5 cm 120例。8例术后出现网片暴露侵蚀情况,经对症处理后症状消失。随访1年,预后良好组186例,预后不良组28例,总治愈率86.92%。214例重度POP术后1年POP-Q分度、PFDI-20评分较术前降低,PISQ-12评分较术前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,体质量指数≥24.00 kg/m 2、术前POP-Q分度Ⅳ度、脱垂部位为前盆腔、术后阴道壁长度≥5 cm是影响重度POP患者预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论Prolift盆底重建术治疗重度POP临床疗效显著,明显改善了患者生活质量,并且积极对体质量指数≥24.00 kg/m 2、术前POP-Q分度Ⅳ度、脱垂部位为前盆腔、术后阴道壁长度≥5 cm的重度POP患者进行干预可有效改善预后。     

动态MRI评价女性盆腔器官脱垂的初步研究

目的评价动态MRI的检查技术对女性盆腔器官脱垂的诊断价值。方法对24例临床诊断为盆腔器官脱垂的患者行正中矢状位的动态MRI检查,在患者行Valsalva动作时应用单次激发的快速自旋回波序列成像,按HMO分度系统做出MRI诊断及测量,其中22例患者在行盆底修复手术后又进行了同样检查,因此对共计46例盆腔动态MRI检查测量结果与临床诊断结果进行对比统计学分析。结果在46例盆底动态MRI中,43例MRI诊断与临床诊断一致,经Kappa检验,κ=0.862。动态盆腔MRI检查与临床测量对盆底前部、顶部器官脱垂的测量值相关性较好（Spearman相关系数r分别为0.650,0.520）;对盆底后部器官脱垂的测量值相关性较差（r=0.290）。结论动态盆腔MRI可以全面评价盆腔脏器的脱垂情况,可作为临床有效的盆底功能评价的方法 。     

Pelvic organ prolapse: An unusual cause of small bowel obstruction

We present the rare case of a small bowel obstruction secondary to pelvic organ prolapse (POP). A 77-year-old female presented with four days of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. She had a history of abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-opherectomy and a mildly symptomatic cystocele. She was found to have an enterocele causing small bowel obstruction. The enterocele was manually reduced and subsequently managed non-operatively with a pessary. Prior case reports of small bowel obstructions secondary to POP required emergent surgical intervention. Post-menopausal women should be asked about symptoms or presence of pelvic organ prolapse and in the correct patient population, pelvic examination can be important for diagnosis and treatment of small bowel obstruction. If the enterocele is manually reduced non-operative management can be safe and effective.     

改良阴道旁修补术治疗阴道前壁及膀胱膨出21例

目的探讨改良阴道旁修补术治疗阴道前壁及膀胱膨出的有效性和安全性。方法采用改良阴道旁修补术,治疗21例有临床症状、临床检查确定为阴道前壁及膀胱膨出的患者。术后定期随访,对手术效果进行主观（患者自觉症状或感觉）及客观（临床检查）评价。结果21例改良阴道旁修补术均获得成功。手术时间平均为60 min,出血量平均为110 ml,有1例术中耻骨后静脉丛出血为200 ml,无其他手术并发症,有2例术后发生排尿困难,于短期内痊愈。结论改良阴道旁修补术在盆底重建中的短期疗效稳定,避免了使用补片,费用低廉,适合基层医院应用。     

A United Kingdom-wide survey of physiotherapy practice in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse

Background and purpose Pelvic organ prolapse is a common female condition. It is estimated that 50% of parous women experience some degree of prolapse and that 10-20% seek medical care [Br. Med. J. 324 (2002) 1258]. The aim of the survey was to investigate current physiotherapy practice in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, specifically the use of pelvic floor muscle training, across the United Kingdom. An additional aim was to gauge the level of interest of individuals and centres in becoming involved in planned multi-centre research exploring the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse.Methods A questionnaire was mailed out to 484 physiotherapist members of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Women’s Health, and 54 non-member physiotherapists working in women’s health, which asked about current practice in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse.Results A total of 364 physiotherapists completed the questionnaire (a response rate of 71%, after excluding 27 cases) representing a range of clinical experience and practice. Of the respondents 92% (n=333) were assessing or treating women with pelvic organ prolapse.

The questionnaire data showed that the various elements of pelvic floor muscle training and outcome measurement were being practised by physiotherapists working across the United Kingdom.

However, access to pelvic floor muscle training may be inconsistent, as more than three-quarters of the study respondents reported that they did not have access to clinical guidelines (n=264, 79.3%) or referral guidelines (n=296, 88.9%) for the management of pelvic organ prolapse.

The majority of the sample expressed an interest in being involved in future research in this area of practice. There was interest at both an individual level (n=275, 82.5%) and as a centre (n=205, 86.1%).

Conclusions This survey has revealed that physiotherapy treatment for prolapse is being offered throughout the country despite the poor evidence base and lack of clinical and referral guidelines. There is a gap in the research evidence and therefore a need for randomised controlled trials looking at the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training, in the management of pelvic organ prolapse. Evidence-based guidelines should follow on from this. Standardised referral guidelines are also required to ensure equal access to assessment and physiotherapy treatment.