经腹部彩色多普勒超声对孕早期胎儿心律失常的初步研究

目的：探讨经腹部彩色多普勒超声诊断孕早期胎儿心律失常可行性及临床价值。材料和方法：采用经腹部彩色多普勒超声对11956例孕12~14周胎儿进行检查,应用M型和多普勒超声等多种方法诊断胎儿心律失常并分析其类型。观察是否存在胎儿心脏结构及其他异常,对存活病例均于孕22-24周行系统的胎儿超声心动图检查,超声结果与胎儿引产结果及出生后彩色多普勒超声对照。结果：11956例中发现胎儿心律失常12例(12/11956,0.1%)。其中窦性心动过速9例；心动过缓2例(房室传导阻滞)；房性早搏1例。合并胎儿畸形6例,包括胎儿先天性心脏病4例,肢体-体壁综合征1例;胎儿水肿1例,均中止妊娠,结果与产前诊断相符。结论：经腹部彩色多普勒超声能早期诊断胎儿心律失常及胎儿系统畸形,对临床早期干预和处理有重要的指导意义。     

M型超声与彩色多普勒叠加法诊断胎儿心律失常的研究

目的 探索利用M型超声与彩色多普勒图像叠加法记录并诊断胎儿心律失常.方法 应用两种叠加方式:①左室流出道血流-右心房壁运动曲线叠加法;②左室流出道-左室流入道彩色血流信号与M超叠加法,共检出胎儿心律失常167例.结果 167例中房性期前收缩84例(50.2％),室性期前收缩39例(23.3％),一过性窦性心动过缓23例(13.7％),窦性心动过速12例(7.1％),Ⅱ度房室传导阻滞4例(2.3％),完全性房室传导阻滞2例(1.2％),心房颤动3例(1.8％).结论 M型超声与彩色多普勒叠图像叠加法诊断胎儿心律失常方法简便,结果可靠.     

联合应用M型与频谱及组织多普勒超声诊断胎儿心律失常

目的:本次研究主要探析M型与频谱及组织多普勒超声心动图联合使用在诊断胎儿心律失常中的临床诊断价值。方法:以本院2016年4月至2017年3月所接收的108例诊断疑似胎儿心律失常的孕龄为16-40周的孕妇为研究对象,对这108例研究对象使用M型、频谱以及组织多普勒超声诊断来确诊是否存在胎儿心律失常的症状。结果:所有研究对象在经过三种方法检查之后,共有46例孕妇被确诊为存在胎儿心律失常症状,确诊率42.59%。其中共有38例为期前收缩、2例心动过速、5例心动过缓以及1例房室传导阻滞。这46例存在心律失常胎儿中有3例胎儿合并先天性心血管畸形。结论:联合应用M型、频谱及组织多普勒超声诊断胎儿心律失常,通过M型、频谱多普勒、组织多普勒等技术进行检测,明确胎儿房室收缩与舒张的机械运动变化及其之间的关系来确定胎儿心律失常类型,以便于及早对存在心律失常的胎儿进行干预。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在胎儿心律失常中临床应用探讨

目的:探究胎儿心律失常应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检查的临床价值。材料与方法:选取本院2015年1月-2016年1月收治的疑似胎儿心律失常孕妇180例临床资料予以回顾性地分析,所有孕妇均应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检查,并于胎儿出生后予以随访,观察和比较其诊断价值。结果:在本研究疑似胎儿心律失常孕妇180例中,通过彩色多普勒超声心动图检查后发现胎儿心律失常者出现36例(20.00%),其中先天心脏病2例(5.56%)、房扑1例(2.78%)、室性早搏4例(11.11%)、房性早搏17例(47.22%)、心动过缓2例(5.56%)、心动过速10例(27.78%),包括室上型心动过速7例(19.44%)、窦性心动过速3例(8.33%);在胎儿心律失常36例中,先天心血管畸形出现3例(8.33%),包括部分心内膜垫缺损1例(33.33%)、主动脉缩窄2例(66.67),且分别对应室上型心动过速、心动过缓;彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断误诊率、准确率和胎儿出生后实际情况对比未显示高度差异(P0.05)。结论:胎儿心律失常应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检查价值较高,能够降低误诊率,提高诊断准确率,于早期对胎儿的心脏结构状况与心律失常类型加以明确,为临床妊娠终止和采取有效干预措施提供参考,可应用于临床。     

超声心动图检测胎儿心律失常

目的 探讨超声心动图产前诊断胎儿心律失常的临床价值.方法 行常规胎儿超声心动图检查,在二维超声指导下用M型取样线在心脏切面上同时通过心房壁和心室壁,观察每一心动周期房、室壁的运动曲线及相互之间的节律关系.结果 396例胎儿心律失常中,房性期前收缩276例,室性期前收缩42例,窦性心动过速31例,窦性心动过缓14例,室上性心动过速10例,心房扑动10例,完全性房室传导阻滞7例,6例在检查中出现不规则心律.13例伴有胎儿心脏结构异常,以复杂型先天性心血管畸形为主;9例伴心力衰竭、6例伴胎儿水肿. 结论超声心动图产前诊断胎儿心律失常有一定的临床应用价值,但对某些复杂类型心律失常的诊断仍存在困难.     

组织多普勒成像对胎儿心律失常分型的研究

目的 探讨组织多普勒成像(tissue Doppler imaging,TDI)对胎儿心律失常分型的价值,总结各型心律失常的TDI波形特征,为临床诊断提供依据.方法 对临床怀疑心律失常的55例胎儿同时进行M型、频谱多普勒(pulsed wave Doppler,PW)及TDI检查并判断心律失常的类型,以M型和PW的诊断结果 为对照标准,判断TDI诊断胎儿心律失常的敏感性和特异性以及在分型方面的准确性.对两种方法 诊断一致的病例进行TDI波形特征总结,并结合心动梯形图判断异常心律的起源.所有纳入研究的胎儿出生后尽量进行心电图和超声心动图检查.结果 TDI诊断诊断胎儿心律失常的敏感性为98%,特异性为100%,在分型方面的准确性为100%;总结了8种类型心律失常的TDI波形以及心动梯形图特征.结论 TDI诊断胎儿心律失常的敏感性、特异性以及分型的准确性均较高,不失为诊断胎儿心律失常的良好方法.     

胎儿超声心动图对胎儿心律失常的诊断价值47例分析

目的:探讨应用M型超声心动图(M-UCG)及频谱多普勒超声诊断胎儿心律失常的价值。方法:应用M型超声心动图及频谱多普勒超声对47例疑有胎儿心律失常的患者进行胎儿心脏超声检查。结果:通过心脏彩超共诊断出32例胎儿心律失常,其中房性早搏16例,室性早搏7例,心动过速6例,心动过缓3例。结论:超声心动图可以快速有效的检测出胎儿心律失常,而且可以较为准确的对胎儿心律失常进行分类,是胎儿心律失常的首选诊断措施。     

产前超声心动图诊断胎儿心律失常的应用现状

<正>胎儿心律失常临床较常见,占胎儿总数的1%~2%[1]。以往主要由临床产科听诊发现,但无法确认其性质和类型。随着超声技术的发展及其在产前诊断领域的广泛应用,产前诊断胎儿心律失常已成为胎儿超声心动图的重要诊断方法之一,也是目前宫内诊断胎儿心律失常唯一可行的方法。除应用彩色多普勒和脉冲多普勒超声外,M型超声心动图扫描房室壁运动、瓣环活动也是评价心律失常十分重要的方法。总之,心电图是通过心脏电活动的异常来诊断心律失常,彩色多普勒超声心动图则是通过胎儿心脏机械活动的异常来诊断和认识心律失     

胎儿心脏超声和常规产前检查在胎儿心律失常诊断中的效果对比

回顾性分析我院收治的46例胎儿心律失常孕妇临床资料,对同一孕妇进行超声心动图检查(观察组)与常规的产前检查(对照组),对两种方法检出胎儿心律失常的准确率进行比较。室性期前收缩与房性期前收缩对胎儿心律失常的检出率无显著差异,无统计学意义(P>0.05);超声心动图检出窦性心动过速、过缓的准确率明显高于常规产前检查(P<0.05);超声心动图检出胎儿心律失常的总准确率为78.26%(36/46),常规产前检查为100%(46/46),两组比较具有显著差异(P<0.05)。超声心动图在胎儿心律失常诊断中简便易行,有效率高,为胎儿心律失常及类型的诊断提供准确依据,值得临床推广与应用。     

胎儿Ⅲ＆#176;房室传导阻滞产前超声心动图分析

目的：总结Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞（CAVB）胎儿超声心动图特征。方法应用二维超声、M型超声及多普勒技术对10例Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿进行超声心动图检查,观察胎儿心房与心室节律及其对应关系,同时观察二尖瓣、左心室流入道及流出道、静脉导管血流频谱,并对胎儿心脏大小、心功能、房室瓣反流及心包积液等心脏结构进行观察,对Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿超声心动图特征进行总结分析。结果二维超声心动图检查提示10例Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿中2例存在心内外畸形,8例无明显心内外畸形。Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿M型超声心动图特征为房室节律分离,心房节律保持在正常范围而心室节律缓慢,多普勒超声心动图特征为二尖瓣频谱提示E峰频率缓慢,A峰频率明显快于E峰频率,E、A峰无固定对应关系。胎儿超声心动图检查提示,孕妇就诊时10例胎儿中6例心脏扩大,5例心功能不全,6例房室瓣反流,7例心包积液。超声心动图检查后10例孕妇均选择引产。结论Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞是对胎儿心功能有重要影响的缓慢型心律失常,预后不佳。M型超声结合多普勒技术可对Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞胎儿进行诊断及鉴别,对临床干预治疗及判断胎儿预后有重要意义。     

Recognition of fetal arrhythmias by echocardiography

Fetal arrhythmias were detected in 33/198 high risk pregnancies from 21 weeks to term. Using the two-dimensional echocardiographic image of the fetal heart as a guide, the M-mode beam was directed to define the motion of the ventricular and atrial walls and atrioventricular valve or semilunar valves. Atrial contraction was defined either by the atrial wall motion or from the A-point of the atrioventricular valve. Ventricular contraction was defined by closure of the atrioventricular valve (C-point), the onset of ventricular wall contraction, or from the semilunar valve opening. Ladder diagrams of the sequence of atrial and ventricular activation were constructed to define the temporal sequence of these events. Premature atrial contractions were present in 12. In one fetus this arrhythmia converted into supraventricular tachycardia while in the other 11 fetuses the course was benign. Two fetuses had premature ventricular contractions. Supraventricular tachycardia was noted in five fetuses. One with hydrops at 29 weeks returned to sinus rhythm following maternal administration of procainamide. A second hydropic fetus with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and hydrops failed to respond to digitalis, propranolol, procainamide, verapamil, or amiodarone, and died shortly after cesarean section. Two mature fetuses had tachycardia close to term and were treated after cesarean section. One fetus with runs of atrial tachycardia died in utero. Three fetuses had complete heart block, two of whom were from mothers with connective tissue diseases. In four fetuses, there was bradycardia of less than 100/minute lasting more than 30 seconds, but these episodes disappeared in 2 minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Disorders of cardiac rhythm in combined ventricular pre-excitation syndrome and primary mitral valve prolapse

Primary prolapse of the mitral valve was diagnosed in 27 (11.7%) out of 230 patients with preexcitation syndrome: 10 of them presented with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 15 with Clerc-Lévy-Critesco syndrome, and two patients with combination of both syndromes. Preexcitation syndrome combined with mitral valve prolapse manifested itself by different disorders of the cardiac rhythm, mainly by the supraventricular forms: by PST in 17, nonparoxysmal tachycardia in 1, atrial fibrillation paroxysms in 7, sinus tachycardia in 2, supraventricular extrasystole in 3, pacemaker migration in the atria in 1 patient. Clerc-Lévy-Critesco syndrome initiated with atrial fibrillation paroxysms in 7 patients with mitral valve prolapse and with the enlargement of the left atrium. The prognostically unfavourable varieties of the preexcitation syndrome and mitral valve prolapse manifested themselves in ventricular tachycardia progressing to ventricular fibrillation, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with a high frequency of ventricular contractions up to 213-230 and atrial tachyarrhythmia up to 250-280 per minute, which were regarded as factor at risk for potential transformation to ventricular tachycardia; as well as in continuously recurrent attacks of arrhythmia in the presence of multiple AV additional tracts or combined with sinoatrial and atrioventricular block.     

First-trimester fetal heart block: a marker for cardiac anomaly.

BACKGROUND: Fetal heart block in the second and third trimesters may be caused by transplacental passage of auto-antibodies or cardiac defects. Little is known about the etiology of first-trimester fetal heart block. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fetal heart block was diagnosed in four patients (negative antibody serology) referred for first-trimester sonographic evaluation of increased fetal nuchal fold thickness with bradycardia. Two-dimensional echocardiography was complemented by color Doppler flow imaging of the fetal heart. Fetal arrhythmia was verified by M-mode, pulsed wave Doppler and/or color M-mode echocardiography. RESULTS: All fetuses had congenital heart disease, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, heart block and edema. Autopsy confirmed heterotaxy in three cases (left atrial isomerism with atrial septal defect; left isomerism with double-outlet right ventricle, great artery malposition and ventricular septal defect. The third case had dextrocardia with atrioventricular canal defect and the fourth case dextrocardia with great artery transposition. CONCLUSION: First-trimester fetal bradycardia may result from heart block of the type associated with complex congenital heart disease. Accelerated edema formation in this setting may be the basis of nuchal edema formation. First-trimester fetal echocardiography offers the potential for early diagnosis and intervention in these cases with poor prognosis.     

肺源性心脏病心律失常的临床特点

目的探讨肺源性心脏病(肺心病)心律失常的临床特征及治疗原则。方法本组病例共136例,全部于入院后48 h内通过24 h心电监护或反复常规12导联心电图检查,及时发现心律失常类型并加以分析。结果本组肺心病患者合并心律失常率达67.64%(92例),其心律失常类型以房性心律失常最多,占42.08%,其次为窦性心动过速及室性心律失常。严重心律失常如室上性心动过速、多源室早、房室传导阻滞、心房扑动等也常出现。心律失常的出现及严重程度与患者病情的严重程度相关性明显。如心衰程度、肺部感染、低氧血症、水电解质紊乱等密切相关。结论肺心病心律失常发生率较高,且与肺心病患者病情严重程度密切相关,而心律失常治疗应通过积极的病因及合并症治疗,使用抗心律失常药物不是最佳办法。     

慢性肺原性心脏病心律失常的临床分析

目的探讨肺原性心脏病心律失常的特点及治疗原则。方法收集肺心病心律失常患者429例，进行系统分析。结果肺心病可以并发各种类型的心律失常，其中以窦性心动过速为主，占54．5％，其次是房性期前收缩占25．4％，心房纤颤占7．0％，右束支传导阻滞占4．7％，阵发性室上性心动过速（包括紊乱性房性心动过速）占4．2％，室性期前收缩占2．3％，Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞占1．9％。结论肺心病心律失常的治疗只有采取综合治疗措施，才能纠正心律失常，取得较好的疗效。     

频谱多普勒及M-型超声心动图检测胎儿心律失常的临床研究

目的：探讨频谱多普勒及M-型超声心动图对胎儿心律失常的诊断价值。方法：采用彩色多普勒超声心动图对孕龄16～41周的临床疑诊胎儿心律失常或存在其他异常的226例胎儿进行研究。结果：共检出胎儿心律失常53例(23．5％)，其中期前收缩40例(房性期前收缩35例，室性期前收缩5例包括室性早搏二联律、室性早搏三联律各1例)。心动过缓7例，心动过速4例，2：1房室传导阻滞、房扑各1例。53例心律失常胎儿中并发先天性心血管畸形4例(二尖瓣闭锁1例，共同房室通道1例，单心室伴肺动脉瓣狭窄1例，心脏肿瘤1例)。结论：胎儿频谱多普勒及M-型超声心动图是检出胎儿心律失常的可靠的无创性影像诊断技术，其应用有助于早期检出并指导心律失常胎儿的处置。     

Fetal echocardiography: a large clinical experience and follow-up

We reviewed our experience with 382 fetal echocardiograms. Complete studies were not possible for three pregnancies because of either fetal position or maternal obesity. Studies were performed for fetal arrhythmia (28%), maternal factors (21%), fetal anomaly (11%) and family history of congenital heart disease (40%). There was a recurrence of heart disease in two of 153 patients (1.3%). Arrhythmia was the most common finding (82 of 382 patients). Premature atrial and ventricular contractions were the most common arrhythmia, and structural defects were present in four of 58 patients (6.8%) with premature contractions. Fetal heart defects (n = 44) were identified in 40 of 382 (10%) referrals. The defects were complete atrioventricular block (13), ventricular septal defect (4), atrioventricular canal (5), cardiac mass (3), ectopia cordis (2), thoracopagus (2), hypoplastic left ventricle (2), hypoplastic right ventricle (2), atrial flutter (2), pulmonic stenosis (1), single ventricle (2), Uhl's anomaly (1), Ebstein's anomaly (1), mitral atresia (1), d-transposition of the great vessels (1), tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve (1), and atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect (1). There were three false positive (99% specificity) and two false negative (95% sensitivity) fetal echocardiograms. The survival rates for referred patients with heart defects was: live born and perinatal survivor, 54%; perinatal death, 31%; still birth, 11%; and termination of pregnancy, 4%. Fetal echocardiography is accurate, and the abnormalities detected appear to be more severe than those detected on newborn screening.     

Complex dysrhythmias in infants and children.

Dysrhythmias in infants and children are, in many ways, similar to those in adults, yet several important differences exist in their presentation and management. Complex dysrhythmias most frequently encountered in pediatrics include sinus node dysfunction, chaotic atrial rhythm, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia (including Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and junctional ectopic tachycardia), complete atrioventricular block (congenital and acquired), and ventricular dysrhythmias (premature ventricular contractions and ventricular tachycardia). Newer approaches to the diagnosis and management of these dysrhythmias are addressed in this paper.