试论美国护理学科建制化过程

为促进我国护理学本土化和国际化建设,以美国护理学科建制化过程为切入点,从护理教育、护理学术团体、护理学术期刊、专家社会角色、护理技术创新和护理行业标准6个方面对其组织过程进行了详细研究,提出两个值得重视和借鉴的观点,一是护理学在一个国家的发展必须从植入性转为生成性,二是大学在整个高等护理教育发展阶段起着决定性作用.     

试论美国护理学科建制化过程

为促进我国护理学本土化和国际化建设，以美国护理学科建制化过程为切入点，从护理教育、护理学术团体、护理学术期刊、专家社会角色、护理技术创新和护理行业标准6个方面对其组织过程进行了详细研究，提出两个值得重视和借鉴的观点，一是护理学在一个国家的发展必须从植入性转为生成性，二是大学在整个高等护理教育发展阶段起着决定性作用。     

对护理学科若干理论问题的思考

理论探索是学科走向成熟的表现。随着护理学实践和研究的发展,对护理学学科与方法论问题的思考成为护理界必须面对的问题。护理学科意识、护理学科范式、护理学方法论是护理学科研究中的几个关键问题。本文从护理学视角出发,讨论护理学的学科意识的觉悟、护理学学科范式的转换、护理学方法论的意义与探索对护理学科发展的影响等问题,反思和梳理诸因素与护理学科发展的关系。     

护理学硕士一级学科评估背景下学术论文内容及质量的分析

目的了解护理学硕士学术论文研究内容及质量。方法以全国第四轮护理学专业一级学科评估为契机,选取国内32所高校,每所院校收集护理学硕士专业学术论文30篇,并从论文分类、影响因子等方面对论文进行评估分析。结果护理学硕士论文分布从高到低依次为老年护理方向、临床护理方向、社区护理方向、护理教育及其他方向等。护理学科学术论文及护理学科相关类学术论文(交叉学科)影响因子最高为4.582,其中影响因子3分的论文29篇,占3.02%;护理教育及其他类学术论文影响因子最高为11.289,其中影响因子3分的论文为50篇,占5.20%。评审的硕士学术论文中引用次数最高的文章为156次,其影响因子为11.289。结论从论文的研究内容分析,护理学硕士研究方向相对集中;标志论文质量的核心指标影响因子及被引用次数偏低,需进一步提升护理学科学术论文质量。     

中、美《护理学基础》教材先进性的比较研究

目的通过中美两国教材的比较研究，为提高我国护理学科教材建设的先进性提供借鉴。方法采取比较研究为主，附以文献回顾和理论研究的方法。结果美国护理学科教材内容更新快，更能反映社会现实，同时扩展了学科内容的奠基作用，内容更趋科学化。在立体的教材建设中，中国注重学科内容的配套，而美国则注重教材形式的配套。结论中美两国在体现护理学科教材先进性上各具特色。美国由于经济以及科技上的优势，在某些特定环节上更加完善，高科技运用更加广泛、灵活，这为完善我国护理学科教材先进性建设提供了借鉴。     

护理学科未来发展的思考

随着21世纪第二个十年的到来,护理学科进入新的发展时期.在国家经济结构调整、医药卫生事业改革攻坚的新形势下,护理学科如何适应大环境,借力发展,科学研究和完善护理学科的理论与实践,这些问题亟待探讨,据此提出一些个人思考. 1护理学科体系的不断构建和完善 护理学科作为维护人类身心健康的一门应用型学科,近些年,其学科理论不断发展,知识体系、核心概念、护理理念、服务内涵和外延,以及工作定位等在实践中不断的丰富和变化.特别是近几年,护理学科更是进入一个快速发展时期.     

护理学学科定位及其专业设置的发展与现状

对国内外护理学科定位及专业设置进行比较分析，阐述了我国护理学科定位与专业设置对护理学科发展的影响，并对我国护理学科建设提出建议。     

护理学学科定位及其专业设置的发展与现状

对国内外护理学科定位及专业设置进行比较分析,阐述了我国护理学科定位与专业设置对护理学科发展的影响,并对我国护理学科建设提出建议.     

护理美学应用于实践的体会

护理学与美学结合，是近年来护理学科不断发展的标志之一，是顺应时代潮流而产生的、独立的理论体系，在具体的护理实践中，表现为内在美与外表美两种基本形式。     

护生临床实践教学中存在的问题及对策

护理教育必须反映护理学科教育特点，符合护理专业发展趋势、适应社会和经济发展需要。临床护理教学是培养和提高护生综合运用理论知识、培养评判性思维和解决临床实际问题能力的关键环节和过程。本研究通过调查分析护生在临床见习中存在的问题及对策，旨在不断提高护理教学质量，培养社会需求的合格护理人才。     

论美国护理学科建制化过程特点

分析总结了美国护理学科建制化过程的6个特点：①社会需求是基本出发点;②高等护理教育是决定性因素;③学科建设机制是主要动力;④创新理念是主线;⑤专科化是主要方向;⑥从植入到生成是根本。在此基础上提出从植人性转变为生成性是我国护理发展的根本性问题。     

The nursing home: occupational therapy services in an institution.

The nursing home as an institution was described by presenting information from the literature and from the author's personal experience. Sociological definitions of the term institution were applied to the nursing home, and the negative effects of the institutionalization process on older persons were discussed. The plight of the residents was further exemplified in a discussion of the setting, staffing, financing, and services of nursing homes. Finally, the need for occupational therapy services was indicated, and therapists were urged to assume available jobs as therapists, consultants, or administrators in nursing homes as an initial step toward meeting this need.     

Symbols and ethics: integrity and the discipline of nursing

Symbols give meaning to phenomena coconstituted in the human-universe-health process. There are many common symbols of ethics found in the discipline of nursing. Symbols of ethics may take the form of codes, oaths, pledges, resolutions, or position statements that represent notions of what one ought to do in a discipline or profession. Ethical symbols are intended to guide a particular discipline in practice, research, and education. What is their importance to the discipline of nursing? What are the possible implications of integrity for nursing when viewing the application of ethical symbols from a nursing theoretical perspective?     

Philosophy of science in doctoral nursing education revisited

Because every scientific theory and all research methods are tied to some philosophical framework, it is important that scientists within a given discipline be aware of the philosophical orientations that serve as the basis for developing theory and advancing knowledge. Nurse scientists have been challenged recently to examine the discipline's philosophical underpinnings in order to understand the evolutionary process of nursing science. The inclusion of the study of philosophy of science in doctoral nursing curriculum has remained a topic of periodic discourse. Whereas some assert that it promotes the essential process of philosophical reflection necessary for scientific exploration of relevant phenomenon, others contend that nurse scientists' preoccupation with this issue has diverted their attention from the real business of nursing science—that of knowledge development that will lead to legitimization of nursing as a discipline. Philosophy of science provides a useful frame of reference in which to appreciate the unfolding of nursing as a discipline. It should not be viewed as a distraction but rather a critical step in the transformation of the doctoral student into a productive nurse scientist. Doctoral programs remain the most logical place in which to educate future scholars regarding nursing's unique philosophical foundations and their implications for scientific inquiry and continued knowledge development. Creating and maintaining liaisons between nursing and philosophy departments—as well as requiring courses that emphasize the interrelationships among philosophy of science, nursing theory, and nursing research—are just a few of the strategies whereby doctoral programs can actively promote advancement of the discipline.     

Theory of nursing as curriculum content

This article presents an introduction to theories of nursing, and a discussion of the structure of the discipline, its relationship to the nursing curriculum, and nursing theories as curriculum content. Some results of a content analysis of curricula for Australian post-basic clinical nursing courses are presented. Such curricula do not appear to afford much coverage of the nursing process and theories of nursing.     

Forecasting the nursing home population

OBJECTIVE: To forecast growth in the US nursing home population, as a function of trends in disability and marriage. METHODS: Nursing home residence is modeled as a function of disability status, marital status, and other demographic covariates. Our predictions for nursing home residence are built upon joint forecasts of marriage and disability. We use data from the 1992 to 1996 Medicare Current Beneficiary Surveys, which are individual-level data sets designed to be representative of the US population older than the age of 65. RESULTS: Today's young cohorts will have higher rates and levels of institutionalization than their older counterparts. This will reverse several decades of decline in rates of disability and institutionalization. The nursing home population is likely to be 10-25% higher than would be suggested by a simple extrapolation of past declines in disability. CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, the rate of institutionalization among the elderly has been falling. It is predicted that this trend will reverse itself within the next decade, and that we will see substantial increases in the incidence of institutionalization among the elderly. This result is generated by our prediction of rising disability among the younger cohorts that are beginning to approach old age.     

护理部在推进护理学科建设中的实践

目的:探索护理部在推进医院护理学科建设中的策略。方法:①严格护理质量控制,提高临床护理服务质量;②完善人才培养机制,培养高素质护理人才;③健全护理科研体系,深入推进护理科学研究。结果:护理服务质量不断提高,各级各类护士培养取得显著成绩,护理科学研究取得丰硕成果,学科整体优势明显加强。结论:护理部主任在护理管理中,应以科学管理为根本,以人才培养为手段,以创新研究为动力,全面推进学科建设。     

Institutionalization after stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are widespread regional variations in the institutionalization rate after stroke. This study sought to identify the factors that predict institutionalization after a primary diagnosis of stroke and determine whether institutionalization rate could be used to assess the quality of hospital care. METHODS: A retrospective case note audit of 2778 consecutive admissions with stroke, between 1 September and 31 October 2000 from a randomly selected sample of 79 hospitals in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Data were collected on demographics, case-mix, clinical outcome, organization of discharge, and place of residence at discharge and at three and six months. The figures from this audit were validated using data from the 1998 National Sentinel Audit of Stroke. RESULTS: Overall 14% of patients previously living at home were discharged to nursing or residential homes. Using logistic regression, Barthel Index score at discharge accounted for 40% of variation. Two-thirds of patients with a discharge Barthel score of < 5 were institutionalized. Age alone explained 14% and when taken together with discharge Barthel and length of stay it accounted for 54% of variation. On admission 22% of the variation in institutionalization rate could be accounted for by total Glasgow Coma Score (15, < 15), age and ability to walk unaided. Regional variations in institutionalization rates are evident and may in part be explained by differences in ease of access to the institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Discharge disability and older age were the dominant factors determining admission to nursing and residential homes. It is not possible to predict sufficiently reliably for an individual patient the likelihood of institutionalization at admission or at 72 h after admission, to justify early resource allocation decisions.     

研究型中医院护理学科学术团队的建设

目的：开展研究型中医院护理学科学术团队建设探索,为学科建设储备人才。方法 ：按照学科学术骨干遴选条件和程序,择优选择学科学术骨干后备人才并进行分层次培养,落实研究型中医院中医护理学科学术团队相关考核和激励措施,观察研究型中医院中医护理学科学术团队建设的效果。结果 ：目前我院中医护理学科学术团队骨干共计54名,学科学术团队在职称、学历和年龄上都得到了一定程度的优化。临床护理科研、教学、质量控制以及管理得到明显提升,各层面反馈良好。结论 ：研究型中医院护理学科学术团队建设可持续推动我院中医护理学科的发展和学术优势。     

我国护理绩效薪酬体系的变革

护理绩效薪酬体系在我国医院发展历程中经历了诸多变革,本文通过对不同政策背景和医院发展进程,结合护理学科发展,阐述了四大类护理绩效薪酬体系,并对其利弊进行了详细的阐述。为医院的护理绩效薪酬体系的选择提供理论指导,并为护理绩效薪酬体系的创新与发展建立研究基础。