血清胱抑素C和APACHEⅡ评分在危重病患者预后中的应用价值

目的 探讨ICU危重病患者血清胱抑素C(cystatin C)浓度改变与急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)及预后的关系.方法 采用免疫比浊法检测98例入住ICU的危重病患者的血清cystatin C浓度,并对危重病患者进行APACHEⅡ评分;分析血清cystatin C浓度与APACHEⅡ评分及病死率的关系,其中98例危重病患者按预后结果分为存活组和死亡组.结果 98例患者血清cystatin C浓度(1.6±1.3) mg/L,存活组血清cystatin C浓度(1.2±1.0)mg/L,死亡组血清cystatin C浓度(2.2±1.5)mg/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);98例患者 APACHEⅡ评分(15.0±4.7)分,存活组APACHEⅡ评分(14.2±4.8)分,死亡组APACHEⅡ评分(17.4±3.9)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).APACHEⅡ评分与血清cystatin C浓度呈正相关(r=0.472,P<0.01),随各组血清cystatin C浓度的增高,APACHEⅡ评分亦增高 (F=3.26,P<0.05),病死率也增高 (χ2=16.3,P<0.01).结论 危重病患者并发肾损伤和肾功能失调的发生率较高,对判断病情及预后有一定的作用.     

营养支持治疗对慢性危重病患者预后的影响

目的:探讨慢性危重病患者的营养状况和营养支持治疗情况.方法:回顾性分析83例慢性危重病患者的营养支持治疗情况及其与疾病预后的关系.结果:存活组病人的体质量指数高于死亡组(P<0.05);入住ICU时存活组病人血红蛋白和白蛋白高于死亡组(P<0.05);在人住ICU第7d存活组病人胃肠外非氮热卡供给量和非氮热/氮均小于死亡组(P<0.05),而血清白蛋白则高于死亡组(P<0.01).结论:合理的营养支持治疗是慢性危重病患者抢救成功的关键.     

连续性血液净化在急危重症患者治疗中的应用

目的 探讨连续血液净化(CBP)辅助治疗48例急危重症患者的疗效及其影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2008年6月至2009年12月我院急诊科和ICU病房接受CBP治疗48例急危重症患者的临床资料,根据患者预后分为存活组和死亡组各24例,对其接受CBP治疗前的全身状况、原发疾病种类和CBP治疗病因等进行比较.结果 原发疾病分布情况:存活组重症急性胰腺炎13例(54.2%),无脑出血、重度颅脑损伤患者;死亡组重症急性胰腺炎、脑出血、重度颅脑损伤分别为3例(12.5%)、6例(25.0%)、5例(20.8%),组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或＜0.01).接受CBP治疗原因分布:存活组MODS 6例(25.0%),均未合并急性肾衰竭(ARF);死亡组16例(66.7%),其中合并ARF 12例(50.0%),组间差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).48例患者中2个脏器功能不全者2例,均存活;3个脏器功能不全者3例,死亡1例;4个脏器功能不全者6例,死亡4例;5个脏器功能不全者6例,6个脏器功能不全者5例,均死亡.与存活组比较,死亡组年龄更大[(60.5±14.4)、(40.7±14.6)岁,t=4.233,P＜0.01],死亡组治疗前心率(HR)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分、血肌酐和尿素氮均比存活组高(t值分别为2.49、10.58、3.81、6.15,P＜0.05或＜0.01),治疗后虽然比治疗前明显下降,但仍高于存活组(t值分别为5.21、7.46、4.85、6.10,P均＜0.01);死亡组平均动脉压(MAP)治疗前明显低于存活组(t=2.23,P＜0.05),治疗后虽有明显升高,但仍低于存活组(t=3.17,P＜0.01),末梢血氧饱和度(Sp02)2组治疗前差异无统计学意义(t=1.03,P＞0.05),治疗后均有明显升高(t值分别为6.59、6.66,P＜0.01),死亡组仍低于存活组(t=2.10,P＜0.01).结论 CBP可以短期减轻患者的病情,为进一步治疗争取时间,但患者的预后取决于疾病的严重程度和原发病能否得到有效控制等.     

老年危重病患者营养状况的临床研究

目的探讨老年危重病患者的营养状况和营养支持治疗情况。方法回顾性分析85例老年危重病患者的营养支持治疗情况及其与疾病预后的关系。结果存活组患者的体质量指数高于死亡组(P<0.05);入院当日存活组患者血红蛋白和白蛋白高于死亡组(P<0.05);在入住ICU第10天时,存活组患者胃肠外非氮热卡供给量和非氮热/氮均小于死亡组(P<0.05),而血清白蛋白则高于死亡组(P<0.01)。结论老年危重病患者的救治过程中,存在能量供给不足,及时选择合理的营养支持方式,补充必需的能量,有助于改善患者疾病的转归。     

不同血液净化方式治疗心脏手术后急性肾衰竭的疗效比较研究

目的探讨连续性血液净化(CBP)、间歇性血液透析(IHD)、腹膜透析(PD)治疗心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的疗效及预后差别.方法回顾性分析1990年12月～2003年12月我院心脏手术后发生ARF需要血液净化治疗的患者148例,其中43例给予CBP治疗,77例接受IHD治疗,28例接受PD治疗,对比分析各组患者的临床资料、疗效和预后.结果 CBP组26例(60.5%)死亡,17例(39.5%)存活, IHD组50例(64.9%)死亡,27例(35.1%)存活,PD组17例(60.7%)死亡,11例(39.3%)存活,各组无差异,但CBP组病情明显重于IHD组和PD组:患者年龄更大,平均动脉压低,APACHEⅡ积分高,衰竭器官数目多,需要机械通气和升压药物的患者数高于IHD组(P<0.01)及PD组(P<0.05),CBP组中存活者平均APACHEⅡ积分与IHD组及PD组死亡者相似.结论 CBP治疗心脏手术后ARF的疗效优于IHD及PD,能明显改善ARF的预后.     

早期血磷水平对危重病患者预后的影响

目的 观察危重病患者早期血磷水平,探讨其对预后的影响.方法 入住我院重症监护病房(ICU)的危重病患者52例,入科后行急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ),检测血磷含量,记录患者机械通气时间及1个月的存活情况.结果 危重病患者早期血磷含量与APACHE Ⅱ评分、机械通气时间均存在显著负相关(P＜0.01);死亡组血磷较生存组显著降低(P＜0.05),APACHEⅡ评分明显增加(P＜0.05),机械通气时间明显延长(P＜0.05).结论 危重病患者早期检测血清磷含量对于判断其病情及预后具有重要价值.     

脓毒症时血清降钙素原水平与APACHEⅡ评分相关性的临床研究

目的观察危重患者在脓毒症时血清降钙素原(PCT)水平与APACHEⅡ评分之间的相关性.方法共有42例患者入选,根据患者一次入院的疾病转归分为死亡组11例,存活组30例.测定患者入院后24 h内的血清PCT浓度,同时进行急性生理学与慢性健康状况评价(APACHEⅡ评分).评价PCT、APACHEⅡ评分对脓毒症的诊断价值及对预后的评价价值.结果死亡组血清PCT水平明显高于存活组(P<0.05),APACHEⅡ评分死亡组显著高于存活组(P<0.05).PCT与APACHEⅡ评分的相关系数是0.638.结论死亡组APACHEⅡ评分明显高于存活组,PCT与APACHEⅡ评分有较强的相关性,结合PGT与APACHEⅡ评分有助于早期诊断脓毒症并对预后进行评价.     

危重病患者血小板水平与APACHEⅡ评分的关系

目的:研究危重病患者血小板水平变化与APACHEⅡ评分的关系。方法:危重病患者71例于入院第1d测定血小板水平和APACHEⅡ评分,并按APACHEⅡ评分分为3组,分析各组患者的血小板水平和预后;根据预后分为存活组和死亡组。比较两组的血小板水平和APACHEⅡ评分。结果:不同APACHEⅡ评分分值组患者的血小板水平和死亡率比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);存活组血小板水平较死亡组高,APACHEⅡ评分较死亡组低,两组患者的血小板水平和APACHEⅡ评分比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:患者病情越重,血小板水平越低,APACHEⅡ评分越高,死亡率越高。     

连续性血液净化在危重病合并高钠血症治疗中的应用

目的 探索连续性血液净化（CBP）在危重病合并高钠血症治疗中的应用价值.方法 选择暨南大学第三附属医院血液净化中心29例入住重症监护病房的危重病合并高钠血症患者行CBP治疗,根据血清钠调整置换液钠浓度,观察高血钠与病情的关系及实施CBP前后血清钠浓度及纠正速度、渗透压及急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APPECHE Ⅱ评分）等的变化.结果 29例高钠血症患者总死亡率为68.9%（20/29）,其中颅脑疾病合并高钠血症患者死亡率高达83.3%（15/18）.发生高钠血症时,死亡组的血钠水平和APACHE Ⅱ评分均较存活组明显升高（P＜0.01）.共行CBP治疗113次,治疗天数平均4d（2～10 d）,每日14h（12～22 h）,置换液交换量4.3L/h.血清钠下降每日14.6mmol/L,血钠纠正速度为0.97mmol/（L·h）.所有患者经CBP治疗后血清钠和渗透压明显下降,APPECHE Ⅱ评分改善,治疗过程安全,血流动力学稳定（P＜0.01）.结论 CBP治疗高钠血症效果确切,安全性好,对危重病尤颅脑疾病合并高钠血症者应尽早实施.     

急诊危重病患者血脂水平与危重程度和预后相关性分析

目的探讨急诊危重病患者血脂水平与危重程度以及预后情况的相关性。方法选取2015年1月至2016年1月于该院接受治疗的急诊危重病患者共计184例作为研究对象,按照急诊危重病患者28d内是否存活将其分为存活组(97例)和死亡组(87例)。回顾性分析其急诊诊断、血常规、血糖以及血脂相关指标,分析危重病患者入院24h内生命指标最低情况并进行急性生理与慢性健康Ⅱ评分(APACHEⅡ评分),并分析上述各项指标相关性。结果死亡组危重病患者其血浆总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平明显低于存活组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),三酰甘油(TG)水平和APACHEⅡ评分高于存活组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。危重病患者血浆TC、LDL、HDL水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈负相关,TG水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关。结论急诊危重病患者危重程度与其血脂水平存在一定相关性,危重病患者更容易出现低脂血症,针对急诊入院24h内的危重病患者进行血脂水平检查并给予APACHEⅡ评分将有助于临床工作者更为准确地判断患者病情及预后,有助于指导抢救治疗工作。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."