肝肺综合征临床观察与护理

目的：探讨肝肺综合征临床特点及护理措施。方法：对56例肝炎肝硬化患者采用血气分析测量PaO2和SaO2等，并同期B超下测量门静脉宽度，上消化道钡餐透视检查是否有胃底及食管静脉曲张。结果：门静脉增宽者和胃底食管静脉曲张者，肝肺综合征发病率高。结论：密切观察患者症状和体征，护理得当，可以提高患者生存率及生存质量。     

肝肺综合征临床观察与护理

目的探讨肝肺综合征临床特点及护理措施.方法对56例肝炎肝硬化患者采用血气分析测量Pa02和Sa02等,并同期B超下测量门静脉宽度,上消化道钡餐透视检查是否有胃底及食管静脉曲张.结果门静脉增宽者和胃底食管静脉曲张者,肝肺综合征发病率高.结论密切观察患者症状和体征,护理得当,可以提高患者生存率及生存质量.     

食管胃底静脉破裂出血病人的观察和护理

肝硬变伴肝内门静脉梗阻和门静脉高压是引起食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的最常见原因［１］。食管、胃底静脉曲张并发破裂出血,其出血量大,危及生命。我科自从１９９３年４月～１９９６年１２月共收治门静脉高压症并发食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血２０例。现将急救与护理...     

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治

肝硬化是门静脉高压的最常见病因,而食管胃底静脉曲张出血是门静脉高压的致死性临床表现,需积极预防。食管胃底静脉曲张出血预防的目的:防止未出血的肝硬化患者静脉曲张形成和进展;对于中重度静脉曲张者预防出血;对于有出血史者,防止再次出血     

PTVE治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血病人的围术期护理

经皮肝穿胃冠状静脉栓塞术(PTVE)是经皮肤肝脏穿刺至肝内门静脉分支选择性地进行胃冠状静脉插管,用栓塞材料闭塞血管,以治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血.PTVE治疗和预防食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血效果较好[1],是继三腔二囊管压迫止血、外科切脾分流和断流术及内镜下曲张静脉注射硬化剂和套扎术后,对重度食管胃底静脉曲张出血治疗的又一有效止血方法[2].我院行PTVE治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血34例,现将护理报道如下.     

1例采用覆膜支架行TIPS治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的观察及护理

正经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemie shunt,TIPS)是指经颈内静脉在肝静脉与门静脉之间穿刺建立分流通道以达到降低门静脉压力,减少或控制食管胃底静脉曲张出血及顽固性腹水的一种微创治疗方法[1]。TIPS在治疗肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、顽固性腹腔积液和部分肝肾综合征方面有良好的疗效[2]。现将1例采用覆膜支架行     

健脾柔肝化瘀汤联合盐酸普萘洛尔片治疗肝硬化合并食管胃底重度静脉曲张的效果

目的探究健脾柔肝化瘀汤联合盐酸普萘洛尔片治疗肝硬化合并食管胃底重度静脉曲张的临床效果。方法选取肝硬化合并食管胃底重度静脉曲张患者120例,按随机数字表法分为2组:对照组60例,采用盐酸普萘洛尔片治疗;观察组60例,在对照组治疗基础上给予健脾柔肝化瘀汤治疗。比较2组临床疗效、治疗前后平均血流速度(Vsv)、门静脉血流量(Qpv)、脾静脉血流量(Qsv)、食管胃底重度静脉曲张Grade分级。结果与对照组比较,观察组总有效率显著升高,治疗6个月后Vsv、Qpv、Qsv水平显著降低,食管胃底重度静脉曲张程度明显轻微,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论肝硬化合并食管胃底重度静脉曲张患者采用健脾柔肝化瘀汤联合盐酸普萘洛尔片治疗,疗效显著,并可有效改善食管静脉血流,减轻静脉曲张程度,减少消化道出血发生。     

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血与气温的相关性分析及护理

目的探讨管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血与气温的相关性及护理措施。方法采用回顾性研究方法,收集2010年4月~2014年4月655例食道胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床资料,对气温与出血相关性进行分析,并对日间与夜间中晚期肝硬化门静脉高压患者发生出血病例进行统计。采用彩色多普勒超声测定门静脉血流动力学,评价指标按月份进行划分,将温差较大时段分为热月(6、7、8、9月)和冷月(11、12、1、2月),比较两时间段肝硬化门静脉高压Child-Push分级。结果气温20℃热月出血发生率为12.67%,气温0℃冷月出血发生率为62.29%,两时间段食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);日间(7:01am~7:00pm)出血发生率为29.16%,在夜间(7:01pm~7:00am)出血发生率为70.84%,日间与夜间食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);热月Ⅱ级硬肝化出血率30.12%、Ⅲ级出血率为69.88%,而冷月Ⅱ级硬肝化出血率32.84%、出血率为67.16%,两时间段Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论气温对食管胃底静脉出血有明显影响,低气温可加大食管胃底静脉曲张破裂的风险。     

急诊经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合食道静脉套扎治疗食管静脉曲张出血14例

目的:评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术(PTVE)联合食道静脉曲张套扎(EVL)在重度肝硬化患者急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血中的应用价值.方法:14例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血肝硬化患者,肝功能评价均为ChildC级,行急诊经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞联合食道静脉曲张套扎治疗.结果:14例门脉穿刺及曲张静脉栓塞手术联合食道静脉曲张套扎均获成功.13例即刻止血成功;1例无效,行手术治疗.1～6个月随访期内,再出血2例;严重合并症1例,为腹腔内出血,行开腹探查.结论:对于ChildC级肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者,急诊条件下经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术止血联合食道静脉曲张套扎效果肯定,当手术禁忌时,可为首选治疗方法.     

28例门静脉高压患者行食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术的护理

目的探讨应用组织粘合剂正丁基_2-氰丙烯酸盐（NBCA）栓塞治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张患者的护理。方法回顾性分析28例经皮肝穿应用NBCA栓塞治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张患者在介入术中术后的临床资料和护理。结果27例成功栓塞达到止血效果,1例未栓塞成功;并发症有少量肺栓塞4例,其中2例出现一次性咳嗽,20例出现呕吐,轻微腹痛,无穿刺口出血及腹腔出血并发症的发生,全部患者能顺利配合完成手术。结论做好栓塞术前的心理干预,术中病情的密切观察,术后的观察护理,早期预防及处理并发症对手术的顺利进行及减少并发症发生具有一定意义。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."