Risk factors affecting the failure to complete treatment for patients with latent tuberculosis infection in Tokyo,Japan

ObjectiveThe treatment completion rate for all latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) patients in Tokyo was 83.6% in 2014: somewhat lower than the targeted goal of 85%. This study examines the association between risk factors and LTBI patients’ failure to complete treatment.MethodsWe collected data related to the treatment of LTBI patients who were reported to public health centers in Tokyo from January 2014 through December 2014. Data included potential risk factors affecting treatment, treatment results, and patient characteristics. We used Fisher's exact test to evaluate risk factors affecting failure to complete treatment. The failure rate was defined as the incompletion rate of treatment.ResultsOf 1060 notified cases, 877 had completed treatment; 116 had not completed treatment. Of these 116 cases, failure to complete treatment in 52 cases was attributable to side effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Reasons other than side effects were given for 64 cases. Another 67 cases could not be followed up. In all, 941 cases were analyzed, excluding cases lost to follow-up and cases for which patients had not completed treatment because of anti-tuberculosis drug side effects. Failure rates among foreign-born patients (26.9%) were significantly much higher than those among Japan-born patients (3.9%). Statistical tests indicated no presumed potential risk factor as significant. However, “no supporter for foreign-born LTBI patients” was marginally significant.ConclusionOnly “no supporter for foreign-born LTBI patients” was found to be marginally significant. More data must be accumulated to assess the risk factors affecting LTBI treatment.     

结核菌素皮肤试验阳性人群是否应该接受化学预防治疗

结核病是我国常见的呼吸道传染病之一,发病率和死亡率仍居传染病之首。WHO估计全球有1/3的人口感染结核分枝杆菌(MTB),即潜伏结核感染者(LTBI),而我国是结核病高负担国家之一,大约有40%⁴5%的人口感染MTB。LTBI者在2年内发展成为有临床表现的活动性结核病的风险为5%45%的人口感染MTB。LTBI者在2年内发展成为有临床表现的活动性结核病的风险为5%¹0%,如果采取化学预防,可以降低LTBI者2年内的发病率。LTBI的检测最常用的方法是结核菌素皮肤试验(TST),但并非所用TST阳性人群均适宜化学预防。在我国对于TST强阳性人群,尤其是结核病的高危人群,适合采取化学预防治疗。预防方案可以是单药异烟肼,也可以是异烟肼联合利福平或利福喷汀预防治疗,疗程及给药方式没有统一标准。     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cancer patients at a tertiary care cancer center in Japan

The characteristics of active tuberculosis in cancer patients in Japan and the effects of this infection on cancer treatment have not yet been clarified. The records of all consecutive patients with microbiologically documented Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection diagnosed between September 2002 and March 2008 at Shizuoka cancer center (a 557-bed tertiary care cancer center in Japan) were reviewed. There were 24 cancer patients with active tuberculosis during the study period. Of these, 23 had solid-organ tumors, and the most common site of the underlying malignancy was the lung. Most of the patients had pulmonary tuberculosis. Among 15 patients followed up for more than 2 months prior to the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, 12 had healed scars suggestive of old tuberculosis lesions, as shown by chest imaging obtained at the time of the initial evaluation. Discontinuation of cancer therapy or more than a month's delay in surgery occurred in 10 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Development of active tuberculosis can delay cancer treatment in Japanese centers. Cancer patients with scars suggestive of old tuberculosis disease lesions as shown by chest imaging should be screened for active tuberculosis and carefully followed up. In some cases, prophylactic treatment should be considered.     

多样化CT征象鉴别周围性肺癌与肺结核

目的 探讨周围型肺癌与肺结核的有价值CT征象。 方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的58例肺癌及32例肺结核患者的多样化CT征象,肺癌为病例组,肺结核为对照组,提取有价值征象进行比较并归纳总结。 结果 肺癌组有腺癌46例、鳞癌8例、小细胞癌4例,主要征象分别是:分叶49（84.5%）例,毛刺39（67.2%）例,胸膜凹陷20（34.4%）例,晕征13（22.4%）例;肺结核组主要征象分别是:胸膜反应26（81.25%）例,卫星灶22（68.75%）例,钙化22（68.75%）例,毛刺26（81.25%）例。肺癌与肺结核组CT征象比较中,分叶、晕征、胸膜凹陷、钙化、卫星灶、胸膜反应等征象的分布差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而两者CT征象诊断准确度的比较中,肺癌分叶的诊断指数>150%,肺结核钙化、卫星灶、胸膜反应的诊断指数均>150%。 结论 周围型肺癌与肺结核的鉴别诊断中,分叶、胸膜凹陷、晕征、钙化、卫星灶、胸膜反应等CT征象对于肺癌与肺结核的诊断有一定临床价值。       

应用肿瘤坏死因子拮抗剂人群结核潜伏感染的检测及预防性治疗

肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)拮抗剂的使用是发生活动性结核的高危因素,尤其对于潜伏结核感染(latent tuberculosis infection,LTBI)患者,结核再活动的风险更高。2015年世界卫生组织发布的LTBI管理指南强烈推荐在应用TNF-α拮抗剂前应进行LTBI筛查,并推荐了5种治疗方案,然而,该指南中关于5种方案在此类人群中的有效性和安全性尚无数据。接受TNF-α拮抗剂治疗人群LTBI的筛查和治疗方案选择应受到重视。本文主要综述应用TNF-α拮抗剂LTBI的筛查和治疗,以期为该类人群LTBI的管理提供依据。     

肺曲菌球病46例临床分析

目的 探讨肺曲菌球病的病因、诊断和鉴别诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析46 例手术证实为肺曲菌球病患者的临床资料并复习相关文献.结果 46 例曲菌球病的临床表现多为反复咳嗽、咳痰、咯血等非特异性表现;影像学有典型表现31 例(67.4% ),不典型表现15 例(32.6% );纤维支气管镜镜下支气管黏膜活检11 例,其中4例得到确诊(36.7% ).所有病例均经手术病理确诊.39 例患有肺结核、支气管囊肿、肺脓肿、支气管扩张、肺癌等基础疾病.46 例肺曲菌球病中17 例术前误诊(37.0% ),误诊为肺结核、肺癌、支气管扩张等.结论 肺曲菌球病临床表现无特异性,易误诊和漏诊.确诊主要依赖于病理学检查.抗真菌药治疗效果欠佳,手术是本病最佳治疗方法.     

Estimation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake without Exercise Testing in Korean Healthy Adult Workers

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) diseases are in the face of a progressive increase even in immune-competent subjects, and the clinical features of NTM diseases are heterogenous. The decision to institute treatment of the patients should be made after a period of follow up, because therapy is often prolonged, and frequently ineffective. The reasons why some patients develop severe NTM diseases are not clear. Here we observed the involvement of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in clinical and laboratory features of NTM diseases. We evaluated various tuberculosis-related inflammatory markers including osteopontin (OPN), pentraxin-3 (PTX-3), and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in NTM infected patients with or without LTBI. Eight NTM and 5 tuberculosis (TB) patients, and 5 healthy subjects were enrolled. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed the absence of tuberculosis specific gene (RD1 region), among clinical isolates from NTM patients. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) using Early Secreted Antigenic Target-6 (ESAT-6) and CFP-10, the RD1-encoded protein, was employed for determining LTBI. IGRA was positive in 4/8 NTM (NTM with LTBI, 50%) and 5/5 TB patients. Only 2 of 4 NTM with LTBI were under chemotherapy among all NTM patients, and others were followed up. The plasma levels of OPN, PTX3 and sIL-2R were significantly higher in NTM patients with LTBI than in those without LTBI (P < 0.05). The two patients under therapy showed the highest OPN levels that persisted after treatment. The increased inflammatory levels in NTM patients with LTBI indicate enhanced inflammatory reaction. Extensive therapy may be necessary in such patients.     

肺结核并发肺癌CT漏诊原因分析及体会

目的:探讨肺结核并发肺癌CT漏诊原因及体会,减少漏诊。方法:回顾性分析65例肺结核患者并发肺癌在初期漏诊肺癌的临床症状及CT影像资料。结果:65例患者中,咳嗽咳痰52例,其中刺激性咳嗽17例、咯血16例、消瘦23例、声音嘶哑8例、血性胸腔积液13例,肺结核和肺癌发生于同一肺叶23例,不同肺叶42例。周围型肺癌56例,中央型肺癌9例。61例病灶≤3cm,其余4例>3cm。肺结核与肺癌在空洞形态、边缘分叶、毛刺、病灶及淋巴结强化方式等方面存在一定CT影像差异。结论:详细分析肺结核患者并发肺癌的临床表现及影像资料,提高两病共存的认识,可有效避免漏诊,早期干预,提高患者生存率。     

气道侵袭性曲霉感染19例分析

目的 探讨气道侵袭性曲霉感染的临床表现、诊断及治疗方法。方法 对1999年12月至2003年12月间经病原学和（或）病理学证实的19例气道侵袭性曲霉感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 所有病例均有基础疾病．主要为原发肺部肿瘤（12例）、肺转移瘤（3例）、支气管结核（4例），其中因气道狭窄行支架植入术9例。感染的常见诱因有低蛋白血症（9例）、长期使用广谱抗生素（7例）、糖皮质激素（2例）及免疫抑制剂（10例）和化疗后粒细胞减少或缺乏（3例）；感染的病原菌以烟曲霉为主（14例，73．7％）；临床主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰（84．2％），痰为白色或黄色胶胨样，或为刺激性干咳，近半数患者伴咯血（47．4％）、胸闷、气急（26．3％）等，9例（47．4％）患者有发热；白细胞增高者12例（63．2％）。分别采用两性霉素B、两性霉素B脂质体、伊曲康唑全身用药，结合支气管镜腔内局部治疗，有效率为47．4％。结论 气道侵袭性曲霉感染是一种特殊类型的真菌感染，近年来呈逐年增加的趋势，这与长期大剂量广谱抗生素、大剂量糖皮质激素以及免疫抑制剂应用、肿瘤化疗等密切相关，也与检测技术的提高尤其是支气管镜腔内诊治技术的广泛开展有关；感染的病原以烟曲霉为主。治疗非常棘手，除全身应用抗真菌药物外，还须联合支气管镜腔内局部治疗。     

近10年肺结节病误诊文献调查分析

目的 探讨结节病临床特点、常见误诊疾病及误诊原因.方法 收集整理近10年结节病误诊文献,对病例特点、诊断方法和误诊疾病进行分析.结果 共检索出误诊文献44篇,报告病例319例.误诊病例中位年龄43岁,女性居多,多因咳嗽、胸闷气短、发热等症状就诊,以双侧肺门淋巴结肿大为主要影像学特点,占46.39%.以误诊为结核病、肺癌、淋巴瘤者居多,分别占53.61%、25.71%和10.34%.多数病例通过组织活检而得以确诊,主要是支气管镜下活检和淋巴结活检.结论 临床医生应提高对结节病的认识,全面、系统分析,拓宽思路,减少误诊率.

Abstract：

Objective To review the clinical features of lung nodule and the common misdiagnosed reasons and diseases. Methods A total of 44 literature on misdiagnosed lung nodule in the latest ten years were reviewed and their clinical characters, diagnosis methods were analyzed. Results Forty-four relative literatures were found, in which there were 319 misdiagnosed cases. The median of onset age was 43 years. Female patients were more than male. Cough, chest distress and fever were primary symptoms. 46. 39% of the patients were characterized with hilus of lung lymphadenectasis symmetrically. The most common misdiagnosis were tuberculosis, lung cancer and lymphadenoma ( 53.61%, 25. 71% and 10. 34% ). Majority of patients were correctly diagnosed by biopsy, especially through transbronchial lung or mucosa biopsy or lymphaden biopsy. Conclusion Clinicians should improve the understanding on lung nodule and comprehensively analyze and differentiate it with other diseases to reduce the misdiagnosis.     

936例肺结核患者治疗和预后的影响因素分析

【目的】探讨肺结核患者的治疗方法及预后的影响因素。【方法】回顾性分析本院自2009年1月至2011年12月的936例住院治疗的肺结核患者的临床资料,936例患者采用常规抗结核药物联合丁胺卡那与左氧氟沙星治疗,分析预后的影响因素。【结果】936例肺结核患者治疗的有效率为98．82％（925／936）;单因素分析显示影响预后的因素为治疗前结核患者年龄、结核的分型以及规范治疗（P〈0．05）;COX模型多因素分析显示病变部位与原结合病灶部位的关系、规范化治疗、原发肿瘤的分期情况与患者的预后具有相关性（P＜0．01）。【结论】肺结核患者并发有肺癌的病例容易被漏诊,重视规范化治疗可以降低结核患者复治的比例,注意有恶变危险因素的患者,提高患者的健康质量。     

结核分枝杆菌感染人群诊断及预防治疗研究进展

结核潜伏感染(LTBI)者是结核病患者的重要来源,可通过免疫学方面检测(结核菌素试验和γ-干扰素释放试验)诊断,对LTBI的预防性治疗可以减低将来结核分枝杆菌再活化及发展成结核病的风险。LTBI的检测属于针对性检测,只有对于有高风险发展成结核病或者能从LTBI的预防性治疗中获益的人群才进行LTBI的检测。常用的标准预防性治疗方案是6⁹个月的异烟肼治疗方案,可以降低LTBI 90%的发病风险,由于疗程长、肝损害常见,完成率仅仅在50%左右。针对上述问题衍生出了一些其他的单药或者联合用药的方案,包括4RIF、3INH-RPT、3-4INH-RIF及2RIF-PZA,其中有效性、安全性和完成率均较好的是3INH-RPT。预防性治疗既往并未得到有效利用,对LTBI的规范诊疗将有助于实现国家结核病防治规划。     

肺结核与肺癌并存的X线诊断

目的 :探讨肺结核与肺癌并存的X线表现 ,旨在提高对肺结核与肺癌并存的X线认识和早期诊断能力。方法 :对我院收治的 2 9例肺结核与肺癌并存患者的X线平片进行分析 ,男 2 4例 ,女 5例 ,最大年龄 78岁 ,最小年龄43岁 ,平均年龄为 5 5 .7岁。结果 :2 1例在原有肺结核基础上并发肺     

Risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection in children in South Korea

Objectives: In South Korea, latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening is a critical strategy associated with efforts to reduce the incidence of tuberculosis (TB). Currently, only children with a known history of TB contact are considered as pediatric high-risk groups for LTBI, and consequently, LTBI screening is only provided to these children. However, to reduce the incidence of TB, the high-risk groups that undergo LTBI screening should be expanded. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for LTBI among children living in South Korea with no known history of TB contact for the identification of additional high-risk groups. We investigated the risk factors for LTBI among US visa applicant children, who undergo LTBI screening regardless of their TB contact history.

Methods: We obtained data on demographic characteristics, medical history, Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination history, and results of LTBI screening for children aged 2–14 years. A tuberculin skin test was used for the diagnosis of LTBI, and an induration of 10 mm or greater was used to define a positive test. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the association between clinical and demographic variables and LTBI.

Results: Of the 1,664 study participants, 91 (5.5%) had LTBI. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that children born in high TB burden foreign countries had the highest odds of LTBI when considering all the risk factors investigated. Increasing age, absence of BCG vaccination, and a previous diagnosis of asthma were also significant risk factors for LTBI.

Conclusion: These results indicate that children born in high TB burden foreign countries should be considered a high-risk group for LTBI in South Korea; the inclusion of these children in LTBI screening should be considered.     

Motivation to quit smoking among relatives of lung cancer patients

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to motivation to quit among smoking family members of lung cancer patients. Design and Sample: Relatives of multidisciplinary lung cancer clinic patients were recruited during family members' treatment. Participants (N=29) were primarily female and Caucasian. Measures: The items assessed included the effect of their relative's disease on motivation to quit, intent to quit in the next 6 months, stage of change, perceived risk from smoking, and attitudes about being approached about cessation. Results: Most indicated that their relative's disease had increased motivation to quit smoking (71%); 72% planned to quit within 6 months. One fourth (28%) were in precontemplation stage of change; 65% in contemplation; and 7% in preparation. The average perceived risk of developing lung cancer was 6.3. Two thirds were glad or very glad that someone had talked with them about quitting; 91% thought it was somewhat or very appropriate to talk about cessation with family members of lung cancer patients. Motivation to quit smoking was positively correlated with stage of change and perceived lung cancer risk. Conclusions: Public health nurses who interact with families of lung cancer patients may be able to promote cessation in an at‐risk group that is motivated to quit smoking.     

纤维支气管镜检查112例不同年龄组肺不张临床分析

目的探讨不明原因肺不张纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)检查的应用价值及不同年龄组肺不张病因的特点。方法X线、CT诊断肺不张112例，经纤支镜观察、活检、刷检及细菌学、抗炎治疗等明确诊断。结果112例确定病因的肺不张中，肺癌70例(62．5％)，炎症27例(24．1％)，结核12例(10．7％)，异物3例(2．7％)。老年组肺癌(84．5％)占首位，炎症(13、8％)次之，结核(1．70%)少见；中年组以肺癌(54．3％)和炎症(37．1％)为主，结核(8．6％)较少见；青年组结核(42．1％)和炎症(31．6％)多见，异物(15．7％)和肺癌(10，5％)较少。结论中老年肺不张多数为肺癌所致，青年人肺不张以结核和炎症多见。纤支镜检查是确定肺不张病因的最主要手段，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

肺癌病人病耻感、心理弹性、医学应对能力的相关性研究及影响因素分析

[目的]研究肺癌病人病耻感、心理弹性、医学应对能力的相关性及影响因素。[方法]选取收治肺癌病人517例,加强肺癌病人病耻感、心理弹性和医学应对能力监测,采用Logistic重点分析影响病耻感、心理弹性和医学应对能力风险因素,探讨三者相关性。[结果]无病耻感34例,轻度214例,中度171例,重度98例;心理弹性低水平257例,中等水平229例,高水平31例;医学应对方式:面对211例,回避203例,屈服103例。多因素Logistic回归分析证实家庭月收入、吸烟、心理状态、病理分期、社会支持度、外形改变是影响肺癌病人的病耻感风险因素;家庭月收入、心理状态、社会支持度、治疗方法、化疗方案、疼痛是影响肺癌病人心理弹性因素;而病耻感、心理弹性是影响肺癌病人医学应对能力因素(P<0.05);且病耻感与医学应对能力呈负相关(P<0.05),心理弹性与医学应对能力呈正相关(P<0.05)。[结论]病耻感、心理弹性是导致肺癌病人医学应对能力下降的风险因素,消除或减少影响病耻感、心理弹性风险因素,利于改善二者状态,提高应对能力,最终改善肺癌结局。     

Preventive therapy for tuberculosis in rheumatological patients undergoing therapy with biological drugs

Introduction: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) accounts for almost a quarter of the world population, and, in 5–10% of the subjects with impaired immune-response against M. tuberculosis growth, it may progress to active tuberculosis (TB). In this review, we focus on the need to propose a screening for LTBI including preventive therapy offer in rheumatic patients undergoing therapy with biological drugs.

Areas covered: We report on evidence that biologics are associated with an increased risk of active TB reactivation. This effect seems to be mainly limited to treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, while non-anti-TNF-targeted biologics are not likely associated to any increased risk. We introduce the concept that the patients’ coexisting host-related risk factors, such as comorbidities, are crucial to identify those at higher risk to reactivate TB. We report that preventive TB therapy is well tolerated in patients treated with biological drugs.

Expert commentary: Availability of non-anti-TNF targeted biologics, that are not associated with an increased risk of TB reactivation, offers a great opportunity to tailor a therapeutic intervention at low/absent TB risk. After proper LTBI screening investigations, preventive TB therapy has been demonstrated to be effective and well-tolerated to reduce the risk of TB reactivation in rheumatic patients requiring biological drugs.     

肺重复癌的临床特点分析

目的分析肺重复癌的临床特征、吸烟影响、肺癌与肺外器官恶性肿瘤间关系、治疗及预后。方法收集我院近10年收治的4 589例肺癌患者中肺重复癌患者31例进行回顾性分析。结果本组31例中腺癌12例,小细胞肺癌10例,鳞癌6例,支气管肺泡癌1例,腺鳞癌1例,大细胞癌1例。所合并的第一原发肿瘤为膀胱癌6例,宫颈癌3例,食管癌3例,胃癌3例,肾癌3例,肺癌3例,乳腺癌2例,甲状腺癌1例,左颌下腺淋巴上皮癌1例,嗅神经母细胞瘤1例,喉癌1例,鼻咽癌1例,脑胶质瘤1例,结肠癌1例,多发性骨髓瘤1例,其中28例患者行手术治疗,术后进行放化疗者26例,3例单纯放疗。两种原发肿瘤发生的时间间隔平均为55个月,有肿瘤家族史者8例,吸烟者22例。有咳嗽、咯血症状者22例。结论肺重复癌与第一原发性肺癌的临床特点与预后相似,吸烟率更高,肿瘤患者发生第二肿瘤的风险较大,放化疗及手术可能会诱发第二原发肿瘤的发生,肿瘤家族史是高危因素。定期复查,及时诊断,综合治疗可改善患者的预后。     

不典型肾结核的诊断治疗

目的探讨不典型肾结核诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析2003年1月-2010年7月12例肾结核住院患者的临床资料。患者尿常规异常9例(75%);腰痛3例(25%);尿频8例(66.7%)。尿沉渣检查抗酸杆菌9例中阳性2例(22.2%);静脉尿路造影11例,患肾不显影7例(63.6%),提示肾结核2例(18.2%);逆行尿路造影7例,提示肾结核1例(14.3%);CT确诊8例(66.7%)。确诊肾结核后,12例患者中7例行手术治疗,5例行药物治疗。药物治疗患者中3例采用异烟肼、利福平加盐酸乙胺丁醇治疗,疗程为9个月;2例加用吡嗪酰胺,疗程为1年。手术治疗7例患者于抗结核治疗2周后行肾切除术,术后行抗结核治疗1～1.5年。治疗结束后随访尿查结核分枝杆菌6个月。结果异烟肼、利福平加盐酸乙胺丁醇药物治疗组3例中1例在9个月后复查时患肾损伤严重,行肾切除,另2例患者以及加用比嗪酰胺2例药物抗结核治疗后,活动性病灶消失,连续半年尿中未找见结核分枝杆菌。行肾切除手术的7例患者术中2例肾萎缩,5例患肾体积增大,均伴有不同程度肾积脓;肾切除术后病理均确诊为肾结核,合并输尿管结核2例,输尿管慢性炎症4例。7例手术患者术后行抗结核治疗,治疗结束后尿中均未找见结核分枝杆菌,影像学检查也未发现新发病灶。结论临床症状不典型及起病隐匿是导致肾结核延误诊疗的重要原因。彩色多普勒超声、静脉肾盂造影、逆行尿路造影是主要的检查方法,CT对肾结核的诊断具有重要价值。手术治疗上多以患肾切除为主。