血管内超声在冠心病中的应用进展

血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound,IVUS)是与冠状动脉(冠脉)造影术(CAG)相辅相成的有效检查手段,为冠心病提供了诊治的新方法。急性冠脉综合征(acute coronarysy ndrome,ACS)可使即刻发病率和病死率增高,也使1年内冠脉事件的发生率明显增高。IVUS可对血管腔径面积和斑块大小、分布及其组成做出评估,并检测病变的范围、程度,冠脉钙化和重塑等,能对有破裂危险的动脉粥样硬化斑块进行识别。IVUS既能解释介入治疗方法的机制,也可用来选择最佳的介入方法。     

双源螺旋CT与血管内超声对冠状动脉斑块和血管重塑的比较

目的以血管内超声(IVUS)为标准,评价双源螺旋CT(DSCT)对冠状动脉斑块、血管重塑的临床应用价值。方法入选拟诊为冠心病的17例患者,分别行DSCT和IVUS检查,以10mm为一评估节段,分别评估每个有效节段斑块的性质和CT值,并测定管腔面积、斑块面积、斑块负荷和血管重塑指数。结果在21支冠状动脉的114段可评估的冠状动脉节段中,DSCT对斑块诊断的敏感性为88.10%(37/42),特异性为95.83%(69/72),阳性预测值为92.50%(37/40),阴性预测值为93.2%(69/74)。DSCT和IVUS对管腔面积、斑块面积和斑块负荷的测量值分别为:(6.79±3.29)mm~2比(6.80±2.79)mm~2;(8.89±5.44)mm~2比(8.24±3.05)mm~2;(55.26±13.32)%比(55.09±9.42)%(P0.05)。相关系数分别为0.81,0.75和0.51(P0.01)。以IVUS结果将斑块分为脂质斑块、纤维斑块和钙化斑块,分别测得CT值为(54.50±5.59)HU(117.90±13.79),HU(780.18±134.73)HU(P0.01)。两两比较发现脂质斑块和纤维斑块的CT值无显著性差异(P=0.44)。DSCT与IVUS对血管重塑指数相关性检验,r=0.38,P0.05。结论与IVUS比较,DSCT是一种能有效检测冠状动脉粥样斑块的无创检查方法,能准确的评估冠脉临界病变的管腔面积、斑块面积及斑块负荷,能有效评估冠状动脉钙化和非钙化成分,对血管重塑性的评估与IVUS测量结果相关。     

对比血管内超声与磁共振管壁成像评价左冠状动脉斑块负荷

目的 对比分析血管内超声(IVUS)与MR黑血序列冠状动脉管壁成像评价左冠状动脉斑块负荷。 方法 对拟诊为冠心病(CAD)的患者15例,于7天内分别进行IVUS和MR检查。在两种技术所获图像相对应的层面上分别测量血管横截面积、管腔横截面积计算斑块负荷,并行配对t检验、直线相关分析和Bland-Altman分析。 结果 IVUS和MRI评价血管横截面积、管腔横截面积和斑块负荷具有显著相关性,r值分别为0.59、0.68和0.59(P<0.001)。与IVUS比较,MR检查测得的血管横截面积和管腔横截面积较小,斑块负荷计算值较大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Bland-Altman分析显示IVUS和MR测量冠状动脉斑块负荷均具有较好的重复性。 结论 IVUS和MRI技术均可准确评价冠状动脉病变程度。     

应用血管内超声技术识别冠状动脉粥样斑块

目的探讨应用血管内超声技术(IVUS)观察急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)与稳定型心绞痛(SA)患者冠状动脉粥样斑块的特征。方法28例ACS患者和13例SA患者进行冠状动脉造影和IVUS检查,应用IVUS观察59支冠状动脉粥样斑块的特征、数量,同时测量血管外弹力膜面积(EA)、管腔面积(LA),计算斑块面积(PA)、斑块负荷、斑块偏心指数(EI)及血管重构指数(RI)。结果59支冠状动脉共检出151个粥样斑块,平均每支冠状动脉斑块数目为2.56个,其中ACS组61.3%为脂质斑块,SA组40.0%为脂质斑块,差异有显著性意义(P=0.02)。与SA组比较,ACS组斑块负荷重[(70.71±9.64)%对(59.61±21.58)%,P=0.008];且以正性重构为主(1.06±0.18对0.98±0.11,P=0.013)。结论ACS与SA患者冠状动脉粥样斑块特征不同,IVUS能够全面准确提供动脉粥样斑块的信息。     

编织冠状动脉的血管内超声及光学相干断层显像影像特点

目的总结编织冠状动脉(WCA)的血管内超声(IVUS)及光学相干断层显像(OCT)影像特点。方法选取2013年1月至2020年7月于成都中医药大学附属医院、复旦大学附属中山医院、郑州市心血管病医院就诊,且冠状动脉造影疑诊WCA的患者37例,进行腔内影像学分析,总结确诊为WCA患者的IVUS及OCT特点。结果37例入选者中,共确诊WCA患者9例(24.3%),其中累及右冠状动脉6例、前降支2例和回旋支1例;WCA病变节段平均长度2.2 cm(范围1.2~4.5 cm)。WCA造影的直接征象为冠状动脉的某一处分出多条细小管腔,这些管腔沿着主血管走形方向缠绕而行,形成"麻花辫"样的编织网,随后再次汇合成一条正常血管。病变血管段长短不一,除非合并冠状动脉粥样硬化,其血流多数不受限。OCT及IVUS显示局部管腔存在多个螺旋管腔,彼此独立且每一隧道均有较为完整的三层血管结构。结论WCA具有典型的IVUS和OCT影像特征,借助IVUS及OCT有助于提高WCA检出率并指导治疗决策。     

冠状动脉CT血管成像钙化积分对慢性心绞痛患者冠状动脉病变及预后的评估价值

目的 探讨冠状动脉CT血管成像(CTA)钙化积分对慢性心绞痛(CAP)患者冠状动脉病变及预后的评估价值.方法 选取160例CAP患者为研究对象,均给予冠状动脉血管内超声(IVUS)检查和CTA检查.以IVUS结果为金标准,分析冠状动脉CTA钙化积分评判斑块性质的准确性.采用Pearson相关分析评估冠状动脉CTA钙化积...     

心肌血流储备分数及血管内超声指导冠心病临界病变介入治疗的观察与护理

目的:探讨血管内超声(IVUS)与血流储备分数(FFR)指导冠心病临界病变介入治疗的效果及护理。方法:选择我院收治的冠心病临界病变患者作为研究对象并进行分组研究,分别接受FFR以及IVUS相关检查,将结果作为实施冠状动脉介入治疗的重要依据。将两组患者的植入支架数目、心脏不良事件、心绞痛情况以及心绞痛分级情况进行对比。结果:两组患者血管病变类别、血管病变数据等相关数据均无显著性差异(P0.05);FFR组植入支架率为23.33%,低于IVUS组的53.33%(P0.05)。两组患者1年心脏不良事件发生率、心绞痛发生次数、心绞痛分级比较均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:FFR以及IVUS临床预后相似,均可用于指导冠状动脉临界病变的介入治疗,但IVUS组可能会植入更多冠状动脉支架。     

血管内超声对冠状动脉临界病变处理的应用价值

目的 探讨血管内超声(IVUS)在判断冠状动脉造影临界病变介入治疗指征中的价值。方法 对68例稳定型心绞痛(SA)患者(26例)和不稳定型心绞痛(UA)患者42例做冠状动脉造影(CAG)，显示单支临界病变的患者行IVUS检查，以面积狭窄60％或偏心脂质斑块作为介入治疗指征。结果 68处病变进行介入治疗50处(73．53％)，时于血管直径的判断，IVUS优于CAG；时于有价值病变的检出，UA组优于SA组。结论 对于CAG显示的临界病变，尤其是表现为UA者。有必要进一步行IVUS检查。     

血管内超声与血管造影检测早期左冠状动脉主干病变的对比研究

目的:通过血管内超声(IVUS)研究左冠状动脉主干(LMCA)动脉粥样硬化病变的发生率以及血管重塑的效应。方法:41例血管造影正常的LMCA行IVUS检查,计算LMCA的外弹力膜面积(血管面积)、管腔面积、斑块面积以及百分面积狭窄。结果:23例(56％)LMCA含有粥样硬化斑块。74％的斑块呈偏心性。含有斑块的LMCA血管面积19.6mm2±3.8mm2,与斑块面积(6.0mm2±2.7mm2)呈中度正相关(r=0.49,P<0.01)。平均面积狭窄为30.5±12.7％(6.4-68.6％)。含有斑块的LMCA血管面积比无斑块者(15.7mm2±1.9mm2,P<0.001)更大。结论:血管造影低估了LMCA粥样硬化病变的发生率。随着斑块的增长,LMCA出现代偿性扩张。IVUS是检测LMCA病变的重要方法。     

血管内超声对冠状动脉中度狭窄处理的指导作用及安全性评价

目的：用血管内超声（IVUS）对10例经选择性冠状动脉造影（CAG）提示冠状动脉存在中度狭窄的患者进行检查，对IVUS结果资料进行分析，评价IVUS在冠状动脉中度狭窄病变处理中的作用及IVUS检查的安全性。方法：对经CAG检查发现冠状动脉存在中度狭窄的40例患者的46处病变进行IVUS检查，通过IVUS检查了解病变处斑块性质与特征及计算病变血管最大狭窄程度，并对这两种检查结果进行比较。结果：40例患者中25例经IVUS检查后确诊为病变血管狭窄程度≥75％或严重偏心斑块而作了介入治疗，另外15例因病变较轻而行药物治疗。2例患者在IVUS检查过程中分别出现室性心律失常及冠状动脉痉挛现象，经处理后不良反应立即消失。所有患者随访3个月以上，未出现严重心脏缺血事件。结论：IVUS对CAG发现的冠状动脉中度狭窄的诊断及处理具有指导意义，IVUS是对CAG的补充，IVUS检查本身比较安全。     

Fusion of CT coronary angiography and whole-heart dynamic 3D cardiac MR perfusion: building a framework for comprehensive cardiac imaging

The purpose of this work was to develop a framework for 3D fusion of CT coronary angiography (CTCA) and whole-heart dynamic 3D cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion (3D-CMR-Perf) image data—correlating coronary artery stenoses to stress-induced myocardial perfusion deficits for the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Twenty-three patients who underwent CTCA and 3D-CMR-Perf for various indications were included retrospectively. For CTCA, image quality and coronary diameter stenoses >?50% were documented. For 3D-CMR-Perf, image quality and stress-induced perfusion deficits were noted. A software framework was developed to allow for 3D image fusion of both datasets. Computation steps included: (1) fully automated segmentation of coronary arteries and heart contours from CT; (2) manual segmentation of the left ventricle in 3D-CMR-Perf images; (3) semi-automatic co-registration of CT/CMR datasets; (4) projection of the 3D-CMR-Perf values on the CT left ventricle. 3D fusion analysis was compared to separate inspection of CTCA and 3D-CMR-Perf data. CT and CMR scans resulted in an image quality being rated as good to excellent (mean scores 3.5?±?0.5 and 3.7?±?0.4, respectively, scale 1–4). 3D-fusion was feasible in all 23 patients, and perfusion deficits could be correlated to culprit coronary lesions in all but one case (22/23?=?96%). Compared to separate analysis of CT and CMR data, coronary supply territories of 3D-CMR-Perf perfusion deficits were refined in two cases (2/23?=?9%), and the relevance of stenoses in CTCA was re-judged in four cases (4/23?=?17%). In conclusion, 3D fusion of CTCA/3D-CMR-Perf facilitates anatomic correlation of coronary lesions and stress-induced myocardial perfusion deficits thereby helping to refine diagnostic assessment of CAD.     

MDCT冠状动脉造影的临床应用价值分析及护理

目的 探讨MDCT冠状动脉造影检查技术的临床应用价值及护理体会.方法 55例冠心病的患者均同时行MDCT冠状动脉造影检查(CTCA)和DSA选择性冠状动脉造影检查(SCA),用GE Advantange Workstation A W4.3影像后处理工作站对采集的CTCA原始数据信息结果进行影像图像后处理,重建出冠状动脉影像,并以SCA为金标准分析CTCA的检查结果.结果 55例患者行CTCA检查显示冠状动脉左前降支、左回旋支及右冠状动脉的显示率分别为100%(55/55)、95.2%(51/55)和98.4%(54/55),CTCA诊断冠状动脉狭窄＞50%的敏感度93.5%、特异度95.3%、准确度94.6%.结论 MDCT冠状动脉CTA检查结果和SCA检查结果有较高的一致性,是临床上一种筛选冠状动脉病变的良好方法.     

64排CT冠状动脉成像诊断冠状动脉狭窄的临床价值

目的 评价64排CT冠状动脉成像(CTCA)技术诊断冠状动脉显著狭窄(≥50%管腔狭窄)的临床价值.方法 采用CTCA对61例临床疑诊冠心病患者进行检查,并于CTCA检查后2周内行选择性冠状动脉造影(SCA).结果 1例患者因冠状动脉严重钙化4支血管CTCA不可评估,其余60例患者240支冠状动脉血管CTCA均可良好显影,240支血管显著狭窄诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为90.0%(72/80)、91.9%(147/160)、84.7%(72/85)、94.8%(147/155).结论 CTCA显示了较高的阴性预测值,可以作为排除冠状动脉显著病变的一种无创标准性检查.     

Coronary artery centerline extraction in cardiac CT angiography using a CNN-based orientation classifier

Coronary artery centerline extraction in cardiac CT angiography (CCTA) images is a prerequisite for evaluation of stenoses and atherosclerotic plaque. In this work, we propose an algorithm that extracts coronary artery centerlines in CCTA using a convolutional neural network (CNN).In the proposed method, a 3D dilated CNN is trained to predict the most likely direction and radius of an artery at any given point in a CCTA image based on a local image patch. Starting from a single seed point placed manually or automatically anywhere in a coronary artery, a tracker follows the vessel centerline in two directions using the predictions of the CNN. Tracking is terminated when no direction can be identified with high certainty. The CNN is trained using manually annotated centerlines in training images. No image preprocessing is required, so that the process is guided solely by the local image values around the tracker’s location.The CNN was trained using a training set consisting of 8 CCTA images with a total of 32 manually annotated centerlines provided in the MICCAI 2008 Coronary Artery Tracking Challenge (CAT08). Evaluation was performed within the CAT08 challenge using a test set consisting of 24 CCTA test images in which 96 centerlines were extracted. The extracted centerlines had an average overlap of 93.7% with manually annotated reference centerlines. Extracted centerline points were highly accurate, with an average distance of 0.21 mm to reference centerline points. Based on these results the method ranks third among 25 publicly evaluated methods in CAT08. In a second test set consisting of 50 CCTA scans acquired at our institution (UMCU), an expert placed 5448 markers in the coronary arteries, along with radius measurements. Each marker was used as a seed point to extract a single centerline, which was compared to the other markers placed by the expert. This showed strong correspondence between extracted centerlines and manually placed markers. In a third test set containing 36 CCTA scans from the MICCAI 2014 Challenge on Automatic Coronary Calcium Scoring (orCaScore), fully automatic seeding and centerline extraction was evaluated using a segment-wise analysis. This showed that the algorithm is able to fully-automatically extract on average 92% of clinically relevant coronary artery segments. Finally, the limits of agreement between reference and automatic artery radius measurements were found to be below the size of one voxel in both the CAT08 dataset and the UMCU dataset. Extraction of a centerline based on a single seed point required on average 0.4 ± 0.1 s and fully automatic coronary tree extraction required around 20 s.The proposed method is able to accurately and efficiently determine the direction and radius of coronary arteries based on information derived directly from the image data. The method can be trained with limited training data, and once trained allows fast automatic or interactive extraction of coronary artery trees from CCTA images.     

PET/CT心肌灌注显像联合冠状动脉CTA诊断冠心病

目的 评价PET/CT心肌灌注显像(MPI)联合冠状动脉CTA(CTCA)诊断冠心病的准确性。方法 检索2001-2011年有关PET/CTCA诊断冠心病的原始研究,经过质量评价后对符合纳入标准的文献进行数据提取,并行Meta分析和亚组分析,绘制森林图和拟合ROC曲线。结果 纳入6篇文献(252例),按照随机效应模型合并后,MPI/CTCA、单独MPI和单独CTCA(段)的诊断敏感度(SEN)、特异度(SPE)、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)、诊断比值比(DOR)、诊断准确率(ACC)及曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.91(95%CI 0.84~0.96)、0.91(95%CI 0.84~0.96)和0.87(95%CI 0.80~0.92),0.99(95%CI 0.96~1.00)、0.91(95%CI 0.84~0.96)和0.91(95%CI 0.88~0.94),0.95(95%CI 0.82~1.00)、0.94(0.86~1.00)和0.85(0.59~0.92),0.93(0.88~0.99)、0.84(0.78~0.97)和0.91(0.69~1.00),381.23(95%CI 98.04~1482.48)、113.20(95%CI 36.39~352.19)和73.59(95%CI 35.70~151.69),0.9671、0.9638和0.9575。结论 MPI/CTCA较单独MPI或单独CTCA无绝对优势,但鉴别冠状动脉痉挛所致MPI假阳性与代偿期冠状动脉狭窄所致MPI假阴性优势互补。     

Deriving coronary artery calcium scores from CT coronary angiography: a proposed algorithm for evaluating stable chest pain

We validate a method of calcium scoring on CT coronary angiography (CTCA) and propose an algorithm for the assessment of patients with stable chest pain. 503 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and CTCA were included. A 0.1 cm² region of interest was used to determine the mean contrast density on CTCA images either in the left main stem (LM) or right coronary artery. Axial 3 mm CTCA images were scored for calcium using conventional software with a modified threshold: mean LM contrast density (HU) + 2SD. A conversion factor (CF) for predicting CACS from raw CTCA scores (rCTCAS) was determined using a multivariable regression model adjusted for model over-optimism (1,000 bootstrap samples). Accuracy of this method was determined using weighted kappa for NICE recommended CACS groupings (0, 1–400, >400) and Bland–Altman analysis for absolute score. With the CF applied: CACS = (1.183 × rCTCAS) + (0.002 × rCTCAS × threshold), there was excellent agreement between methods for absolute score (mean difference 5.44 [95 % limits of agreement ?207.0 to 217.8]). The method discriminated between high (>400) and low risk (<400) calcium scores with a sensitivity and specificity of 85 and 99 %, and a PPV and NPV of 92 and 98 %, respectively, and led to a significant reduction in radiation exposure (6.9 [5.1–10.2] vs. 5.2 [6.3–8.7] mSv; p < 0.0001). Our proposed method allows a comprehensive assessment of coronary artery pathology through the use of an individualised, semi-automated approach. If incorporated into stable chest pain guidelines the need for further functional testing or invasive angiography could be determined from CTCA alone, supporting a change to the current guidelines.     

Is there a role for CT coronary angiography in patients with symptomatic angina? Effect of coronary calcium score on identification of stenosis

Present guidelines discourage the use of CT coronary angiography (CTCA) in symptomatic angina patients. We examined the relation between coronary calcium score (CS) and the performance of CTCA in patients with stable and unstable angina in order to understand under which conditions CTCA might be a gate-keeper to conventional coronary angiography (CCA) in such patients. We included 360 patients between 50 and 70 years old with stable and unstable angina who were clinically referred for CCA irrespective of CS. Patients received CS and CCTA on 64-slice scanners in a multicenter cross-sectional trial. The institutional review board approved the study. Diagnostic performance of CTCA to detect or rule out significant coronary artery disease was calculated on a per patient level in pre-defined CS categories. The prevalence of significant coronary artery disease strongly increased with CS. Negative CTCA were associated with a negative likelihood ratio of <0.1 independent of CS. Positive CTCA was associated with a high positive likelihood ratio of 9.4 if CS was <10. However, for higher CS the positive likelihood ratio never exceeded 3.0 and for CS >400 it decreased to 1.3. In the 62 (17%) patients with CS <10, CTCA reliably identified the 42 (68%) of these patients without significant CAD, at no false negative CTCA scans. In symptomatic angina patients, a negative CTCA reliably excludes significant CAD but the additional value of CTCA decreases sharply with CS >10 and especially with CS >400. In patients with CS <10, CTCA provides excellent diagnostic performance.     

成人冠状动脉瘘的CT血管成像特点

目的 探讨冠状动脉瘘(CAF)的CT血管成像特征。方法 分析45例接受DSCT (31例)及256 iCT(14例)成像CAF患者的图像质量、辐射剂量及影像学特征。结果 45例CAF患者的CTCA图像质量均满足诊断需要,平均有效剂量为(12.92±3.73)mSv。CAF起自左冠状动脉23例、右冠状动脉13例、起自两者7例,起自右冠状动脉及支气管动脉1例,起自右冠状动脉及头臂干1例。CAF单一瘘管33例,多发瘘管12例。瘘入右心系统共40例,其中瘘入肺动脉31例、冠状窦4例、右心房3例、右心室1例、上腔静脉1例;瘘入左心系统5例,其中瘘入左心房2例、左心室2例、肺静脉1例。瘘血管可有纡曲、血管丛样、扩张或动脉瘤形成等表现。结论 CTCA检查可无创、准确地显示CAF的部位、走行及并发畸形,可作为临床诊断CAF的首选检查方法。     

Standardized evaluation methodology and reference database for evaluating coronary artery centerline extraction algorithms

Efficiently obtaining a reliable coronary artery centerline from computed tomography angiography data is relevant in clinical practice. Whereas numerous methods have been presented for this purpose, up to now no standardized evaluation methodology has been published to reliably evaluate and compare the performance of the existing or newly developed coronary artery centerline extraction algorithms. This paper describes a standardized evaluation methodology and reference database for the quantitative evaluation of coronary artery centerline extraction algorithms. The contribution of this work is fourfold: (1) a method is described to create a consensus centerline with multiple observers, (2) well-defined measures are presented for the evaluation of coronary artery centerline extraction algorithms, (3) a database containing 32 cardiac CTA datasets with corresponding reference standard is described and made available, and (4) 13 coronary artery centerline extraction algorithms, implemented by different research groups, are quantitatively evaluated and compared. The presented evaluation framework is made available to the medical imaging community for benchmarking existing or newly developed coronary centerline extraction algorithms.     

Application of a new three-dimensional method for the measurement of coronary stent angulation and comparison with conventional methods

The precision of the measurement of the angulation of coronary stents or lesions using coronary angiography (CA) and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) has not been established, and obtaining a rotating artery tree to measure angulation based on CTA is time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a new three-dimensional centerline method that we have developed for the measurement of coronary stent angulation based on CTA and to compare it with other conventional methods. We used the centerline method compacted by means of our new software, the conventional artery rotation method based on CTA and the simple CA method to measure the angulations of phantoms in vitro and stents implanted in patients. The precision and repetition of this new method was compared with those of the other two methods. The angulation values obtained from both the centerline and artery rotation methods based on CTA had high correlation and agreement with the true angulation values measured using a phantom; the 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for the differences were ?0.67° to 0.91° and ?0.59° to 2.93°, respectively, while the difference between the value determined using the CA method and the true angulation of the phantoms ranged from 3° to 21.8° (median 8.1°). In clinical coronary stent measurement, the difference between artery rotation and centerline measurement was small (95 % CI ?9.0° to 7.6°), and both methods had good repeatability. The time required to complete the measurement was considerably shorter (p < 0.001) using the centerline method than artery rotation method (12.5 ± 1.86 vs. 71.8 ± 13.6 s), while the CA method had poor precision and repeatability in the measurement of clinical stent angulation relative to the methods based on CTA (95 % CI ?14.7° to 21.7°). Our three-dimensional centerline method based on CTA for the measurement of angulation was reliable and easy to implement in both clinical and basic research image analysis, and the centerline and conventional artery rotation methods can be used interchangeably. In addition, the value obtained for the coronary stent angulation using the CA method had a large bias.