急性机械瓣膜功能障碍的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨急性心脏机械瓣膜功能障碍的诊断和治疗方法。方法:复习有关文献,回顾和总结诊治急性心脏机械瓣膜功能障碍2例患者的资料。结果:对于机械瓣膜替换术后的病人突然出现急性左心衰竭,听诊时在相应的瓣膜听诊区不能闻及机械瓣膜的金属音,应该首先考虑急性机械瓣膜功能障碍的可能性。结论:急性心脏机械瓣膜功能障碍应及时确诊并早期手术以挽救生命。     

机械辅助循环在治疗心力衰竭患者中的作用

目的探讨机械辅助循环用于临床药物治疗无效的心力衰竭患者的作用。方法1999年1月至2005年8月,本院共有26例患者应用机械辅助循环。在26例患者中,男性17例,女性9例,年龄11~72(48.5±9.8)岁。术前心功能NYHA分级Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级21例。辅助循环原因术中不能停体外循环者10例,术后严重低心排7例,术后顽固性心律失常1例,终末期扩张性心肌病7例,肥厚性心肌病反复心搏骤停1例。辅助循环方式左心辅助15例,右心辅助2例,双心辅助2例,体外膜肺氧合4例,左心辅助 主动脉内球囊反搏3例。结果17例使用离心泵或体外膜肺氧合者,11例脱离辅助循环出院,6例死亡均为并发多器官功能障碍综合征。9例应用体外型及全植入式人工心脏者,6例术后可携带心室辅助装置自由活动。在全部患者中,2例心功能恢复撤机出院;1例携带人工心脏出院,在等待移植中死亡;1例过渡到心脏移植,在移植后15d死于脑栓塞。早期死亡3例,晚期死亡4例。结论机械辅助循环为治疗心衰有效手段,应强调早期使用,促使心功能恢复或过渡到心脏移植。     

晚发性心脏机械瓣膜功能障碍的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨晚发性心脏机械瓣膜功能障碍的诊断和治疗。方法：回顾和总结近2年来诊治的4例晚发性心脏机械瓣膜功能障碍患者的疗效和经验。结果：4例机械瓣膜功能障碍患者均经再次换瓣手术治疗，其中1例行急诊手术换瓣，均取得较好的近期效果。结论：晚发性心脏机械瓣膜劝能障碍，尤其是急性机械瓣膜功能障碍，应及时诊断，宜尽早手术，术后应加强抗凝治疗与监测。     

心脏移植后并发巨细胞病毒肺炎诊断与治疗 1例报告及国内文献综述(分析)

近年来,我国心脏移植已逐渐开展,迄2000年底报道成功完成心脏移植82例。同样是发展中国家的巴西2001年报道的一项多中心调查显示,792例心脏移植患者术后1、4、8、12年生存率分别为66％、54％、40％和27％。在发达国家由于大量先进技术用于心脏移植前后辅助治疗,心脏移植患者生存率显著提高,如美国1993～1999年536例心脏移植患者1、3、5年生存率分别为83％、77％和     

去白细胞输血在体外循环心脏直视手术中的应用

目的:探讨去白细胞输血在体外循环(extracorporeal circulation,ECC)心脏直视手术中时肺损伤的影响及对心肌保护的效果.方法:随机选取144例择期行体外循环心脏手术患者,根据输注血液成分的不同分为常规输血的对照组72例和去白细胞输血的实验组72例,分别于术前、术后1～8 d测定肌酸激酶及同功酶(CK,CK-MB),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及同功酶(LDHl),并观察围手术期机械辅助通气时间、机械通气氧合指数(OI)、呼吸指数(RI)、X线胸片的变化以及术后住院时间.结果:术后两组患者血清心肌生化指标比术前均明显提高,但两组之间的血清心肌生化指标、机械辅助通气时间、X线胸片、术后的RI、机械通气OI以及术后住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:去白细胞输血在体外循环心脏直视手术中不能减轻心肺组织缺血再灌注损伤,并无助于缩短手术患者心肺损伤的康复时间.     

机械瓣替换术后急性功能障碍急症再手术救治(附14例报告)

机械瓣急性功能障碍发生率较低,但它却是人造心脏瓣膜替换术后严重并发症之一,死亡率极高,急症再手术是挽救病人生命的唯一有效方法。我院1986年10月～1998年10月共应用机械瓣482枚为398例病人施行人工瓣膜替换术。发生各种急性瓣膜功能障碍接受急症再次手术治疗14例,死亡5例,死亡率3571%(5/14)。本文就其急性瓣膜功能障碍的诊断、急症再手术处理的经验和教训总结报道如下。1　临床资料及结果11　一般资料及临床表现:本组接受急症再手术者14例,占同期398例心脏瓣膜替换术的352%。一期手术情况:先心病有室缺 主动脉瓣关闭不全并淋球菌性尿道…     

主动脉内球囊反搏在体外循环心脏手术后重症患者中的应用

主动脉内囊反搏(intraaotic balloon counter pulsation,IABP)是治疗围术期心力衰竭的有效机械辅助方法之一。作者回顾性分析2002年6月至2005年5月45例使用IABP治疗的重症体外循环心脏手术患者,现报告如下。     

行体外膜肺氧合联合主动脉内球囊反搏治疗21例心脏移植患者术后的护理

总结心脏移植患者术后应用体外膜肺氧合(extra corporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO)联合主动脉内球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon pump, IABP)治疗的护理经验。对21例心脏移植患者术后进行ECMO和IABP联合辅助治疗的患者,加强生命指标检测和管道护理,预防感染、出血等并发症,明显改善了患者的血流动力学和心功能,加快了患者术后的恢复。     

呼吸专项护理策略在体外循环心脏直视手术患者中的应用

目的:探讨呼吸专项护理策略在体外循环心脏直视手术患者中的应用方法及效果。方法:将2017年1月1日～12月31日50例体外循环心脏直视手术患者设为对照组,采取常规心脏疾病护理干预。将2018年1月1日～2019年10月31日50例体外循环心脏直视手术患者设为观察组,在对照组基础上实施呼吸专项护理策略。比较两组护理效果。结果:两组机械通气时间、重症监护病房(ICU)停留时间、术后住院时间、住院费用、术后呼吸功能相关指标及呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率比较差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论:呼吸专项护理策略能够有效促进体外循环心脏直视手术患者围术期呼吸功能恢复,缩短患者术后机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、住院时间,降低住院费用和VAP发生率。     

二尖瓣替换术后急性机械瓣功能障碍超声诊断(附4例报告)

本文报告３０００例心脏瓣膜患者行瓣膜替换手术，其中４例发生急性机械瓣功能障碍，均由超声检查确诊，再次实施瓣膜替换术抢救成功。提示熟知机械瓣正常与异常声像图，并予以鉴别分析，旨在紧急情况下超声诊断更加果断。４例患者均为风湿性心脏瓣膜病。２男为联合瓣膜病...     

心脏移植术后右心功能不全的观察及护理

目的 总结同种异体原位心脏移植术后右心功能不全的护理经验.方法 对2007年1月至2010年12月开展的67例心脏移植手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 58例患者临床治愈出院,死亡9例.67例受者术后早期均出现不同程度的中心静脉压(CVP)升高,右心功能不全,应用体外膜肺(ECMO)辅助治疗28例,应用连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)治疗6例.治愈的58例患者出院时心功能Ⅱ级54例,Ⅲ级4例.结论 通过对心脏移植术后患者早期加强监护,密切观察右心功能不全症状,提供有效的护理支持,积极防治右心衰竭,维护重要脏器功能是心脏移植成功的关键.     

Risk factors for mortality in 137 pediatric cardiac intensive care unit patients managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with mortality in children with heart disease managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care university-affiliated children's hospital. PATIENTS: All pediatric cardiac intensive care unit patients managed with ECMO between January 1, 1995, and June 30, 2001. INTERVENTIONS: None. RESULTS: During the study period, 137 patients were managed with ECMO in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Of the 137 patients, 80 (58%) survived > or =24 hrs after decannulation, and 53 (39%) survived to hospital discharge. Patients managed with ECMO following cardiac surgery were analyzed separately from patients not in the postoperative period. Factors associated with an increased probability of mortality in the postoperative patients were age <1 month, male gender, longer duration of mechanical ventilation before ECMO, and development of renal or hepatic dysfunction while on ECMO. Single ventricle physiology and failure to separate from cardiopulmonary bypass were not associated with an increased risk of mortality. Cardiac physiology and indication for ECMO were not associated with mortality rate. Although longer duration of ECMO was not associated with increased mortality risk, patients with longer duration of ECMO were less likely to survive without heart transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: In a series of 137 patients managed with ECMO in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit, survival to hospital discharge was 39%. In postoperative patients only, mortality risk was increased in males, patients <1 month old, patients with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation before initiation of ECMO, and patients who developed renal or hepatic failure while on ECMO.     

Extracorporeal life support devices and strategies for management of acute cardiorespiratory failure in adult patients: a comprehensive review

Evolution of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) technology has added a new dimension to the intensive care management of acute cardiac and/or respiratory failure in adult patients who fail conventional treatment. ECLS also complements cardiac surgical and cardiology procedures, implantation of long-term mechanical cardiac assist devices, heart and lung transplantation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Available ECLS therapies provide a range of options to the multidisciplinary teams who are involved in the time-critical care of these complex patients. While venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can provide complete respiratory support, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal facilitates protective lung ventilation and provides only partial respiratory support. Mechanical circulatory support with venoarterial (VA) ECMO employed in a traditional central/peripheral fashion or in a temporary ventricular assist device configuration may stabilise patients with decompensated cardiac failure who have evidence of end-organ dysfunction, allowing time for recovery, decision-making, and bridging to implantation of a long-term mechanical circulatory support device and occasionally heart transplantation. In highly selected patients with combined severe cardiac and respiratory failure, advanced ECLS can be provided with central VA ECMO, peripheral VA ECMO with timely transition to venovenous ECMO or VA-venous ECMO upon myocardial recovery to avoid upper body hypoxia or by addition of an oxygenator to the temporary ventricular assist device circuit. This article summarises the available ECLS options and provides insights into the principles and practice of these techniques. One should emphasise that, as is common with many emerging therapies, their optimal use is currently not backed by quality evidence. This deficiency needs to be addressed to ensure that the full potential of ECLS can be achieved.     

心脏移植术后体外膜肺氧合支持治疗的监护

总结了10例心脏移植术后应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持治疗的护理经验。10例心脏移植术后出现急性供心衰竭行ECMO辅助治疗,术后监测心电图、血流动力学变化、体温、尿量、引流液、活化凝血时间(ACT)、肝肾功能、游离血红蛋白、胶渗压情况。9例痊愈出院,病死1例,ECMO辅助时间40-824h,床旁超声心动图(UCG)评价心功能得到恢复,移植术后ECMO辅助100h顺利撤除,远期随访结果满意。ECMO支持治疗期间加强心肺功能监护,合理调整呼吸机参数,加强肺部及呼吸道护理,加强心律失常、出血、栓塞、感染、压疮等并发症的防治,可明显降低心脏移植术后危重症患者的病死率。     

Short-term mechanical circulatory support by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the management of cardiogenic shock and end-stage heart failure

Despite modern treatment modalities, cardiogenic shock is associated with a very high risk of mortality and morbidity. The short- and long-term survival in patients with cardiogenic shock or end-stage heart failure has improved considerably by recent technological advances in short and long-term mechanical circulatory support devices. For short-term mechanical support, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has been increasingly used as bridge-to-decision and bridge-to-recovery in cardiogenic shock patients. Long-term mechanical circulatory support devices such as left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are widely available and play a central role in bridge-to-transplantation in those eligible for heart transplantation (HTX) and as destination therapy (DT) in those not eligible for heart transplantation. Nevertheless, patients with critical cardiogenic shock show a deleterious outcome after LVAD-implantation or HTX with higher mortality, more complications and higher burden on financial resources. These considerations underscore the importance of optimal timing and appropriate patient selection for eventual LVAD therapy. The current report will focus on the immediate management of patients with cardiogenic shock with inotropes, discuss the use of IABP and focus mainly on pivotal choices to be made in the period spanned by short term mechanical circulatory support in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock.     

ECMO联合IABP治疗高危冠心病的效果及患者预后的影响因素分析

目的 分析体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)联合主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)治疗高危冠心病的效果及患者预后的影响因素.方法 选取我院收治的80例高危冠心病患者,根据治疗方法的不同将其分为ECMO组(50例,ECMO治疗)和联合组(30例,ECMO联合IABP治疗).比较ECMO组和联合组的血流动力学指标、ECMO使用时间、院内死...     

Mechanical ventilation in conjunction with the intra-aortic balloon pump improves the outcome of patients in profound cardiogenic shock

Objective: To examine the effects of mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), in conjunction with the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), on the outcome of patients in profound cardiogenic shock. Patients: Twenty-eight consecutive patients presenting with myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock refractory to medical therapy, including dobutamine, dopamine and fluid administration. Eighteen patients were assisted by the IABP alone (IABP group), and ten patients by the IABP plus controlled mechanical ventilation with PEEP set at 10 cmH₂O (IABP + CMV group). Results: Weaning from mechanical assistance was accomplished in 8 out of 18 patients in the IABP group versus 9 out of 10 patients in the IABP + CMV group (p = 0.04). Ultimately, 5 of 18 patients in the IABP group were discharged from the hospital versus 8 of 10 patients in the IABP + CMV group (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Mechanical ventilation with PEEP at 10 cmH₂O supplements the IABP and may improve the survival rates of patients suffering from cardiogenic shock. Received: 12 November 1998 Final revision received: 28 March 1999 Accepted: 4 May 1999     

Is it possible to predict outcome in cardiac ECMO? Analysis of preoperative risk factors

BACKGROUND: Serious heart failure may be treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) when other treatment fails. The aim of the present study was to analyse preoperative risk factors of early mortality in patients treated with veno-arterial (VA)-ECMO. METHODS: We studied a total of 18 possible risk factors in 80 patients with severe cardiac insufficiency treated with VA-ECMO. All consecutive cases treated at our institution between Sept.1990 and May 2006 were included. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed on 16 risk factors. The endpoint was early mortality (any death within 30 days of ECMO treatment). RESULTS: Thirty patients (37.5%) died within 30 days. Age, gender, cause of cardiac failure, pre-ECMO treatment (ventilator, NO, IABP) did not significantly influence early mortality. A higher SvO2 was associated with survival and remained significant in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Treatment with VA-ECMO in patients with severe cardiac failure may save lives. It is, however, difficult to predict outcome. In this study, only SvO2 values prior to ECMO were positively associated with survival.     

Anticipatory use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for a high-risk interventional cardiac procedure

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) has become a valuable technique in the critical care of children with congenital heart disease who require mechanical cardiorespiratory support. The use of VA ECMO in cardiac patients has expanded from an extension of intraoperative cardiopulmonary bypass and now includes rescue therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, temporary circulatory support for reversible heart failure, and bridge support preceding heart or heart/lung transplantation. In the majority of clinical applications VA ECMO is used in reaction to impending or ongoing cardiorespiratory failure and not in anticipation of an induced change in clinical status. We describe the anticipatory use of VA ECMO to prepare a patient with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease for a high-risk interventional cardiac catheterization. A 2.5 kg neonate with severe Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve and recurrent episodes of life-threatening supraventricular tachycardia was electively cannulated for VA ECMO in the cardiac intensive care unit. She underwent successful electrophysiologic mapping and transcatheter radiofrequency ablation of an accessory conduction pathway, resulting in termination of the tachycardia. Following an uncomplicated ECMO course she was decannulated in the cardiac intensive care unit and subsequently discharged home in stable condition. The case illustrates the proactive use of ECMO during a procedure in which severe hemodynamic instability could be predicted. We discuss this concept of ECMO use in the context of accepted indications for ECMO in cardiac patients and encourage an expanded role for its use to prevent cardiorespiratory collapse in planned interventions on compromised patients who are at risk of acute deterioration.     

Current status of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in critical care cardiology

Retrospective analysis revealed that intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation was attempted in 321 patients at our institute from August 1, 1974, to July 1, 1982. The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was successfully inserted in 298 cases (93%). Indications for an IABP included: cardiogenic shock (84 cases), preoperative hemodynamic coverage (15 cases), low-output syndrome (73 cases), pre- and postinfarction angina (75 cases), intractable congestive heart failure (12 cases), refractory ventricular arrhythmia (9 cases), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (14 cases), cardiac arrest (7 cases), and a miscellaneous group (9 cases). The overall major complication rate was 9%. The data from this experience support aggressive management of cardiogenic shock, i.e., early balloon insertion, angiography, and cardiac surgery, which significantly increases the survival rate (83%) over medical therapy combined with balloon counterpulsation alone. The IABP was also extremely effective in managing other high-risk categories when combined with some form of definitive mechanical correction, e.g., coronary revascularization, valve replacement, or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Left ventricular (LV) function was a significant indicator of long-term survival in our series. Patients with normal or moderately impaired LV function had higher survival rates (95% and 82%, respectively) than patients with poor LV function (42%).