The Pattern of Hair Dyeing in Koreans with Gray Hair

Background

Hair graying is considered as a part of normal ageing process. Nonetheless, this process raises a significant cosmetic concern, especially among ethnic Korean elderly whose baseline hair color is black. For this reason, Korean elderly dye their hair with frequency despite the risk of dermatologic problems such as allergic contact dermatitis.

Objective

In this study, the authors investigate the prevalence and pattern of hair dyeing and its relation with scalp diseases in Korea.

Methods

Six hundred twenty subjects (330 men and 290 women) with graying hair were given a questionnaire survery and underwent a physical examination.

Results

Of the 620 total, 272 subjects (43.9%) dyed their hair. Hair dyeing was significantly more frequent among women than among men (p<0.001). Subjects from 50 to 69 years of age showed higher prevalence of hair dyeing when compared to either younger or older groups. Subjective self-assessment of the extent of hair graying was associated with increased prevalence of hair dyeing, that is, individuals who feel graying has advanced by more than 20% of the overall hair were much more likely to dye their hair (p<0.001). Hair dyeing did not correlate with either alopecia or scalp disease.

Conclusion

Our survey has found that the prevalence of hair dyeing is higher among Korean women than men. People in their fifties and sixties and people with more than 20% extent of grayness were more likely to dye their hair than otherwise. Hair dyeing was not associated with any increase in the prevalence of scalp diseases.     

31例成年男性头发生长特性的初步观察

目的 探讨中国成年男性头发的生长特性.方法 将31名志愿者头皮顶部及颞部各剃去约1.2 cm×1.2 cm范围内的头发;间隔7天后对上述部位微距照相,分析图像,得到头发密度及头发生长速度;拔取观察部位的头发,显微镜下测量头发尖端、中部及根部的直径.结果 31例成年男性头发密度为(132±42)根/cm²,顶部的头发密度显著高于颞部(P<0.001).头发生长速度为(461±44)μm/d,颞部的头发生长速度显著高于顶部(P<0.01).头发直径为(97±9)μm,顶部和颞部之间头发直径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),头发尖端、中部及根部之间直径的差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 与白人和非洲人相比,中国成年男性头发的密度较低,但头发生长速度较快.     

Human hair growth ex vivo is correlated with in vivo hair growth: selective categorization of hair follicles for more reliable hair follicle organ culture

Of the numerous assays used to assess hair growth, hair follicle organ culture model is one of the most popular and powerful in vitro systems. Changes in hair growth are commonly employed as a measurement of follicular activity. Hair cycle stage of mouse vibrissa follicles in vivo is known to determine subsequent hair growth and follicle behavior in vitro and it is recommended that follicles be taken at precisely the same cyclic stage. This study was performed to evaluate whether categorization of human hair follicles by the growth in vivo could be used to select follicles of the defined anagen stage for more consistent culture. Occipital scalp samples were obtained from three subjects, 2 weeks later after hair bleaching. Hair growth and follicle length of isolated anagen VI follicles were measured under a videomicroscope. Follicles were categorized into four groups according to hair growth and some were cultured ex vivo for 6 days. Follicles showed considerable variations with respect to hair growth and follicle length; however, these two variables were relatively well correlated. Hair growth in culture was closely related with hair growth rate in vivo. Moreover, minoxidil uniquely demonstrated a significant increase of hair growth in categorized hair follicles assumed at a similar early anagen VI stage of hair cycle. Selection of follicles at a defined stage based on hair-growth rate would permit a more reliable outcome in human hair follicle organ culture.Oh Sang Kwon and Jun Kyu Oh contributed equally.     

不同年龄成人头发的变化

目的 观察不同年龄成人头发的变化,探讨反映人老化的参照指标.方法 根据入选标准和排除标准征集志愿者,并依据年龄分为4组.头顶指定区域拍照后利用图像分析软件检测头发密度以及黑发率.该区域内随机拔取10根头发,利用目镜测微尺测量发干直径和毛球直径.同时,根据毛囊形态计算不同生长时期毛囊率.结果 共有96名志愿者加入本研究,男44例,女52例,年龄30~78岁.头顶头发密度、毛干直径、毛球直径、生长期毛囊率和黑发率随着年龄的增加逐渐减小,休止期毛囊率及白发率增多,并且60岁以上组明显减小,与其他3个年龄组差异有统计学意义,各组内部分指标存在性别差异.相关分析发现,毛干直径与毛球直径呈显著正相关.结论 头发的一些变化可能作为评价人老化程度的参照指标.     

Effects of chemical straighteners on the hair shaft and scalp

BackgroundThe effects of chemical straighteners on the scalp and hair shaft are not fully known, although such substances are widely used. Hair straightening became popular in Brazil with the use of formaldehyde and its derivatives, despite the prohibition by the current legislation.ObjectiveTo identify changes in hair shaft and scalp caused by the use of chemical straighteners.MethodsA search was performed using keywords in three databases from 03/16/2020 to 05/20/2020, with publications between the years 2000 to 2020. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 33 articles were selected for review.ResultsIn some studies, hair relaxers were associated with eczema, desquamation, pain, burns, and inflammation in the scalp. Hair loss, damage to the shaft, alteration in the color of the hairs and in the composition of their amino acids were observed. Findings are variable across the studies.Study limitationsThe search was restricted to three databases, in two languages, different study designs were accepted.ConclusionsStraightening techniques can have side effects, including scalp inflammation, damage to the shaft, and hair loss. Its long-term effects remain unknown and further studies are necessary.     

Claves diagnósticas en displasias pilosas I

Hair shaft disorders, involving dysplastic abnormalities in the shaft, may be either congenital or acquired. Two large categories have been defined according to the presence or not of hair fragility. A diagnosis can usually be made after taking a thorough medical history and performing a physical examination. Trichoscopy has become a useful, cost-effective tool in recent years, particularly for examining the hair of children, because it facilitates inspection without removal of hairs. Structural abnormalities in the hair shaft are sometimes clues to the diagnosis of more complex diseases in which early treatment can improve prognosis. This review describes key features that enable the diagnosis of the most common hair shaft disorders and discusses the various treatments currently available.     

Claves diagnósticas en displasias pilosas II

Hair shaft disorders, involving dysplastic abnormalities in the shaft, may be caused by genetic mutations or acquired through environmental exposures. The second part of this review presents these disorders classified according to the degree of hair fragility. It is important to take a thorough medical history and examine the hair to detect changes in texture, density, quality, and whether fragility is observed or not. Trichoscopy is a useful, noninvasive tool that can suggest a diagnosis in most cases. Specific treatments for hair shaft disorders are not available at present. We recommend general care practices to prevent hair damage; examples are avoiding excessive brushing, chemical products, hairstyles that introduce tension, and exposure to excessive heat. Some hair shaft disorders improve with puberty. Others may respond to treatments such as topical applications of minoxidil.     

T-oligos as differential modulators of human scalp hair growth and pigmentation: a new “time lapse system” for studying human skin and hair follicle biology in vitro?

Small DNA oligonucleotides homologous to the 3′ overhang of human telomeres, called T-oligos, stimulate pigmentation in human epidermal melanocytes in vitro and in vivo. They induce UV-mimetic effects in the absence of DNA-damage, however, it is unknown how T-oligos affect human hair follicle keratinocyte and melanocyte functions in situ. Here, we present the first evidence that these oligonucleotides are powerful modulators of pigmentation and growth of microdissected, organ-cultured human scalp hair follicles. Hair follicles were incubated with T-oligo or vehicle control and were then assessed for changes in hair shaft length, follicle morphology, pigmentation, proliferation and apoptosis. After only 48 h, T-oligos induced a fourfold increase in pigmentation of human anagen VI hair bulbs, while hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation was reduced by 65%, without apparent changes in hair bulb cell apoptosis. This corresponded well with a significant inhibition of hair shaft elongation, which was not accompanied by premature catagen induction in anagen VI hair follicles. These diametrically opposed effects of T-oligos on human hair follicle melanocytes (stimulation of melanogenesis) versus human hair bulb keratinocytes (inhibition of proliferation) in situ illustrate that human hair follicle organ culture offers an excellent tool for T-oligo research. They suggest that T-oligos deserve to be further explored for the management of clinical hair growth and pigmentation disorders, and raise the possibility that this model may offer a unique “time lapse system” for studying skin and hair follicle biology and DNA repair strategies under physiologically relevant conditions.     

褪黑素对毛发生长的影响

褪黑素主要是由松果体合成的一种激素,作为脊椎动物内分泌系统生物钟的同步器,其受体广泛分布于垂体、下丘脑、视网膜、肾脏和皮肤及其附属器,有着多种生理活性,按光周期信号调节生物体昼夜节律和季节节律.除了参与中枢、生殖及免疫系统的生理活动,研究表明,褪黑素与毛发生长也有密切关系,还可影响动物皮毛的季节性更替.目前已有用褪黑素制品治疗雄激素性秃发的实验性研究.     

A rare clinical presentation of Desmoplastic Trichilemmoma mimicking Invasive Carcinoma

Trichilemmoma is a benign neoplasm from the outer sheath of the pilosebaceous follicle. Desmoplastic trichilemmoma, a rare variant, is histologically characterized by a central area of desmoplasia that can clinically mimic an invasive carcinoma, requiring histopathological examination to define the diagnosis.     

毛发扁平苔藓三例分析

目的 探讨毛发扁平苔藓的临床和组织病理特征。方法 分析3例毛发扁平苔藓患者的临床、组织病理学特征。结果 3例患者均为女性,平均年龄49岁。1例患者临床表现为额部、顶部及枕部大面积斑片状脱发,2例表现为头皮不规则斑片状脱发及皮肤萎缩。1例患者除头发外,眉毛、腋毛亦脱落。组织病理均为毛囊壁基底层细胞液化变性及淋巴细胞浸润。1例血管附件周围亦可见少量淋巴细胞浸润。结论 毛发扁平苔藓可仅累及头皮,亦可累及全身其他部位皮肤,多表现为头皮斑片状脱发伴皮肤萎缩。病理学典型改变为毛囊基底细胞液化变性,淋巴细胞浸润。     

Reduction of regrowing hair shaft size and pigmentation after ruby and diode laser treatment

Laser pulses which selectively damage pigmented hair follicles are a useful treatment for hypertrichosis. Clinically, regrowing hairs are often thinner and lighter after treatment. In this study, hair shaft diameter and optical transmission (700 nm) were measured before and after ruby (694 nm) and diode (800 nm) laser irradiation. Hair was collected from 47 and 41 subjects treated with ruby (0.3 ms and 3 ms) and diode (10-20 ms) lasers, respectively. "Responders" were defined as subjects with significant long-term hair loss as determined by hair counts at 9 and/or 12 months after treatment. In ruby laser responders (34/47), regrowing hairs were significantly both thinner (decreased diameter) and lighter (increased transmission). In "nonresponders" (13/47), regrowing hairs were lighter, but not thinner. The regrowing hair shaft absorption coefficient (as calculated assuming Beer's law) was significantly decreased by 0.3 ms ruby laser treatment, but was not changed by 3 ms ruby laser or diode laser treatment. After diode laser treatment, 38 of the 41 subjects were responders and regrowing hairs were both thinner and lighter. These results show that laser treatments can affect structural recovery (size of hair), follicular pigmentation (hair absorption coefficient), or both. Regrowth of thinner hair (decreased shaft diameter) occurs in conjunction with actual loss of hair. After long pulses (3 ms ruby; diode), regrowing hair was thinner and also lighter to an extent related to the decrease in hair diameter. In contrast, short ruby laser pulses (0.3 ms) appeared to be capable of inhibiting follicular pigmentation per se, in addition to affecting the hair diameter. This may account for the complete regrowth of lighter hair in "nonresponders" treated with 0.3 ms pulses. Laser-induced reduction in hair diameter and/or pigmentation are both long-term responses which confer cosmetic benefits in addition to actual hair loss.     

Hair Shaft Damage from Heat and Drying Time of Hair Dryer

Background

Hair dryers are commonly used and can cause hair damage such as roughness, dryness and loss of hair color. It is important to understand the best way to dry hair without causing damage.

Objective

The study assessed changes in the ultra-structure, morphology, moisture content, and color of hair after repeated shampooing and drying with a hair dryer at a range of temperatures.

Methods

A standardized drying time was used to completely dry each hair tress, and each tress was treated a total of 30 times. Air flow was set on the hair dryer. The tresses were divided into the following five test groups: (a) no treatment, (b) drying without using a hair dryer (room temperature, 20℃), (c) drying with a hair dryer for 60 seconds at a distance of 15 cm (47℃), (d) drying with a hair dryer for 30 seconds at a distance of 10 cm (61℃), (e) drying with a hair dryer for 15 seconds at a distance of 5 cm (95℃). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and lipid TEM were performed. Water content was analyzed by a halogen moisture analyzer and hair color was measured with a spectrophotometer.

Results

Hair surfaces tended to become more damaged as the temperature increased. No cortex damage was ever noted, suggesting that the surface of hair might play a role as a barrier to prevent cortex damage. Cell membrane complex was damaged only in the naturally dried group without hair dryer. Moisture content decreased in all treated groups compared to the untreated control group. However, the differences in moisture content among the groups were not statistically significant. Drying under the ambient and 95℃ conditions appeared to change hair color, especially into lightness, after just 10 treatments.

Conclusion

Although using a hair dryer causes more surface damage than natural drying, using a hair dryer at a distance of 15 cm with continuous motion causes less damage than drying hair naturally.     

毛囊混合细胞在胶原/壳聚糖多孔支架上重建毛囊样结构

目的探讨利用毛囊混合细胞植入胶原／壳聚糖多孔支架内体外重建毛囊的可行性。方法用滴加法或注射法将体外培养的C57BL／6J近交系乳鼠背部皮肤毛囊混合细胞以不同传代数、不同细胞密度接种至胶原／壳聚糖多孔支架，倒置显微镜下观察支架表面或浅层的细胞生长或毛囊形成情况。将支架经10％甲醛固定后行组织学观察（H-E染色）。另用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察支架内活细胞的生长以及毛囊样结构的形成。结果在一定传代次数和细胞密度下，在支架内可形成具有毛干的毛囊样结构。激光共聚焦扫描显微镜发现团块内细胞排列呈同心圆状，整个三维结构似一长颈花瓶，且该结构仅见于注射法接种细胞的支架内。结论毛囊混合细胞植入胶原／壳聚糖多孔支架内体外可形成具有毛干的毛囊样结构。     

Alternative Method for Creating Fine Hairs with Hair Removal Laser in Hair Transplantation for Hairline Correction

Background

Foremost fine hairs in the frontal hairline region are critical in hair transplantation for hairline correction (HTHC) in women. However, there are few studies on a nonsurgical revisionary method for improving an unnatural foremost hairline with thick donor hairs resulting from a previous HTHC.

Objective

To investigate the efficacy and safety of using a hair removal laser (HRL) system to create fine hairs in Asian women with thick donor hairs.

Methods

Through a retrospective chart review, the HRL parameters, hair diameter (measured with a micrometer before and after the procedures), subjective results after the procedures, adverse effects, and the number of procedures were investigated. The reduction rate of the hair diameter was calculated.

Results

Twenty-four women who received long-pulse Neodymium-Doped:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet therapy after HTHC were included. The parameters were as follows: delivered laser energy, 35~36 J/cm²; pulse duration, 6 ms; and spot size, 10 mm. The mean number of laser sessions was 2.6. The mean hair diameter significantly decreased from 80.0±11.5 µm to 58.4±13.2 µm (p=0.00). The mean rate of hair diameter reduction was -25.7% (range, -44.6% to 5.7%). The number of laser sessions and the hair diameter after the procedures showed a negative correlation (r=-0.410, p=0.046). Most of the patients (87.5%) reported subjective improvement of their hairlines. Most complications were transient and mild.

Conclusion

HRL can be an alternative method for creating fine hairs and revising foremost hairline in Asian women with thick donor hairs.     

Effect of Chrysanthemum zawadskii Extract on Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation and Hair Growth

BackgroundChrysanthemum zawadskii (CZ) belongs to the genus Chrysanthemum, also known as ‘Gu-Jeol-Cho’ in Korea. CZ has been used as herbal remedy to manage cough, hypertensive disorders, pharyngitis, bronchitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, bladder diseases and common cold. However, its effect on hair growth has not been documented.ObjectiveThe aim of present study was to elucidate the beneficial effects of CZ on hair growth.MethodsProliferation of follicular dermal papilla (DP) cells from human scalp skin was evaluated by MTT assay. The expression of various molecules in DP cells was checked by western blot assay. Effect of CZ extract on the hair growth was evaluated by hair organ culture and C57BL/6 mice model.ResultsCultivation of DP cells with CZ extract increased cellular proliferation, increased expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), p-ERK, B-cell lymphoma 2, and decreased expression of Bax. Treatment of human hair follicles with CZ extract significantly enhanced hair growth. Additionally, CZ markedly shortened telogen period, increased anagen transformation and stimulated hair growth in the animal study.ConclusionThese results suggest that CZ extract has an effect of promoting hair growth and may therefore be a useful a therapeutic remedy for preventing hair loss.     

Cosméticos capilares: tintes

Hair plays a significant role in body image, and its appearance can be changed relatively easily without resort to surgical procedures. Cosmetics and techniques have therefore been used to change hair appearance since time immemorial. The cosmetics industry has developed efficient products that can be used on healthy hair or act on concomitant diseases of the hair and scalp.Dyes embellish the hair by bleaching or coloring it briefly, for temporary periods of longer duration, or permanently, depending on the composition of a dye (oxidative or nonoxidative) and its degree of penetration of the hair shaft. The dermatologist's knowledge of dyes, their use, and their possible side effects (contact eczema, cancer, increased porosity, brittleness) can extend to an understanding of cosmetic resources that also treat hair and scalp conditions.     

毛发老化及处理

毛发老化包括毛干风化和毛囊老化,后者表现为黑素细胞功能降低或毛发灰化、雄激素源性脱发和衰老性秃发.头皮受内在(生理性老化)以及外界因素(吸烟及紫外线辐射等)的影响.实验表明,在毛发和皮肤老化中,氧化应激发挥重要作用.目前用于治疗雄激素源性脱发的方法有:米诺地尔局部外用,口服非那雄胺和自体头发移植.在无法逆转头发变灰的情况下,着色剂是恢复头发颜色的主要方法.     

不同黑素细胞群在有色毛囊重建中作用的研究

目的观察不同种属小鼠的毛囊细胞能否嵌合重建有色毛囊, 探讨不同黑素细胞群在小鼠有色毛囊重建中的作用。方法选取C57BL/6J、BALB/C胎鼠或乳鼠皮肤, 分离出表皮细胞群、毛囊上皮细胞群和真皮细胞群, 培养、纯化从表皮细胞群获得的表皮黑素细胞。实验包含三部分, ①乳鼠C57BL/6J毛囊重建实验:分为表皮细胞+毛囊上皮细胞组、真皮细胞组;②嵌合毛囊重建实验:分为乳鼠C57BL/6J真皮细胞组、乳鼠BALB/C真皮细胞组、乳鼠BALB/C真皮+乳鼠C57BL/6J真皮细胞组、胎鼠BALB/C真皮细胞+胎鼠C57BL/6J真皮细胞组;③有色毛囊重建实验:分为乳鼠BALB/C真皮细胞+乳鼠C57BL/6J表皮细胞组、乳鼠BALB/C真皮细胞+乳鼠C57BL/6J毛囊上皮细胞组、乳鼠BALB/C真皮细胞+培养的C57BL/6J表皮黑素细胞组。采用小室移植法将不同细胞接种于裸鼠的背部, 每组4只。于移植后4周和8周, 通过大体观察、组织学及免疫荧光评估毛囊重建情况。结果移植后4周和8周, 乳鼠C57BL/6J毛囊重建实验中(本部分实验2组共8只BALB/C裸鼠, 7只存活, 1只因创面感染死亡...