陕西省2008年度抽检橡胶避孕套质量分析

目的 对抽检的120批橡胶避孕套老化前爆破体积和爆破压力(以下简称爆破体积和爆破压力)检测结果 进行分析评价.方法 采用国家标准[1]规定方法 测定.结果 橡胶避孕套的爆破体积不合格率为15%,爆破压力不合格率为15.8%,产品总体不合格率为15.8%.结论 橡胶避孕套的总体质量较高,但还存在一定的问题,建议监督管理部门对这些避孕套的生产厂家来年加大监督抽样力度,生产厂家更需要从源头严加控制其产品质量.     

丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）诊断试剂盒质检评价分析

目的:对进口、国产2个厂家的6个不同批次试剂盒进行抽检,以保证试剂的质量,预防不合格试剂用于标本检测.方法:采用抽检的不同批次的试剂盒检测国家标准品考核血清盘,30份阳性血清,30份阴性血清和4份灵敏度血清,计算其灵敏度,特异性,相对符合率等指标.结果:进口抗丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)诊断试剂盒的6个不同批次试剂盒的特异性为99.6%,灵敏度为100%,相对符合率为98.33%;国产抗-HCV诊断试剂盒的6个不同批次,有1个批次的特异性为90.00%,灵敏度为86.66%,相对符合率为88.33%;其他5个批次的特异性为100%,灵敏度为96.66%,相对符合率为98.33%.结论:进口试剂所有批次全部合格,国产试剂有1个批次不合格,退回厂家.影响试剂质量的因素是多方面的,经国家有关部门检定合格的试剂,在投入使用之前必须进行抽检,确保检测结果可靠.     

浅谈微生物检验培养基的质量控制方法

目的 探讨微生物检验培养基的质量控制方法.方法 通过对培养基的购置、储存、制备、性能测试、使用方面进行质量控制措施的分析.结果 与结论重视开展微生物培养基的质量控制,可提高微生物实验室检测工作的成效.     

三种沙门菌分离培养基的性能评价

目的对XLD琼脂、SS琼脂、HE琼脂3种沙门菌分离培养基的性能进行评价。方法选取3个不同批次的待测样品,以生长率、选择性和特异性为测试指标,分别重复测定20次。结果标准菌株鼠伤寒沙门菌CMCC（B）50115和福氏志贺菌CMCC（B）51572在SS琼脂、XLD琼脂、HE琼脂上三批次培养基中的生长率均大于0.5,且三批次间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;亚利桑那沙门菌CMCC（B）47001在XLD琼脂上三批次培养基中的生长率均在0.9以上,三批次间差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。3株目标菌在受试三批次培养基上均呈现正常的生理生化特性,形成具特征性的菌落。粪肠球菌ATCC29212在3种培养基上生长均受抑制。结论根据ISO/TS11133.2-2003培养基的性能评价标准判断,XLD琼脂、SS琼脂、HE琼脂培养基均符合标准要求,整体性能稳定、一致。     

精液分析中精子密度室内质量控制方法研究

目的建立一种可行的精液密度测定的质量控制方法.方法采用血细胞计数板和计算机辅助精液分析(CASA)两种方法,对所选取的与精子头部直径相近的质控珠进行高、中、低三种密度测定,分别于日内及日间测试12次.结果采用血细胞计数板方法测试高、中、低三种密度结果的日内变异系数分别为12.09%、8.86%、4.72%,日间变异系数分别为16.71%、10.65%、10.22%.CASA法日内变异系数分别为6.65%、5.93%、3.80%,日间变异系数分别为7.90%、6.84%、6.14%.结论质控珠可用于以上两种测试精子密度方法的室内质量控制,从而达到保证实验室测试精子密度质量的目的.     

除颤器性能检测及其质量分析方法

通过使用除颤能量测试仪对除颤器进行性能测试,在获取大量质量数据的基础上,研究探讨了除颤器质量数据的分析方法,并使用该方法对能量数据进行分析,从而对除颤器的除颤性能做出质量评价.     

100例已婚妇女使用避孕药具效果调查及分析

目的 对于100例已婚妇女使用避孕药具效果展开调查及分析.方法 此次调查的对象为2007-2009年使用避孕药具的100名已婚妇女,调查采取问卷形式,实地走访已婚妇女.结果 不良反应12人,产生上述不良反应主要原因,一是由于个体差异原因,个别人对服药、上环不服;二是个别人对避孕套橡胶过敏所致.避孕药具失败的原因主要为漏服、使用方法不当、自行停用、变质.失败6人,失败率6%;有效94人,有效率94%.结论 加强已婚妇女进行避孕药具知情选择和避孕药具使用方法的培训.     

高原军人睡眠质量对选择反应时间的影响

目的 探讨睡眠质量对高原军人的视觉选择反应时的影响.方法 采用匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷和EP-204反应时间测定仪.对108名驻扎在海拔3300米的高原地区的军人进行了测试.结果 有45名被试匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷得分大于7,占41.7%,设为A组.63名被试得分小于7.设为B组.将两组的反应时间水平进行比较,A组平均反应时间成...     

镍钛形状记忆合金骨板形状恢复能力测试方法的研究

目的 建立镍钛形状记忆合金骨板形状恢复能力测试方法.方法 首先确定镍钛形状记忆合金骨板形状恢复能力标准评价体系需要测试相变温度、形状恢复力、形状恢复率,然后分别建立骨板相变温度、形状恢复力、形状恢复率的标准测试方法.因各企业生产的镍钛形状记忆合金骨板形状结构不同,为保证测试方法的统一性,测试采用标准试样代替,试样使用原材料与被替代产品的原材料为同一批次,机械加工处理工艺保持一致.结果 根据已上市产品技术文件,镍钛形状记忆合金骨板相变温度Af点为37℃,产品形状恢复率应大于95％.按照本文提供的相变温度、形状恢复力、形状恢复率测试方法,试样测试时恢复至原始形状相对应的温度为37℃,即镍钛形状记忆合金骨板的Af点为37℃;依据镍钛形状记忆合金骨板临床使用时的温度,将试样测试温度设置为37℃,试样在31℃～37℃温度区间恢复力数据曲线一直上升,到达峰值后趋于稳定状态,通过数据分析,峰值的恢复力数据即镍钛形状记忆合金骨板工作时的形状恢复力,试样形状恢复力测试结果平均值为64.18 N;两种试样测试形状恢复率,并计算分析数据,所有试样形状恢复率均大于95％,与厂家提供的技术文件相符合.结论 结果说明提供的镍钛形状记忆合金骨板形状恢复能力(相变温度、形状恢复力、形状恢复率)的测试标准方法,可为企业的质量监管提供依据,为监管部门提供监管指南,按照测试方法通过测试评价后可保证产品临床使用的安全性.     

SPECT质量控制管理

从SPECT质量控制各测试项目的意义出发,分析讨论了SPECT主要测试项目的必要性及其频率,有些指标相对稳定或无法校正,可不做日常测试,有些指标比较灵敏加固有均匀性和旋转中心漂移,它们对SPECT成像质量有重要影响,且这些指标测试简单且可以进行校正,所以应进行经常性测试,本文通过讨论提出了简化SPECT质量控制测试项目的建议,这样便于更好的进行SPECT质量控制管理工作,使用户能够在较短的时间内通过少量的测试及校正来保证SPECT的成像质量.     

Country watch: Dominica

A campaign conducted in the Caribbean island Dominica has diminished the secrecy and embarrassment which surround condom use. Men had been reluctant to buy condoms at pharmacies and women had regarded the purchase of condoms as unacceptable. The project was initiated before 1990 and included redesigning the package of condoms. The new display included a durable cardboard dispenser which showed the symbol and the word for condom, instead of the previous plain white carton. The word was added because focus group discussion suggested that the word would help reinforce the idea that condoms are in the box. The idea was to increase condom visibility and accessibility. Other promotional efforts involved a poster which carried the slogan, "Condoms...because you care," and the condom symbol. Buttons, key chains with a condom visible in the plastic case, posters, and pencils were distributed island-wide. Feedback on the campaign revealed that most considered the message to be that condom use was acceptable and consistent with the problems posed by AIDS. The key chains were very popular, and the problem of children having access to the chains did not materialize. Interviews and focus groups revealed that there were complaints about having only one condom brand available, and that it was considered of inferior quality. Project staff thought that the issue of quality was related to the relatively inexpensive price, which was 25% of the price of other brands. A small increase in condom distribution was shown in monitoring evaluations. In 1990, there were 34 outlets and 11,300 condoms distributed; in 1991, there were 40 outlets and 12,640 condoms distributed. By June 1992, there were 50 outlets and 12,300 condoms sold.     

Changes in HIV-related preventive behavior in the US population: data from national surveys, 1987-2002

This study estimated 1987-2002 trends in preventive behaviors closely linked to HIV from several large health surveys providing the most recently available data. These behaviors include condom use, dual use of condoms with other contraceptive methods, and HIV testing. Condom use increased throughout the period for adolescents, but there is no evidence of overall increased condom use for adults after the mid-1990s. After 2000, adult condom use with primary partners was low even among those at highest risk. Dual use of condoms with other contraceptive methods was reported by a small and increasing percentage of adolescents and adults. By 2001 a high percentage of US adults reported having been tested at least once, and reproductive-age and pregnant women were tested at a greater rate than others. However, 1 in 4 pregnant women had never been tested for HIV. This review indicates that even after considerable increase in preventive behaviors, it is still possible to identify a relatively large segment of the population that is at risk for transmitting or acquiring HIV. Prevention programs serving high-risk populations need to work toward increasing safe sex practices with main partners and HIV testing among the never-tested, particularly reproductive-age women.     

Effect of partner relationship on motivation to use condoms among adolescent mothers

PURPOSE: Adolescent mothers have high rates of repeat pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We sought to identify factors associated with their consistent condom use. METHODS: Data for 107 urban adolescent mothers enrolled in a longitudinal computer-assisted motivational interviewing (CAMI) intervention were analyzed. The intervention aimed to motivate and instill confidence in using condoms consistently. Data sources: 1) structured interviews during the third trimester of pregnancy (baseline), 2) CAMI responses at 9-12 months postpartum. Outcomes were dichotomized as: consistent condom users and inconsistent condom users. RESULTS: At baseline, mean age was 17 (1.1 SD) years, 96% African American, and 26% reported always using condoms. At 9-12 months postpartum, 33 (31%) used condoms consistently. Consistent condom users were less likely to report having sex with their baby's father (61% vs. 81%; p = 0.05). Adolescent mothers who used condoms consistently experienced greater self-efficacy in the prevention of STIs and recognized the importance of preventing STIs with a new boyfriend (p = 0.006). Consistent condom users held the opinion that it was more important to use condoms with a new boyfriend than with their baby's father regardless whether their main partner was the father of their baby or a new boyfriend. CONCLUSIONS: Level of motivation, belief in the importance of condom use and self-efficacy to use condoms with a new boyfriend regardless of actual sexual partner relationship were the strongest predictors of consistent condom use among adolescent mothers. Future interventions aimed at improving condom use should focus on motivation and to different views held by teens regarding their partner-specific condom use.     

Condom services to prevent HIV transmission: are they workable?

This editorial argues that in order to increase the use of condoms in the fight against AIDS, WHO's Global Program on AIDS (GPA) must address the problems of weak condom distribution and promotion systems. The available data indicates that condom use can protect against HIV transmission. Studies in Zaire, Denmark, Germany, and Australia reveal that seropositivity among prostitutes who use condoms is much lower than among prostitutes who do not use condoms. However, the use of condoms largely depends on whether services are available to the people who practice risk behavior, and whether such people can be motivated to adopt safe sex practices -- including proper and consistent condom use. In order to bring about this desired behavior change, it is essential to have a strongly managed integrated program that combines condom services and health promotion, as well as specific plans and budgets to distribute and promote condoms. In supporting national AIDS programs, GPA's current strategy for condom services includes the following: 1) the provision of high-quality, low-cost condoms; 2) assistance in developing comprehensive program management and technical support plans and budgets for incorporation into subsequent funding cycles; and 3) support for research and development of new methods for preventing the sexual transmission of HIV -- including barrier methods that can be controlled by women.     

Botswana's Tebelopele voluntary HIV counseling and testing network: use and client risk factors for HIV infection, 2000-2004

BACKGROUND:: HIV services, including voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, expanded rapidly in Botswana from 2000 through 2004. METHODS:: Client data from Botswana's Tebelopele VCT network were analyzed to describe clients, factors associated with HIV infection, and trends in VCT use. RESULTS:: Tebelopele provided free, anonymous, same-day HIV tests for 117,234 clients from 2000 through 2004. Before ARV therapy was available, 8.3% of clients sought a test because of illness, and 26.3% were HIV-positive. After ARV therapy became available, 20.1% of clients sought a test because of illness, and 38.8% were HIV-positive. Most VCT clients (82.7%) were unmarried; 89.8% reported no or 1 sexual partner in the last 3 months; and 50.2% of unmarried clients reported always using condoms in the last 3 months. In multivariate analysis, higher educational level, marriage, and always using condoms were associated with a lower risk of HIV. Having only 1 recent sexual partner was associated with less condom use and a higher risk of being HIV-positive for men. CONCLUSIONS:: VCT has been well accepted in Botswana. Analysis of this data set supports efforts to promote 100% condom use and to emphasize that partner reduction must be combined with condom use and HIV testing to protect against HIV.     

Attitudes toward condom use and AIDS among patients from an urban family practice center

As part of an effort to better educate patients about using condoms, a survey was done to assess the sexual practices, attitudes toward acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and condom use by patients who visit an urban family practice center. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 126 patients of whom the majority were black and single. Seventeen percent indicated they had sex with more than one person in the 3 months before the survey. Within the last 5 years, 10% had sex with an intravenous drug abuser, and 6% with someone of the same sex. Fifty percent believed that condoms decrease sexual pleasure for men and 31% thought condoms made sex inconvenient. Twenty-seven percent of those surveyed believed that a man's penis may be too large for a condom and 18% believed that uncircumcised men could not use condoms. Forty-five percent believed they should be screened for human immune deficiency virus exposure. The results highlight attitudes and beliefs that may function as barriers to condom use and should be addressed when encouraging condom use with this population.     

Evaluating national AIDS programmes: new core indicators

National AIDS Programs (NAPs) need assistance in evaluating the implementation, relevance, and adequacy of programs. This article distills important features of reviews of NAPs which can form the basis of reprogramming. These features included management information, prevention indicators, condom availability, sexually transmitted disease (STD) case management, evaluation outcomes, HIV/syphilis prevalence, and recommended program indicators and evaluation protocols. It is expected that in January 1994 a WHO evaluation package will be available for WHO regional offices and NAPs, and regional training workshops for NAP staff will follow. WHO's Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) is developing a microcomputer spreadsheet with database functions for extracting, sorting, and searching for data and insertion of textual information. Reports may then be generated for planning, monitoring, coordinating, and reporting to program staff and donors. The prevention indicators (PIs) developed by GPA include knowledge of prevention practices, condom availability, sexual behavior change, quality of STD case management, and HIV/STD seroprevalence. Age and sex statistics will be extracted from community surveys, health facility surveys, serosurveys in prenatal clinics, and reviews of condom distribution records. The PIs were developed only for intra-country comparisons and were field-tested in 1992-93 in 8 countries. The condom measures included the average number of condoms available per person aged 15-49 years annually and estimates of the stock of condoms on hand at the beginning of the previous 12-month period. Methods of data collection for condom indicators was provided. STD data collection involves enumeration of health care facilities and case management with STD care and individual health care provider practices. Protocols provide for appropriate STD assessment and treatment and advice to be given on condoms and partner notification. Repeated interview population surveys are designed to measure condom usage and reported number of sexual partners, symptoms of urethritis in adult men, and knowledge of prevention practices in urban and rural areas.     

Why do heterosexual young adults who use reliable contraception also use condoms? Results from a diary‐based prospective longitudinal study

Objectives. To identify characteristics of individuals and characteristics of sexual encounters that predict whether people using contraception will also use condoms (dual use), and to determine whether dual use is prompted by concerns about unplanned pregnancy and/or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Design. A longitudinal prospective design was used to identify characteristics of individuals and characteristics of specific sexual encounters that predict condom use. Methods. A sample of 349 sexually active heterosexual young adults was recruited at universities and trade colleges in Melbourne, Australia. Participants completed a self‐administered questionnaire, and a representative subsample (N = 103) completed a structured condom use diary in which they reported on up to 10 instances of vaginal intercourse. Respondents reported use of condoms and other forms of contraception during 919 instances of vaginal intercourse. Results. In multivariate analyses, dual use of condoms in addition to other contraception was predicted by attitudes toward condoms, intentions to use condoms, partner type and discussion of condom use with sexual partners. Dual use was not related to greater concern about HIV/STIs or unplanned pregnancy. Conclusion. Encouraging heterosexual young adults to discuss condom use, and developing their skills for negotiation of condom use will increase rates of condom use, thereby reducing current high rates of unplanned pregnancy and STIs.     

Condom distribution in Bali: assuring supply meets demand

Hundreds of thousands of tourists visit Bali each year, many of whom pay to have sex with local residents. Kuta, one of Bali's major tourist resort towns, has manifested an higher demand for condoms than other studied areas in Indonesia. Such demand is laudable in the context of a growing HIV/AIDS epidemic, but demand must encounter supply to be worthwhile. The Citra Usadha Indonesia Foundation (YCUI) has been conducting outreach education in Kuta and other areas of Bali since February 1992. Over that time, outreach workers have found that street youths' and prostitutes' main sources for condoms, pharmacies, supermarkets, and YCUI outreach workers, are either closed or potentially unavailable at night, when most sexual transactions occur. Pharmacies and supermarkets close at 10 pm. YCUI therefore initiated a six-month condom distribution program in 1994 to encourage the approximately 150 street vendors working in Kuta to sell condoms. Street vendors who enrolled in the program were provided with a monthly supply of 30 free condoms for the period of six months and invited to sell them to the public at whatever price the market set. Concurrently, YCUI promoted condom sales and increased awareness of the new condom source through social marketing techniques and their network of outreach workers. After six months, 122 vendors had participated in the program selling 10,255 condoms. Vendors were able to sell more and more condoms as the program progressed. A final evaluation will be conducted October 1994 to determine how many vendors still sell condoms now that the free supplies have been discontinued.     

Informing school sex education using the stages of change construct: sexual behaviour and attitudes towards sexual activity and condom use of children aged 13-16 in England

A survey of 3820 school children in England aged 13-16 years examined sexual activity using the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Stages of Change. A quarter (26%) of teens were sexually experienced, 44.8 per cent did not use contraception and 48.9 per cent did not use condoms, every time. Past history of condom and contraceptive use, and partner willingness to use condoms were the best predictors of being in Action or Maintenance stage for condom use. Of virgins, 19.82 per cent were in Contemplation or Preparation stages for intercourse, and 85.4 per cent would use condoms every time. Sex education should be tailored to Stage, and signposting to sexual health and contraception services.