12-15岁青少年腰椎椎弓根螺钉置入最佳选择的形态学分析

文题释义：椎弓根螺钉：椎弓根置钉是目前脊柱内固定的常用方法,椎弓根形态学参数决定置钉成功率,对于发育中的青少年脊柱疾患,椎弓根螺钉同样发挥重大作用。  三维重建测量：利用三维重建软件对人体组织结构进行3D重建,可清晰完整、更加直观地表现人体组织特点,得到的测量数据更准确,可以更好的服务于临床。 背景：关于成人胸腰段椎弓根形态的研究已经发表了大量文献,但对青少年椎弓根形态的了解较少,尤其是在亚洲人群中。青少年脊柱疾患日益增多且精确的形态学研究较少。 目的：研究内蒙古地区12-15岁青少年腰椎的解剖结构,为椎弓根螺钉置入提供详细资料,确定安全合适的螺钉大小,并为螺钉尺寸设计提供数据参考。 方法：收集内蒙古地区65例12-15岁青少年正常胸腰CT资料,根据年龄分2组,12-13岁31例,14-15岁34例。将连续扫描的胸腰椎断层影像原始数据以DICOM格式导入Mimics 21.0分析与测量,指标包括椎弓根宽、椎弓根高、椎管横径、椎管纵径、椎弓根长、椎弓根外偏角、椎弓根最大外偏角、椎弓根头倾角及椎弓根面积。 结果与结论：①2组L₁-L₄ 椎弓根宽小于椎弓根高,L₅椎弓根宽与椎弓根高相似,椎弓根宽决定螺钉直径,男性大于女性;②12-13岁,螺钉长L₁-L₅均为40-45 mm;14-15岁,螺钉长L₁-L₄为40-45 mm,L₅为45-50 mm;③2组规律相同,椎管横径均大于椎管纵径,椎管横径、椎管纵径之间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),男女之间差异无显著性意义;④椎弓根外偏角：12-13岁L₁-L₂变化不大,L₂-L₅逐渐增大;14-15岁L₁-L₅逐渐增大,2组均男性大于女性;⑤椎弓根最大外偏角：2组规律相同,L₁-L₅逐渐增大,随年龄增长而减小,左右侧与性别间差异均无显著性意义,不同年龄间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);⑥椎弓根头倾角： 12-13岁为3°-8°,14-15岁为0°-5°;随年龄增长而减小,L₃-L₄男女之间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);⑦椎弓根面积：2组规律相同,L₁-L₅逐渐增大,L₄-L₅有一个明显的变化趋势;⑧根据椎弓根参数分析可得出正常青少年腰椎各节段置入螺钉的适合尺寸,帮助临床医师掌握腰椎解剖结构,提高置钉准确性。 ORCID: 0000-0001-5877-8358(许阳阳) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

Shape variation of the neural arch in the thoracic and lumbar spine: characterization and relationship with the vertebral body shape

Quantifying the human vertebral geometry is important for accurate medical procedures. We aimed to characterize the neural arch (NA) shape at T1-L5. All T1-L5 dry vertebrae (N = 4,080) of 240 individuals were measured and analyzed by age, gender, and ethnicity. A 3D digitizer was used to measure the dimensions of the spinous (SP) and transverse (TP) processes, vertebral canal (VC), laminae, and isthmus. Most parameters were independent of age and ethnicity, yet greater in males than in females. Isthmus length increases from T1 (9.8 mm) to T12 (19.87 mm) and decreases from T12 to L5 (9.68 mm) with right > left in the thorax and oppositely in the lumbar region. The SP is longer than its thickness both decreasing in the upper thorax (by ca. 4mm), increasing in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae (by 7 mm for length and ca. 14.5 mm for thickness) and decreasing again along the lower lumbar vertebrae (both by 8 mm). The TP length decreases at T1-T12 (by 13 mm) and increases at L1-L5 with left > right at T1-L5 (P < 0.003). The laminar length decreases from T1 (8.72 mm) through T5 (4.76 mm) and increases toward L5 (8.4 mm) with right > left at T1-L5 (P < 0.003). The VC is oval-shaped at T1 and T11-L5 (width > length), rounded-shape at T2 and T10 (width = length), and inverted oval-shaped at T3-T9 (length > width). In conclusion, the NA is systematically asymmetrical and dynamic in shape along the thoracic and lumbar spine. The inter-relationship with the vertebral body and articular facets is discussed.     

Morphometry of typical cervical vertebrae on dry bones and CT scan and its implications in transpedicular screw placement surgery

Background

Transpedicular stabilization of subaxial cervical spine is a very delicate procedure that requires thorough understanding of the pedicle anatomy to minimize the rate of neurovascular complications. The current study was conducted to investigate the morphometric details including dimensions and axis of typical cervical vertebrae (C3–C6) for transpedicular screw insertion surgery.

Methods

The current study was conducted on 100 sides of 50 dry and 160 sides of 80 vertebrae on computerized tomography scans of typical cervical vertebrae. Parameters that were studied bilaterally included distance between medial aspect of the pedicle and dural sac, pedicle height, pedicle width, interpedicular distance, lateral and medial cortical thickness, transverse pedicle angle and chord length.

Results

Distance between medial aspect of the pedicle and dural sac was found to be 2.2 ± 0.99 mm. Mean pedicle height (6.5 ± 1.1 mm) was found to be greater than pedicle width (4.9 ± 0.9 mm) in all the vertebrae. Mean transverse pedicle angle and chord length was observed to be 39.4° and 32.1 mm, respectively. Mean interpedicular distance, medial and lateral cortical thickness was observed to be 21.8 ± 1.6, 1.43 ± 0.4 and 0.79 ± 0.2 mm, respectively.

Conclusions

The present study highlights a three-dimensional orientation of subaxial cervical pedicle anatomy, while emphasizing the risks involved in the view of comparatively smaller values of pedicle dimensions of subaxial cervical vertebrae. This knowledge about typical cervical vertebrae, its pedicle and their adjacent neurovascular structures may enhance the safety of transpedicular screw insertion.     

Morphological and postural sexual dimorphism of the lumbar spine facilitates greater lordosis in females

Previous work suggests females are evolutionarily adapted to have greater lumbar lordosis than males to aid in pregnancy load‐bearing, but no consensus exists. To explore further sex‐differences in the lumbar spine, and to understand contradictions in the literature, we conducted a cross‐sectional retrospective study of sex‐differences in lumbar spine morphology and sacral orientation. In addition, our sample includes data for separate standing and supine samples of males and females to examine potential sex‐differences in postural loading on lumbosacral morphology. We measured sagittal lumbosacral morphology on 200 radiographs. Measurements include: lumbar angle (L1–S1), lumbar vertebral body and disc wedging angles, sacral slope and pelvic incidence. Lumbar angle, representative of lordotic curvature between L1 and S1, was 7.3° greater in females than males, when standing. There were no significant sex‐differences in lumbar angle when supine. This difference in standing lumbar angle can be explained by greater lordotic wedging of the lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) in females. Additionally, sacral slope was greater in females than males, when standing. There were no significant sex‐differences in pelvic incidence. Our results support that females have greater lumbar lordosis than males when standing, but not when supine – suggesting a potentially greater range of motion in the female spine. Furthermore, sex‐differences in the lumbar spine appear to be supported by postural differences in sacral‐orientation and morphological differences in the vertebral body wedging. A better understanding of sex‐differences in lumbosacral morphology may explain sex‐differences in spinal conditions, as well as promote necessary sex‐specific treatments.     

A three-dimensional study of the atlantodental interval in a normal Chinese population using reformatted computed tomography

The atlantodental interval has been usually used for the evaluation of atlantoaxial instability. However, the asymmetry of the lateral atlantodental interval is occasionally found in healthy individuals. Controversy therefore exists as to the clinical significance of this asymmetry in patients after trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the normal range of atlantodental intervals in normal individuals using reformatted computed tomography. In this study, C1–C2 vertebrae were imaged in 230 adult patients by a Lightspeed Vct CT (General Electric, CT, USA) with a slice thickness of 0.625 mm. After reformatting the original images, the anterior atlantodental interval (AADI) and lateral atlantodental interval (LADI) were measured. The AADI was found to be 1.83 ± 0.46 mm (0.9–3.4 mm) in males and 1.63 ± 0.43 mm (0.5–3.2 mm) in females. The AADI was significantly greater in males than in females (p < 0.05). The 95% confidence interval for AADI was 1.75–1.90 mm in males and 1.54–1.72 mm in females. No statistically significant differences were found between males and females in the left and right LADI, and LADI asymmetry. The left LADI was found to be 3.38 ± 0.87 mm (1.7–6.0 mm), and the right LADI was 3.42 ± 0.84 mm (1.7–5.9 mm) in males, while the left LADI was 3.30 ± 0.73 mm (1.5–5.3 mm) and the right LADI was 3.37 ± 0.92 mm (1.7–5.9 mm) in females. The 95% confidence interval for left LADI was 3.23–3.52 and 2.94–3.25 mm, and for right LADI was 3.27–3.56 and 3.18–3.56 mm in males and females, respectively. The mean asymmetry of LADI was 0.76 ± 0.66 mm (0.0–3.5 mm) in males and 0.73 ± 0.70 mm (0.0–3.7 mm) in females. The 95% confidence interval for LADI asymmetry was 0.65–0.87 mm in males and 0.59–0.88 mm in females. Most of the population was found to have an asymmetry ranging between 0.1 and 2.0 mm. The current study shows that LADI asymmetry is common in patients without any cervical spine abnormalities. LADI asymmetry may be a normal anatomic variant and there is no evidence to confirm that LADI asymmetry is a sensitive or specific indicator of traumatic atlantoaxial instability. Radiologists and clinicians should be aware of this normal range of asymmetry when interpreting CT scans of the atlantoaxial region.     

Weight and measurements of kidneys in northwest indian adults

Weights and measurements of paired kidneys obtained from medicolegal autopsies of northwest Indian adults, 155 males and 84 females, were compared. The right and left kidneys weighed 108.7 ± 22.6 g and 111.8 ± 23.3 g (P > 0.05), respectively, in males. Corresponding weights in females were 96.6 ± 19.3 g and 99.4 ± 25.3 g (P > 0.05) for the right and left kidneys, respectively. Sex differences in the weights of both right and left kidneys were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Other measurements of the right kidney in males were as follows: length, 99.5 ± 9.4 mm; width at the middle of the hilum, 45.8 ± 6.2 mm; and the thickness 33.3 ± 5.2 mm, which did not differ from corresponding measurements of the left kidney (99.7 ± 10.9 mm, 46.4 ± 7.1 mm, and 34.0 ± 6.4 mm, respectively). Other measurements of the right kidney in females were as follows: length, 91.3 ± 8.7 mm; width at the middle of the hilum, 44.6 ± 4.6 mm; and thickness 31.2 ± 4.7 mm, which did not differ from those of the left kidney (92.1 ± 11.0 mm, 43.5 ± 6.5 mm, and 31.1 ± 6.1 mm, respectively). Sex differences in measurements of both right and left kidneys were significant except for the width of the kidney at the middle and below the hilum. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:726–732, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The anatomical relationship of the iliocava junction to the lumbosacral spine and the aortic bifurcation

This study dissected 42 cadavers to investigate the level of the iliocava junction and the relationship with the lumbosacral spine and the aortic bifurcation. The iliocava junction was between L4 and S1, most often at the level of L5 (64%) and on the median third of the spine (55%). The average height of the iliocava junction was 15.5 mm. The mean interiliac angle was 69°. It was not related to the width of the iliocava junction. The iliocava junction covered the whole of the L5-S1 disc in 12% of cases. The iliocava junction was located above the aortic bifurcation only in 1 case. The mean distance between iliocava junction and aortic bifurcation was 19 mm. The variability of the iliocava confluence is high and complicates the anterior approach to the lumbosacral spine.     

A morphometric analysis of the superior cervical ganglion and its surrounding structures

Purpose

The aim of this cadaveric study was to detect the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in a topographic manner according to vertebrae and to determine the relationship between the vertebrae, mandibular angle and longus colli muscle through morphometric analysis.

Methods

The present study was performed on 40 SCG of 20 human cadavers (16 males, 4 females). The level of the SCG was determined based on the vertebrae. Ganglion length, width and thickness were detected. Distance to the adjacent vertebra, the mandibular angle and medial side of the longus colli muscle were measured. The results were evaluated statistically.

Results

The SCG existing in all cadavers was detected at the C2 vertebra level in 34 cadavers and at the C3 vertebra level in 6 cadavers. The average length, width and thickness of the SCG were 15.18 ± 1.12, 4.62 ± 0.25, and 1.83 ± 0.10 mm, respectively. No statistically significant difference was detected in terms of the distances between the ganglion and anterior tubercle of transverse processes of the vertebrae as well as the mandibular angle on either side. The distance between the SCG and the medial edge of the longus colli muscle was significantly greater on the left side in both men (p < 0.001) and women (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Recognition of morphometric characteristics of the SCG and detection of its location according to adjacent formations may serve as a guide for nerve blockage studies and help surgeons to preserve the ganglion in both anterior and anterolateral cervical approaches.

     

下腰椎椎板、关节突的影像学测量与临床意义

目的:为腰椎椎板、关节突螺钉瞄准器的设计及临床应用提供影像学基础.方法:测量30例腰痛患者的腰椎X线正位片及下腰椎椎板、关节突CT平扫片,获得椎板、关节突钉道长度、椎板厚度、椎板外斜角及柞板下倾角的相关数据.结果:下腰椎椎板、关节突钉道长度(cm):L3/4男性为(4.63±0.75),女性为(4.40±0.63),L4/5男性为(5.12±0.45),女性为(5.03±0.39),L5/S1男性为(5.47±0.65),女性为(5.35±0.57),钉道长度自L3/4至L5/S1逐渐增大,且测鼍数据男性较女性长,有统计学意义.椎板厚度(mm):L3男性为(5.4±0.8),女性为(5.2±0.73),L4男性为(6.7±1.4),女性为(6.4±1.5),L5男性为(6.4±1.4),女性为(6.2±1.45),椎板厚度L4较L3厚,L5较L4薄,男性较女性厚,有统计学意义.椎板外斜角(°):L3/4男性为(46±5.1),女性为(45±4.8),L4/5男性为(43±3.8),女性为(44±4.1),L5/S1男性为(36±3.5),女性为(35±3.0),椎板外斜角自L3/4至L5/S1逐渐减小,男性与女性之间无统计学意义上的差异.椎板下倾角(°):L3/4男性为(49±3.6),女性为(48±3.0),L4/5男性为(47±3.1),女性为(48±2.2),L5/S1男性为(51±2.5),女性为(50±1.8),椎板下倾角L4/5较L3/4小,L5/S1较L4/5大,男、女性之间无统计学差异.结论:通过测量患者影像学资料可获得个体化的下腰椎椎板、关节突螺钉应用的相关数据.在此基础上,设计和应用腰椎椎板、关节突螺钉瞄准器具有可行性.     

下颈椎棘突及棘突间隙影像解剖及其临床意义

目的　测量下颈椎棘突及棘突间的解剖参数,为试制颈椎棘突间非融合固定装置提供解剖学依据。 方法　收集46名（男性22人,女性24人）进行颈椎CT扫描的志愿者,将扫描信息传至GE AW4.4工作站测量棘突长度、宽度、高度、倾斜角度以及相邻棘突间距。并做统计学分析。 结果　男女存在显著差异,男性下颈椎棘突：C7最长,C3最短;C7最宽,C5最薄;C7最高,C5最矮;C6倾斜角度最大,C3最小;C3/C4棘突间距最大,C6/C7最小。女性下颈椎棘突：C7最长,C3最短;C7最宽,C4最薄;C7最高,C3最矮;C7倾斜角度最大,C3最小;C3/C4棘突间距最大,C6/C7最小。 结论　本研究较全面地测量了下颈椎棘突的相关指标,包括棘突长度、宽度、高度、倾斜角度以及相邻棘突间距,为试制颈椎棘突间非融合固定装置提供了一定的数据支持和指导意义。     

Vertebral pedicle anatomy in relation to pedicle screw fixation: a cadaver study

New techniques to stabilize and correct the thoracic and lumbar spine have been developed in recent years. In view of the wide variety and complexity of fixation devices, the optimum configuration of spinal instrumentation systems needs to be defined. Linear and angular measurements of both vertebral pedicles were made in ten complete thoracic and lumbar cadaveric spines using callipers and a goniometer. The vertical interpedicular distance gradually increased along the spine up to L5. The transverse interpedicular distance was larger at both ends of the spine. Pedicular height gradually increased from T1 to L5, plateauing between T3 and T9, being widest at the thoracolumbar junction. Pedicular width was greatest at the three junctional regions of the spine. The sagittal pedicular angle decreased along the length of the spine to zero at L5. The transverse pedicular angle decreased from T1 to T12 and then increased to L5.Of the pedicular measurements only width limits the diameter of fixation screws. The vertical interpedicular distance determines the distance between the holes of plates, while the length of the transfixator is related to the transverse interpedicular distance. The pedicular angles enable triangulation of screws and determine the stability of the fixation.     

Magnetic resonance imaging anatomy and morphometry of lumbar intervertebral foramina to guide safe transforaminal subarachnoid punctures

Percutaneous transforaminal lumbar punctures (TFLPs) offer alternative access routes to the lumbar subarachnoid cistern. Safe fluoroscopic insertion of a needle through a lumbar intervertebral foramen (IVF) should ideally avoid the exiting spinal nerve and surrounding vascular pedicles. A crescentic region in the posterior aspect of IVF is the conventional position for needle placement during TFLP, but the underlying anatomic basis for this has not been evaluated fully. To enhance TFLP safety, we defined the morphometry of normal lumbar IVFs and precise locations of neurovascular structures in the IVF posterior crescent. We retrospectively reviewed high-resolution T2-weighted lumbar spine magnetic resonance images of 40 normal adults to establish normative dimensions of each IVF from L1 to L5 bilaterally. We segmented the IVF posterior crescent into three parts, and within each, measured the areas occupied by neurovascular structures. We statistically correlated the presence or absence of neurovascular structures in each crescent segment using a chi-square test. The mean morphometrics for all 304 IVFs in 10 males and 30 females of similar ages were: area 115.3 ± 29.5 mm²; height 18.0 ± 2.4 mm; and width at mid-disc level 5.6 ± 2.1 mm. We found a significant association between crescent segment and presence or absence of neurovascular structures (χ² = 95.9, p < .001). A post-hoc calculation of adjusted standardized residuals identified a significant association between the middle crescent segment and absence of neurovascular structures. Thus, the middle segment of the IVF posterior crescent is significantly most devoid of neurovascular structures, and more often would be the safest target for needle placement during TFLP.     

Surface ultrastructure of the puparia of the blow fly, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and flesh fly, Liosarcophaga dux (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Surface ultrastructure of the puparia of the blow fly, Lucilia cuprina, and flesh fly, Liosarcophaga dux, are presented utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Emphasis was focused on characteristic features of the puparia that could be used for differentiation from other forensically important fly species. The puparium of L. cuprina typically measures 6.2±0.2 mm in length and 2.3±0.1 mm in width. Each anterior spiracle contains a single row of 5–7 papillae. The intersegmental spines between the prothorax and mesothorax are triangular with constricted tips. A clustered bubble membrane, comprising about 30 mammillate structures, is positioned dorsolaterally on each side of the first abdominal segment in young puparia but is replaced by short, tubular respiratory horns in aged puparia. The posterior end of the puparium is broadly truncate and bears a pair of medially positioned posterior spiracles that each contains three straight spiracular slits. The puparium of L. dux is larger in comparison to L. cuprina and typically measures 9.9±0.3 mm in length and 3.8±0.2 mm in width. An anterior spiracle of this species contains 14–17 papillae. The intersegmental spines between the prothorax and mesothorax are broad and triangular. A convoluted structure of unknown function was observed at the dorsolateral edge of segments 5–11. In L. dux, the caudal segment of the puparium is slightly tapered and abruptly truncated and contains a pair of posterior spiracles that are located within a deep concavity in the terminal end. Each posterior spiracular disc appears D-shaped, with a pronounced medial projection and three vertically oriented long, narrow spiracular slits. The anatomical features presented herein may be useful for identification of fly puparia of these two species in future forensic entomological investigations.     

第5腰椎横突肥大综合征的解剖学研究

目的 为第5腰椎横突肥大综合征提供解剖学基础.方法 用第5腰椎、骶骨各390块,测量第5腰椎横突、椎间孔的上下径和前后径.结果 第5腰椎横突正常上下径为13.3±2.6mm,前后径12.4±2.5mm正常椎间孔前后、上下径.第5腰椎肥大的横突上下径为20.9±2.4mm,前后径30.9±3.3mm.第5腰椎横突肥大L5～S1椎间孔的前孔,左侧:上下径11.5±4.3mm,前后径10.5±2.7mm;右侧:上下径10.2±4.5mm,前后径9.6±3.0mm.结论 第5腰椎横突肥大,可引起L5～S1椎间孔的前孔狭窄,累及第5腰神经,为腰腿痛的原因之一.     

肩胛冈和肩峰角的骨性观测及临床意义

目的为肩胛冈及肩峰角的定位和肩部疾病的诊治提供解剖形态学基础。方法对200例成人干燥肩胛骨的肩胛切迹、肩胛冈以及肩峰角的形状、走形及定位方法等特点进行研究。结果肩胛切迹宽度为(10.52±4.27)mm,深度为(6.12±2.24)mm;肩胛切迹到肩胛冈的垂线交点到肩峰角的距离为(43.12±4.82)mm,从交点至肩胛切迹的深度为(31.42±4.01)mm;肩胛冈部位表浅,走形恒定。长度为(118.28±4.37)mm,基底长度为(81.12±4.56)mm,冈中隆凸宽度为(11.38±2.64)mm,冈中隆凸高度为(18.72±2.67)mm;肩峰角分为三型,肩峰角(119.9±8.53)°,其中C型占68.00%,肩峰角(124.6±6.49)°;L型占22.50%,肩峰角(104.8±5.54)°;双角型占9.50%。结论 (1)肩胛冈上缘及肩峰角走形恒定,部位表浅可作为肩部疾病的诊治定位标志。(2)从肩峰角沿肩胛冈上缘水平向内约4cm,再向前约3cm即为肩胛切迹。(3)不同类型肩峰角在定位时的特点不同。     

跗骨窦入路联合微型锁定钢板结合排钉技术治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的:讨论经跗骨窦入路有限切开联合微型锁定钢板内固定,结合“排钉技术”固定距下关节面治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床效果.方法:回顾安徽医科大学第三附属医院2013年10月至2015年12月收治的60例(63足)跟骨关节内骨折的患者(Sanders分型:Ⅱ型35足,Ⅲ型28足),经跗骨窦切口置入微型锁定钢板以及螺钉的内固定方法,距下关节面采用“排钉技术”固定来治疗跟骨关节内的骨折,通过对比手术前后跟骨的高度、宽度以及B(o)hler角的变化和术后并发症的发生率,采用Maryland足部评分标准来确定手术效果.结果:所有患者获得10～24个月随访,平均随访18.7个月,末次随访时骨折均达到临床愈合标准.末次随访时跟骨的宽度由术前(39.75±5.58) mm恢复至(37.04±5.83) mm,跟骨高度由术前(38.75±5.38) mm恢复至(41.46±5.68) mm,跟骨B(o)hler角由术前平均11.07°±13.39°,恢复至末次随访时30.6°±4.64°,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);使用Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能恢复情况:优23足,良32足,可8足,优良率为87.3％;手术并发症的发生概率9.5％.结论:经跗骨窦切口联合微型钢板,结合“排钉技术”固定距下关节面用以治疗跟骨关节内的骨折复位效果较满意,可以有效维持骨折复位,并且能够最大程度地减少软组织的损伤.     

内镜引导下经后路上颈椎螺钉内固定的应用解剖

目的探讨内镜引导下经后路上颈椎螺钉内固定的应用解剖,为临床经后路C2/3椎弓根螺钉固定术提供解剖学资料。方法选用干骨28套(C1-7),对其滋养孔的位置、椎弓根等相关数据进行了观察和测量。结果C2/3的滋养孔距后正中线分别为(17.26±7.36)和(16.05±7.95)mm;椎弓根的长、高、宽(mm)分别为6.18±1.36、8.87±2.22、11.54±3.21和4.95±3.5、7.00±0.97、10.50±4.11;椎弓根的中轴线与正中矢状切面所构成的夹角分别为(43.83±3.09)°和(41.53±3.29)°。结论临床经后路C2/3椎弓根螺钉内固定手术,进螺点可选定在C2/3侧块距其外侧缘5mm、距下关节突下缘8mm处,螺钉进入的延长线与正中矢状切面的夹角应为40°～45°,并向头侧倾斜10°为宜,螺钉的长度为24～30mm,覬为5mm为佳。     

Developmental steps of the human cervical spine: parameters for evaluation of skeletal maturation stages

The central objective of this investigation was to focus on the development of the cervical spine observed by lateral cephalometric radiological images of children and adolescents (6–16 years old). A sample of 26 individuals (12 girls and 14 boys) was classified according to stages of cervical spine maturation in two subcategories: group I (initiation phase) and group II (acceleration phase). The morphology of the cervical spine was assessed by lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained in accordance with an innovative method for establishing a standardized head posture. A total of 29 linear variables and 5 angular variables were used to clarify the dimensions of the cervical vertebrae. The results suggest that a few measurements can be used as parameters of vertebral maturation both for males and females. The aforementioned measurements include the inferior depth of C2–C4, the inferior depth of C5, the anterior height of C4–C5, and the posterior height of C5. We propose original morphological parameters that may prove remarkably useful in the determination of bone maturational stages of the cervical spine in children and adolescents.     

Vertebral body shape variation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: characterization of its asymmetry and wedging

This study was designed to characterize the vertebral body (VB) shape, focusing on vertebral wedging, along the thoracic and lumbar spine, and to look for shape variations with relation to gender, age, and ethnicity. All thoracic and lumbar (T1-L5) dissected vertebrae of 240 individuals were measured and analyzed by age, gender, and ethnicity. A 3D digitizer was used to measure all VB lengths, heights, and widths, and their ratios were calculated. This study showed that the VB size was independent of age or ethnicity. VB left lateral wedging was found in most vertebrae of most individuals, yet systematically was absent in six vertebrae (T4, T8-T9, T11, L3-L4) with a greater tendency in females than males ( approximately 92% vs. 86%). The VB was anteriorly wedged from T1 through L2 (peak at T7), nonwedged at L3, and posteriorly wedged at L4-L5 (peak at L5). VB width decreased from T1 to T4 and then increased toward L4-L5, so that the spinal configuration in the coronal plane resembled two pyramids of opposite directions, sharing an apex at T4. The inferior VB width was significantly greater than the superior width of both the same vertebra and the adjacent lower vertebra, indicating a trapezoidal shape of the VB and an inverted trapezoidal shape of the intervertebral space. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the human vertebra, in its normal condition, maintains its external dimensions with age, independent of gender or ethnic origin. Clinical and surgical implications of the unique thoracolumbar architecture are discussed.     

颈椎脊神经沟内口和颈神经的观测

目的　探讨颈椎脊神经沟内口与颈神经受嵌压的关系。方法　取 2 0具成人尸体的颈椎标本 ,选用完整的成人颈椎 4 4套 ,测量颈椎脊神经沟内口的宽度和颈神经穿过脊神经沟内口时的横径 ,并统计两者之间的比值。结果　颈神经穿过脊神经沟内口处的横径为 :C3 为 2 .7± 0 .7mm ,C42 .7± 0 .7mm ,C5为 2 .8± 0 .8mm ,C64.8± 0 .9mm ,C75 .3± 1.1mm。脊神经沟内口的宽度分别为 :C3 为 5 .8± 1.0mm ,C45 .5± 0 .9mm ,C55 .6± 1.0mm ,C65 .5± 1.1mm ,C76 .2± 1.0mm ;颈神经穿过脊神经沟内口时的横径与脊神经沟内口宽度的比值 :C3 为 1∶2 .15 ,C41∶2 .0 5 ,C51∶1.98,C61∶1.14 ,C71∶1.18。结论　脊神经沟内口与穿过内口的颈神经受累关系密切 ,下颈段 (C6、C7)颈神经受累的机率大于上颈段 (C3 、C4)。