云南省蒙古族9项头面部群体遗传学特征

目的了解云南蒙古族头面部群体遗传学特征。方法采用随机整群抽样法调查云南省通海县208例(男性105例,女性103例)蒙古族9项头面部群体遗传学指标。结果 1)云南蒙古族有内眦褶率89.5%,上眼睑皱褶率91.4%,铲型门齿率96.19%,凸鼻梁率32.4%,宽鼻孔率80%,突型下颏率32.4%,耳垂率76.2%,额头发际有尖率21%,卷发率7.7%;2)除了耳垂类型和鼻梁类型外,其余7项指标类型出现率在性别间均无显著性差异;3)9项特征彼此间相关性极小;4)与内蒙古9个蒙古族人群相比,多存在极显著差异。结论云南蒙古族与北方内蒙古蒙古族群体差异较大。     

云南省蒙古族9项头面部群体遗传学特征简

 目的 了解云南蒙古族头面部群体遗传学特征。方法 采用随机整群抽样法调查云南省通海县208例（男性105例，女性103例）蒙古族9项头面部群体遗传学指标。结果 1）云南蒙古族有内眦褶率89.5%，上眼睑皱褶率91.4%，铲型门齿率96.19%，凸鼻梁率32.4%，宽鼻孔率80%，突型下颏率32.4%，耳垂率76.2%，额头发际有尖率21%，卷发率7.7%；2）除了耳垂类型和鼻梁类型外,其余7项指标类型出现率在性别间均无显著性差异；3）9项特征彼此间相关性极小；4）与内蒙古9个蒙古族人群相比，多存在极显著差异。结论 与北方内蒙古蒙古族群体差异较大。     

湖南宁乡汉族九项遗传学指标

目的:研究湖南宁乡汉族9项遗传学指标的人类学特征.方法:采用随机抽样的方法,在湖南宁乡县对460例(男254,女206)汉族高中生的眦褶、眼睑、门齿类型、鼻梁类型、鼻孔形状、下颌类型、耳垂类型、额头发际、发形9对遗传性状进行了调查.结果:湖南宁乡汉族有内眦褶率和有上眼睑皱褶率较低,铲型门齿率较高,凸鼻梁率中等水平,窄鼻孔率较低,突型下颏率中等偏高,有耳垂率偏低,额头发际有尖率中等偏高,卷发率中等;鼻梁、耳垂类型性别间有差异,头发、发际类型性别间有差异,其余5项指标类型出现率性别间均无差异;9项指标彼此间相关性较小.结论:湖南宁乡汉族与其他23个民族进行聚类分析结果显示,遗传性状的基因频率分布具有一定的地域性,族群分布距离较近的民族亲缘关系较近.     

湖南侗族的容貌特征观察

目的　探讨湖南侗族的容貌特征。方法　对湖南侗族头面部眼、耳、口、鼻、面部及毛发等 31项指标进行活体观察分析。结果　湖南侗族的容貌特征主要是 :发浓密、黑直 ,前额发际多呈三角形 ,眉毛中等 ;大多数人有蒙古褶和双眼皮 ;鼻根低平 ,鼻基上翘 ,鼻背直形或凹形 ,鼻翼宽阔且凸出 ;口裂中等 ,红唇较厚 ;颧骨体多不突出 ,颏部多后斜或直型 ,面宽 ,多为卵圆面形 ;多数人有达尔文结节 ,耳壳外展且多为椭圆形和卵圆形 ,耳垂为三角形或方形。结论　湖南侗族鼻的形态是区别于其它民族的主要容貌特征     

仫佬族9项头面部群体遗传学特征

目的：了解仫佬族头面部群体遗传学特征。方法：采取随机整群抽样法，调查仫佬族309例中学生 (男 120例，女 189例)9项遗传学指标。结果：(1)仫佬族有内眦褶率(72.17%),有上眼睑皱褶率(84.12%)，铲型门齿(96.12%)，凸鼻梁率(6.47%)，宽鼻孔率(79.29%)，突型下颏率(29.13%)，有耳垂率(74.11%)，额头发际有尖率(24.87%)，卷发率(0.97%)。 (2)除了上眼睑皱褶外，其余 8项指标类型出现率性别间均无显著差异 ；(3)9项指标彼此间相关性极小。结论：仫佬族头面部群体遗传学特征与别的民族相比，存在一定的差异。     

四川凉山彝族9项头面部群体遗传学特征

目的了解四川凉山彝族头面部群体遗传学特征。方法用随机整群抽样法,调查313例(男性204例,女性109例)四川凉山彝族中学生9项遗传学指标。结果 (1)彝族有眦褶率、上眼睑有褶皱率、铲型门齿率、凸型鼻梁率、宽型鼻孔率、突型下颏率、有耳垂率、尖形发际率和卷发率分别为58.47%、85.94%、95.85%、2.87%、77.32%、4.15%、72.84%、37.70%和23.00%。(2)额头发际有性别差异。结论四川凉山彝族9项头面部群体遗传学特征与其他族群存在差异。     

黑龙江省三家子村满族的容貌特征

目的 探讨黑龙江省三家子村满族头面部特征。 方法 在知情同意情况下,随机抽取黑龙江省富裕县三家子村134例（男62例,女72例）满族健康成人为研究对象,按照人体测量方法,对上眼睑皱褶、耳垂类型等18项头面部指标进行活体观察,所得数据录入SPSS16.0软件包,进行频数分析、卡方检验等统计学处理。
结果 黑龙江省三家子村满族的头面部观察指标中,鼻根高度、鼻背侧面观、鼻基底方向、鼻孔形状、上眼睑皱褶、颏部、前额发际、发色和眼色均存在显著的性别差异,黑龙江省三家子村满族成人共同的容貌特征：扁平或中等颧部突出度、有蒙古褶、Ⅱ级眼裂高度、外高型眼裂倾斜度、鼻翼高度、鼻翼宽均为中等,倾斜型鼻孔最大径,无耳垂,直发。 结论 黑龙江省三家子村满族属蒙古人种东亚类型,具有北方人群的体质特征。     

新疆不同地区柯尔克孜族成人容貌特征差异*

目的：探讨新疆不同地区柯尔克孜族成人头面部特征差异，为体质人类学的研究积累资料。方法：随机抽 取居住在北疆（ 塔城地区）和南疆（ 克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州）头面部无畸形柯尔克孜族成人为研究对象，根据《人 体测量方法》对上眼睑皱褶、颧部突出度、蒙古褶、鼻根高度等20 项头面部指标进行观察与记录，获得有效样 本1 264 例（ 其中南疆1 046 例，北疆218 例）。所得数据录入SPSS 20.0 软件包，进行频数分析、 χ2 检验等统计学 处理。结果：除鼻基底方向、鼻孔最大径位置、蒙古褶、眼裂高度和颏部5 项指标出现率以外，其他15 项头面部 观察指标出现率均存在地区差异；鼻根高度、眉毛、眉弓粗壮度和前额发际4 项指标出现率存在性别差异。结论： 北疆柯尔克孜族成人与辽宁汉族、满族和黑龙江满族成人头面部特征相似。南疆柯尔克孜族与北疆柯尔克孜族头 面部特征存在差异。     

新疆伊犁哈萨克族成人头面部形态特征

文题释义： 头面部：头面部形态学特征的形成与遗传、环境因素有关。遗传因素、环境因素、营养水平影响着人的头面部发育,饮食成分、营养状况、环境因素会对头面部皮肤、皮下脂肪、弹力纤维的发育产生一定影响,也会影响头面部细胞生理功能。 容貌：头面部各个部位的形态特征的有机组合形成了人的容貌,容貌是进行个人识别的主要依据,而不同民族或种族之间常具有一定的差异。 背景：哈萨克族主要居住在新疆西北部的伊犁哈萨克自治州,其中约80%的哈萨克族分布在伊犁、塔城和阿勒泰地区。为了更全面地了解哈萨克族的体质特征,在新疆伊犁巩留县吉尔格郎乡对20-86岁之间的哈萨克族进行了活体观察和头面部的测量。 目的：了解新疆伊犁哈萨克族成人头面部形态特征。 方法：按照《人体测量手册》规定的方法,在新疆伊犁巩留县吉尔格郎乡测量了422例(男219例,女203例)哈萨克族成年人31项头面部指标,并计算了12项头面部体质指数。 结果与结论：①哈萨克族人群上眼睑皱褶出现率为92.7%;蒙古褶(内眦褶)现率为9.9%;铲型和平型门齿出现率分别为6.6%和93.4%;凸型、凹型和直型鼻梁出现率分别为7.8%、36.5%和55.7%;斜型、纵型和横型鼻孔出现率分别为69.5%、20.8%和9.7%;凸型和非凸型下颏类型出现率分别为68.2%和31.8%;有耳垂型和无耳垂型出现率分别为96.7%和3.3%;有额头发际和无额头发际的出现率为72%和28%;直发和卷发的出现率分别为99.1%和0.9%。②哈萨克族男性多属于圆头型、特圆头型(81.7%;52.5%)、高头型(93.6%)、狭头型(84%)、特狭鼻型(98.2%)、超阔面型(74%);哈萨克族女性多属于圆头型、特圆头型(76.4%;55.7%)、高头型(97%)、狭头型(84%)、特狭鼻型(98.2%)、超阔面型(74%)。③哈萨克族成人具有蒙古人种北亚类型头面部特征。ORCID: 0000-0002-9692-7585(努尔买买提•巴哈夏尔) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

中国北方汉族人头面部观察指标值的年龄变化

目的:研究中国北方汉族人头面部观察指标出现率随年龄增长而变化的规律。方法:2009年至2012年研究组调查了9 582例(男性4 711例,女性4 871例)北方汉族的头面部17项观察指标,进行了性别间比较,分析了随年龄增长北方汉族头面部17项观察指标值的变化规律。结果:随年龄增长,北方汉族人出现蒙古褶率下降,眼裂变窄并趋于水平,鼻根变低,颧部更显突出,眼色变褐、变浅,肤色加深,上唇皮肤部变高,红唇变薄。性别间比较,眼部,女性的蒙古褶、上眼睑皱褶比男性发达,女性眼裂更宽,更向外、上倾斜;鼻部,女性的鼻根较低,鼻背更凹,鼻基部更上翘,鼻翼较低,鼻翼宽更接近眼内角间宽;唇部,女性上唇皮肤部较低,红唇较薄。此外,女性面部较扁平,耳垂三角形较高,发色、肤色较浅,眼色较深。结论:随年龄增长,北方汉族人头面部观察指标出现率出现明显的变化。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Uteroglobin in the developing rabbit conceptus in vivo and in vitro

Summary Uteroglobin (UGL) was measured in day- 4 to day-10 rabbit conceptuses by a competitive ELISA. Levels in blastocyst fluid, tissues, coverings and in the early fetus were determined separately. The total amount of UGL increased from 18.4 ng to 6.8 g per conceptus. The UGL content of individual day-6 blastocysts was studied in vitro. Culturing was carried out up to 60 h in Ham's F10 medium with polyvinylpyrrolidone as macromolecular component, with and without progesterone, and with progesterone plus estradiol. UGL was determined in the blastocyst fluids, tissues with coverings and in the culture media. After labelling with [³⁵S]-methionine, protein patterns of total blastocysts and of culture media were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The morphology of cultured blastocysts was examined by electron microscopy. During 60 h of culture, the blastocysts expanded in diameter by 84%, and released 19% of their initial UGL content into the medium, independent of the hormonal substitution. Neither de novo synthesis, nor degradation of UGL was found: the protein remained unlabelled in fluorography, and its total quantity was not significantly different from that of non-cultured controls. Trophoblast, endoderm and embryoblast cells showed well preserved cell organelles and intercellular junctions, while the morphological differentiation of the germ layer was inhibited.     

The cyclic-AMP concentration in plasma and in muscle in response to exercise and beta-blockade in man

At rest the cAMP concentration in (muscle samples of) the quadriceps femoris ranged from 1.55 to 3.00 μmol per kg dry muscle and in plasma from 15.3 to 32.3 nmol per 1. Blockade of the beta adrenoreceptors with propranolol resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration in muscle at rest, the magnitude of the fall being related to the inital level. Similarly in plasma there was a trend towards lower levels of cAMP in those with the highest pretreatment levels, but the overall change was not statistically significant. There was no relation between the concentrations in muscle and plasma, before or after beta-blockade. Maximum dynamic exercise for 4–8 min resulted in an approximate doubling in the cAMP concentration in both muscle and blood. The increase in plasma was closely related to that in muscle. Beta-blockade inhibited totally the rise in cAMP in muscle during exercise but was marginally less effective in preventing the increase in blood. No increase in plasma or muscle cAMP levels during 40–70 s isometric contraction were observed.     

Genetic alterations in microRNAs in medulloblastomas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate a variety of cellular processes via the regulation of multiple target genes. We screened 48 medulloblastomas for mutation, deletion and amplification of nine miRNA genes that were selected on the basis of the presence of potential target sequences within the 3′‐untranslated region of the MYCC mRNA. Differential PCR revealed deletions in miR‐186 (15%), miR‐135a‐1 (33%), miR‐548d‐1 (42%), miR‐548d‐2 (21%) and miR‐512‐2 (33%) genes, whereas deletion or amplification was detected in miR‐135b (23%) and miR‐135a‐2 (15%). In miR‐33b, deletion, amplification or a mutation at the precursor miRNA were detected in 10% of medulloblastomas. Overall, 35/48 (73%) medulloblastomas had at least one alteration. Real‐time RT‐PCR revealed MYCC overexpression in 11 of 37 (30%) medulloblastomas, and there was a correlation between MYCC overexpression and miR‐512‐2 gene deletion (P = 0.0084). Antisense‐based knockdown of miR‐512‐5p (mature sequence of miR‐512‐2) resulted in significant upregulation of MYCC expression in HeLa and A549 cells, while forced overexpression of miR‐512‐2 in medulloblastoma/PNET cell lines DAOY, UW‐228‐2, PFSK resulted in the downregulation of MYCC protein. Furthermore, the results of luciferase reporter assays suggested that miR‐512‐2 targets the MYCC gene. These results suggest that alterations in the miRNA genes may be an alternative mechanism leading to MYCC overexpression in medulloblastomas.     

Cystic echinococcosis in equids in Italy

Between March 2003 and February 2007, the livers and the lungs of 2,231 horses from various Italian regions were examined for cystic echinococcosis presence at the time of slaughter. Hydatid cysts were found in six horses, namely four from Sardinia, one from Sicily, and one from Tuscany. The location, number, morphology, and fertility of the cysts found were determined. DNA was extracted from the germinal layers and protoscoleces of the fertile cysts and polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed in order to strain type DNA isolates for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and 12S partial genes. The PCR products were then purified and sequenced in forward and reverse. Hydatid materials obtained from positive animals were identified as Echinococcus granulosus s.s. (old G1, sheep strain) and Echinococcus equinus (old G4, horse strain) for ND1, CO1, and 12S partial genes. This allowed us to record the presence of the E. equinus in Italy for the first time with molecular tools and also to report new data on the epidemiological situation of this parasite in Italy.