超声波联合电场治疗肿瘤的研究

目的：研究低强度、频率可调的电场对兔肝VX2肿瘤细胞增殖的效应及低电场辐照对HIFU疗效的影响。方法：新西兰大白兔100只随机分为5组，一组为对照，其余四组为治疗组；兔肝VX2肿瘤细胞株活化、培养、传代后接种于兔肝脏。结果：治疗组的肝肿瘤生长速度明显地低于对照组，治疗组的肝肿瘤经超声治疗的时间缩短，其存活时间均长于对照组。结论：一定强度的低频电场能够有效地抑制肿瘤细胞的生长，并能提高肿瘤细胞对超声的敏感性.     

铁碳纳米粒介导顺铂对喉癌细胞敏感性的研究*

背景：应用纳米技术对化疗药物进行靶向性改进是增加肿瘤对化疗药物敏感性的有效手段之一。 目的：观察铁碳纳米粒搭载顺铂对喉癌Hep-2细胞的抑制作用及对细胞Caspase 3,Survivin mRNA表达的影响。 方法：分别应用铁碳纳米粒和(或)顺铂的生理盐水分散液干预喉癌Hep-2细胞,以生理盐水干预的细胞作为对照。 结果与结论：MTT检测结果显示,顺铂可明显抑制Hep-2细胞的生长,与铁碳纳米粒联合应用对Hep-2细胞的抑制作用更强;表现为细胞生长不贴壁,增殖缓慢,出现凋亡征象。RT-PCR结果显示,共培养5 d,铁碳纳米粒和顺铂联合及顺铂单独处理的Hep-2细胞Caspase 3 mRNA水平明显增高,而Survivin mRNA水平明显降低,以铁碳纳米粒和顺铂联合作用效果更明显,而单独应用铁碳纳米粒对Hep-2细胞无影响。提示铁碳纳米粒搭载顺铂能够增加喉癌Hep-2细胞对顺铂的敏感性,提高药物化疗效果。 关键词：铁碳纳米粒;顺铂;喉癌;Hep-2细胞;化疗;敏感性;Caspase3;Survivin doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.12.010     

建立兔胫骨VX2骨肿瘤模型的方法

文题释义：VX2 肿瘤：是一种可移植的恶性乳头状瘤，可移植在兔的肝脏、肺脏、骨骼肌肌肉等处，所建立的肿瘤模型具有较高的生物学特性。 穿刺活检：是骨与软组织肿瘤获取组织病理诊断的主要方法，经肿瘤体表投影或影像学引导下使用穿刺设备进行瘤体组织的获取。 背景：关于兔的VX2肿瘤模型方法有多种，但各方法的可靠性无人探究，课题组在原有方法上进行了改良，进行了此项研究。 目的：探讨兔VX2肿瘤组织块、细胞悬液分别经改良法与传统植入法进行兔胫骨VX2骨肿瘤造模的可靠程度。 方法：将健康成年新西兰大白兔40只随机分为2组，其中组织块组植入肿瘤组织块进行胫骨VX2肿瘤造模，细胞悬液组植入肿瘤细胞悬液进行胫骨VX2肿瘤造模，2组实验动物左侧胫骨均采用穿刺针植入，右侧胫骨均采用传统法植入。造模成功1 h后对穿刺孔周围进行超声检查明确穿刺孔有无血肿，于第3周处死所有实验动物，进行双侧胫骨X射线检查明确肿瘤生长范围，取肿瘤及穿刺部位周围软组织进行大体及病理学检查对比肿瘤大小，并明确有无肿瘤细胞局部浸润。 结果与结论：①组织块组有1只实验动物于术后死亡，脱组，细胞悬液组所有实验动物均存活；②X射线检查可见组织块组肿瘤均侵犯皮质层，细胞悬液组皮质层未侵及；肿瘤大体观察可见组织块组肿瘤侵犯骨皮质长度大于细胞悬液组；③组织块组改良法、传统法植入1 h后分别有1例，7例穿刺孔周围血肿；细胞悬液组改良法、传统法植入1 h后分别有2例，9例穿刺孔周围血肿；④组织块组改良法、传统法植入后3个月分别有1例，8例出现肿瘤局部浸润；细胞悬液组改良法、传统法植入后分别有2例，11例出现肿瘤局部浸润；⑤结果表明，组织块植入较细胞悬液植入制作兔VX2骨肿瘤更易培养出大的瘤体，从而使实验更易于观察，且组织块植入后肿瘤局部浸润率较细胞悬液法要低；同时采用改良法植入可有效降低造模过程中肿瘤细胞局部浸润率。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程     

兔VX2肿瘤细胞系的建立及其生物学特性的观察

目的建立兔VX2肿瘤细胞系,观察其生物学特性。方法采用小块法对兔VX2肿瘤进行原代培养,体外传代观察,传代40次以上对培养细胞进行形态学观察、组织化学染色、细胞周期检查、核型分析、兔及裸鼠移植。结果新建立的兔VX2肿瘤细胞,呈多角形、短梭形,电镜下细胞内可见张力纤维、细胞间可见桥粒,细胞角蛋白阳性,体外连续培养10个月,传代70次以上,细胞倍增时间为34．5h,细胞周期测定G,期为69．3％,G：期为5．6％,S期为25．1％。染色体为亚三倍体核型,众数为58～62条。同种移植成瘤率100％,裸鼠移植成瘤率100％,无支原体污染。结论兔VX2肿瘤细胞系来源于兔鳞状细胞癌,可用于兔（较大动物）的肿瘤实验研究。     

葆盛口服液对人肝癌HepG-2细胞株生长和凋亡的影响

目的研究观察复方中药提取物(葆盛口服液)在体外对肝癌HepG-2细胞株生长和凋亡的作用及机制。方法以人肝癌HepG-2细胞株为研究对象,用MTT法检测葆盛口服液对肿瘤细胞增殖的影响,流式细胞仪检测细胞调亡以及凋亡基因Fas的表达情况,以顺铂为对照组,比较葆盛口服液与顺铂的疗效。结果葆盛口服液对Hela细胞有较强的体外增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术发现葆盛口服液能促进Fas表达,诱导HepG-2细胞凋亡。结论葆盛口服液通过阻滞肿瘤细胞的生长及诱导细胞凋亡等机制,对肝癌细胞增殖有一定的抑制作用。     

结核分枝杆菌融合蛋白和分泌蛋白对人肝癌细胞HepG-2影响和作用

目的探讨结核分枝杆菌融合蛋白对人肝癌细胞HepG-2的抑制作用。方法构建含3种目的基因的表达载体pProEXHTa-Ag85B-Hsp16.3、pProEXHTa-Ag85B-ESAT6和pProEXHTb-Hsp16.3,分别转入宿主菌E.coli DH5α中,诱导表达后分别获得Ag85B-Hsp16.3、Ag85B-ESAT6和Hsp16.3三种蛋白,纯化后复性。分别作用于肝癌细胞HepG-2,MTT法检测细胞生长情况。结果成功纯化并复性三种蛋白。MTT实验结果显示,三种蛋白均对HepG-2细胞的生长具有抑制作用,抑制强度与蛋白终浓度和作用时间相关,但各蛋白的抑制作用无明显差异。结论结核分枝杆菌的部分分泌蛋白对肝癌细胞HepG-2具有抑制作用。     

苦参碱抗肿瘤作用及其机制的初步研究

目的：研究中药苦参碱（Matrine）的抗肿瘤作用及其免疫学机制。方法：MTT比色法检测肿瘤细胞的生长抑制率；流式细胞术分析细胞周期的改变。建立荷瘤小鼠模型，观察小鼠肿瘤的生长情况，计算肿瘤生长抑制率；MTT法测定苦参碱对荷瘤小鼠PBMC体外增殖作用的影响；ELISA法检测苦参碱治疗后小鼠血清中IL-2和IL-12的活性。结果：苦参碱可显著抑制小鼠肿瘤细胞的体外分裂和增殖，且抑制作用呈浓度和时间依赖性，使G1期细胞增多，S期和G2/M期细胞减少，细胞增殖指数降低。苦参碱对小鼠实体瘤生长具有显著抑制作用，抑瘤率高达60.7%以上；明显抑制小鼠静止PBMC的体外增殖作用；不能提高荷瘤小鼠血清中IL-2和IL-12的含量。结论：苦参碱具有较强的抗肿瘤作用，体内体外却表现出一定的免疫抑制作用，提高机体的免疫功能不是苦参碱发挥抗癌活性的主要机制。     

内皮抑素对HepG-2细胞生长的影响及机制研究

目的探讨内皮抑素对人肝癌细胞株HepG-2细胞生长增殖和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）基因表达的影响及其可能的机制，为临床肝癌治疗中内皮抑素的应用提供实验依据。方法采用MTT法检测不同浓度的内皮抑素作用不同时间后对HepG-2细胞生长的抑制作用；流式细胞仪检测内皮抑素对细胞凋亡及周期分布的影响；免疫组织化学法检测内皮抑素作用前后HepG-2细胞中survivin蛋白表达的改变；Western blotting法检测加药前后HepG-2细胞中VEGF蛋白表达的变化。结果内皮抑素能抑制HepG-2细胞的生长增殖（P〈0．05），呈剂量-时间依赖性，并诱导细胞凋亡；免疫组织化学结果显示，内皮抑素作用后HepG-2细胞中survivin蛋白表达明显减少，差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）；Westernblotting结果显示药物作用组中VEGF蛋白表达明显减少，差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论内皮抑素通过下调survivin蛋白的表达诱导HepG-2细胞的凋亡、抑制增殖，并能明显降低HepG-2细胞中VEGF的表达。     

纳米Ag-SiO2导尿管的细胞毒性评价

背景：具有抗菌活性的纳米Ag-SiO₂导尿管可有效降低普通医用导尿管相关性尿路感染的发生率,其物理、化学性质发生很大变化,所以对其安全性需重新评价。 目的：比较纳米Ag-SiO₂导尿管和普通医用导尿管浸提液对兔尿道上皮细胞的体外细胞活性影响,初步评价纳米Ag-SiO₂导尿管的生物安全性。 方法：应用机械分离与酶消化法分离培养兔尿道上皮细胞,在体外行扩增后制成细胞悬液,将培养液更换为浸泡纳米Ag-SiO₂导尿管及普通导尿管的培养液,采取四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法量化两组浸提液对兔尿道上皮细胞的体外细胞毒性。用酶联免疫检测仪分别测定两组体外细胞的吸光度值,并计算其相对增殖率(RGR),进行毒性评价及比较。 结果与结论：纳米Ag-SiO₂导尿管和普通医用导尿管均毒性轻微。纳米Ag-SiO₂导尿管与普通医用导尿管相对增殖率均数间差别无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果表明,纳米Ag-SiO₂导尿管对细胞的生长繁殖同普通医用导尿管一样影响轻微,无(或)低细胞毒性,符合医疗器械生物学评价标准要求。     

对比组织悬液法及组织块法建立兔VX2皮下肿瘤模型的差异

文题释义：彩色多普勒血流显像(Color Doppler Flow Imaging，CDFI)：是利用红细胞与超声波之间的多普勒原理进行血流显像的技术，根据血流的方向和速度大小，进行伪彩色编码，后经彩色显示器显示，从而完成彩色多普勒血流显像。 VX2肿瘤(VX2 Tumor)：来源于Shope病毒，属于鳞状细胞癌的一种，可使乳头瘤恶变成鳞状上皮细胞癌的恶性肿瘤。因具有与人类肿瘤相似的形态学及生物学特性，目前主要用于动物模型的实验研究，尤其是兔VX2各组织器官肿瘤的影像学及肿瘤治疗的动物模型研究。背景：目前建立VX2皮下肿瘤模型的方法有多种，但建模方法各有优劣，能优质高效建立动物肿瘤模型的方法方可满足动物肿瘤实验的需求。 目的：对比观察不同方法建立兔VX2皮下肿瘤模型，探索更简单高效的建模方式，为兔VX2皮下肿瘤实验提供大批量高质量的动物模型奠定基础。方法：雄性新西兰大白兔66只。取2只制备VX2荷瘤种兔，再取荷瘤兔肿瘤组织分别制备瘤组织块及肿瘤组织悬液备用。实验分为2组：瘤组织悬液组20只，麻醉后于双侧后肢内侧面注射组织悬液0.15 mL；瘤组织块组20只，麻醉后于双侧后肢内侧面皮下植入瘤组织块。2组分别采用相应接种方式种植2只荷瘤种兔，各传5代。记录并比较2组肿瘤种植时间，采用二维及彩色多普勒超声观察肿瘤形态大小及生长情况，比较2组肿瘤成瘤率及传代情况。实验方案经中国人民解放军第三军医大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号为AMUWE2020016)。 结果与结论：①组织悬液法肿瘤种植时间(75.70±11.16) s较组织块法肿瘤种植时间(100.80±9.21) s明显缩短(P=0.00)；②组织悬液法成瘤率95%显著高于组织块法成瘤率60%(P < 0.05)，肿瘤体积显著大于组织块法(P < 0.05)；③组织悬液法传代成功率95%显著高于组织块法传代成功率65%(P < 0.05)；④结果说明，组织悬液法建立兔VX2皮下肿瘤模型与瘤块法相比，更简单高效。 ORCID: 0000-0002-1281-4437(刘娅) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.