体外双轴拉伸应变诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨特异性标志物的表达

探讨体外双轴拉伸应变对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rBMSCs)向成骨细胞分化的影响。分离4周龄SD大鼠BMSCs,将P3~P4代rBMSCs接种于DMEM-LG完全培养基的双轴拉伸应变细胞培养小室中。当细胞生长至亚融合状态后,给予细胞施加拉伸应变,频率为1 Hz,应变幅度为1%、2%、5%,每个应变幅度均分别加载2h/d、4h/d、6h/d,连续作用3d。以未受拉伸应变的rBMSCs为空白对照组。以未受拉伸应变,含100nmol/L雌二醇(E2)培养的rBMSCs为阳性对照组。通过实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法检测各组rBMSCs的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、Ⅰ型胶原(ColⅠ)、Runt相关转录因子-2(Runx2)、骨钙蛋白(OCN)mRNA和蛋白的表达量。实验结果表明:(1)E2组rBMSCs中Runx2、ColⅠ、ALP、OCN mRNA及蛋白表达量均明显高于空白对照组(P0.05);(2)1%拉伸应变组rBMSCs中ALP、Runx2mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显高于空白对照组(P0.05),但与E2组相比明显降低(P0.05);(3)2%拉伸应变组rBMSCs中ALP、ColⅠ、Runx2、OCN mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显高于空白对照组(P0.05),其中,加载时间4h/d组rBMSCs中ColⅠ、Runx2 mRNA和蛋白表达量明显高于E2组(P0.05);(4)5%拉伸应变组,加载时间2h/d、4h/d组rBMSCs中ALP、ColⅠ、Runx2mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显高于空白对照组(P0.05),与E2组相比,加载时间4h/d组的ColⅠ、Runx2mRNA和蛋白表达量也明显上调(P0.05)。本实验结果提示,雌二醇和体外双轴拉伸应变均可以诱导rBMSCs向成骨细胞分化,且拉伸应变幅度2%、加载时间4h/d时,促rBMSCs成骨分化的作用最强。     

葛根素通过下调miR-23a促进小鼠前成骨细胞增殖和分化的研究

目的 探讨葛根素是否通过下调miR-23a促进小鼠前成骨细胞增殖和分化。方法 将小鼠前成骨细胞MC3T3-E1分为对照组、葛根素组、葛根素+miR-NC组和葛根素+miR-23a过表达组，RT-qPCR检测细胞中miR-23a的表达，CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活性，碱性磷酸酶活性检测葛根素对细胞活力的影响，Western blot检测细胞中Runx2蛋白的表达。应用生物信息学和双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-23a和Runx2的靶向调控关系。结果 与对照组相比，葛根素组MC3T3-E1细胞增殖活性增强，细胞中miR-23a表达降低，Runx2蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);与葛根素+miR-NC组相比，葛根素+miR-23a过表达组MC3T3-E1细胞增殖活性降低，细胞中Runx2蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);双荧光素酶报告基因实验证实miR-23a靶向负调控Runx2的表达。结论 葛根素促进小鼠前成骨细胞增殖和分化，机制可能与下调miR-23a进一步调控Runx2表达有关。     

左归丸含药血清通过ERK/TGF-β/Smads信号级联调控MC3T3-E1细胞增殖与分化

目的:研究细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)/转化生长因子β(TGF-β)/Sma和Mad相关蛋白(Smads)信号级联在左归丸含药血清干预成骨前体细胞系MC3T3-E1细胞增殖与分化中的作用。方法:以倍美力为阳性对照药,对Sprague-Dawley(SD)雌性大鼠灌服高、中、低剂量的左归丸混悬液,7 d后腹主动脉取血分离含药血清。采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测左归丸含药血清对MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖作用,采用改良钙钴染色法检测碱性磷酸酶(ALP)表达,采用茜素红染色法检测钙化结节,采用Western blotting法检测核结合因子α1(Cbfα1)和Ⅰ型胶原(ColⅠ)蛋白表达,采用real-time RT-PCR法检测TGF-β₁、Smad4和Smad2 mRNA表达。结果:左归丸含药血清对MC3T3-E1细胞的促增殖作用呈剂量和时间相关性,其中以低剂量且体积分数为15%作用48 h后对MC3T3-E1的促增殖作用最大;左归丸含药血清能促进MC3T3-E1细胞ALP表达,增强细胞基质钙化,提高Cbfα1和ColⅠ蛋白分泌,上调TGF-β₁、Smad4和Smad2 mRNA表达;加入ERK1/2信号通路特异性阻滞剂PD98059后,MC3T3-E1细胞增殖降低,ALP表达下降,细胞基质钙化减弱,Cbfα1和ColⅠ蛋白分泌降低,Smad4和Smad2 mRNA表达下调,TGF-β₁ mRNA表达进一步上调。结论:左归丸可能通过干预ERK/TGF-β/Smads信号级联而调控成骨细胞的增殖和分化,这可能是其防治骨质疏松症的机制之一。     

周期性机械牵拉通过上调Runx2表达促进MC3T3-E1细胞迁移

目的 探究周期性牵拉对小鼠胚胎成骨细胞MC3T3-E1迁移功能的影响及其相关机制.方法 使用应变加载系统对体外培养的MC3T3-E1细胞施加15％幅度的牵拉,模拟细胞体内受力情况.使用划痕愈合实验检测MC3T3-E1细胞的迁移功能,使用蛋白免疫印迹法检测Runx2表达情况,使用RNA干扰技术特异性降低Runx2表达量....     

低强度高频率振动对成骨细胞生物学特性的影响

目的　研究低强度高频率振动（low-magnitude high-frequency vibration, LMHFV）对成骨细胞生物学特性的影响。 方法　建立LMHFV加载MC3T3-E1细胞模型,观察不同频率LMHFV对MC3T3-E1细胞OPG/RANKL浓度比的影响,获得OPG/RANKL浓度比最高的频率（F）为后续研究频率;以0 Hz为对照,观察LMHFV对MC3T3-E1细胞碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)、骨钙素(OCN) mRNA和蛋白活性,及钙化结节形成的影响;LMHFV加载形成的条件培养液（CMF）孵育RAW264.7细胞,观察CMF对破骨细胞抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）染色、多核破骨细胞形成、TRAP mRNA及蛋白活性的影响;观察LMHFV对MC3T3-E1细胞环氧化酶2(COX-2)蛋白水平的表达及COX-2抑制剂NS-398对LMHFV影响MC3T3-E1细胞分化的作用。 结果　30 Hz LMHFV获得OPG/RANKL浓度比最高,促进ALP、OCN mRNA及蛋白活性增加,增加钙化结节形成。30 Hz LMHFV形成的CM抑制RAW264.7细胞向多核破骨细胞分化,抑制TRAP mRNA及活性;LMHFV可诱导COX-2蛋白水平增加,NS-398能抑制LMHFV促进成骨细胞分化。 结论　30 Hz的LMHFV对MC3T3-E1细胞OPG/RANKL浓度比及成骨分化具有积极的影响,通过调控成骨细胞OPG/RANKL浓度比间接抑制骨吸收,COX-2通路参与了LMHFV对成骨细胞生物学特性的调节作用。     

盐酸小檗碱通过PI3K/Akt信号通路促进小鼠前成骨细胞MC3T3-E1的分化

目的:研究盐酸小檗碱对小鼠前成骨细胞系MC3T3-E1分化与矿化的调控作用及其机制。方法:MC3T3-E1细胞给予不同浓度(0、1、5、10和20 mg/L)的盐酸小檗碱刺激3 d,CCK-8法检测细胞活性。不同浓度的盐酸小檗碱分别干预3 d和7 d,检测细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。进一步将实验随机分为4组:对照组、盐酸小檗碱组、盐酸小檗碱+LY249002(PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂)组及LY249002组。干预2 d后,采用real-time PCR检测成骨细胞分化相关因子ALP、骨钙素(OCN)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)及Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2)的mRNA表达情况,采用Western blot检测PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白p-Akt的表达水平。将MC3TC-E1细胞用矿化培养基诱导21 d,茜素红染色检测其矿化情况。结果:与对照组相比,不同浓度的盐酸小檗碱对细胞活性的影响没有明显差异;不同浓度的盐酸小檗碱处理MC3T3-E1细胞后ALP活性有不同程度升高。Real-time PCR结果表明,盐酸小檗碱(5 mg/L)促进ALP、OCN、OPN及Runx2的mRNA表达(P 0. 01),而LY294002能抑制这些分化相关因子的表达。Western blot检测结果表明,盐酸小檗碱(5 mg/L)促进p-Akt蛋白的表达(P 0. 01),其作用被LY249002抑制。茜素红染色发现盐酸小檗碱组矿化明显,但LY294002能抑制盐酸小檗碱的促进作用。结论:盐酸小檗碱可以促进小鼠前成骨细胞的分化与矿化,其机制可能与其激活PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。     

Atf7ip是骨形态发生蛋白2促小鼠胚胎成体细胞成骨分化的负调节因子

背景：Atf7ip是否参与成骨分化的调控尚未明确,研究其对成骨分化的影响及具体机制具有重要意义。目的：探讨Atf7ip对骨形态发生蛋白2促小鼠胚胎成骨细胞前体细胞(MC3T3-E1)成骨分化的影响。方法：将体外培养的MC3T3-E1细胞分为正常组、干扰组(NC-si RNA组、Atf7ip-si RNA组)、高表达组(CMV-VC组、CMV-Atf7ip组),转染处理24 h,然后使用200 ng/mL骨形态发生蛋白2分别处理0,12,24,48 h,qRT-PCR检测各组细胞中Atf7ip、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、Ⅰ型胶原α1的mRNA表达水平,Western blot检测成骨分化标记分子Sp7、Runx2的蛋白表达以及Atf7ip结合分子SETDB1、组蛋白H3、H3K9me3甲基化的表达,并进行碱性磷酸酶活性分析。结果与结论：(1)随骨形态发生蛋白2处理时间增加,Atf7ip的蛋白及mRNA表达减少,而Sp7、Runx2的蛋白表达和骨钙素、碱性磷酸酶的mRNA表达显著增加(P <0.05);Atf7ip结合分子SETDB1的蛋白表达并无明显改变;(2)与NC-siRNA组比较,...     

淫羊藿素通过雌激素受体和骨形态发生蛋白信号诱导MC3T3-E1 subclone 14细胞分化

目的: 观察淫羊藿素(ICT)对MC3T3-E1 subclone 14前体成骨细胞株增殖、分化的影响,以及雌激素受体(ER)和骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)信号在分化中的作用。方法: WST-8、BrdU法检测ICT对MC3T3-E1 subclone 14细胞活力和增殖的影响;ICI182780阻断ER受体信号后,检测ICT和noggin对MC3T3-E1 subclone 14细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、I型胶原(Col I)和骨钙素(BGP)的影响;实时荧光PCR检测ICT对BMP-2、4、7 mRNA表达的影响;Western blotting检测ER受体信号阻断后,ICT对Smad1/5/8蛋白磷酸化的影响。结果: ICT(0.1 μmol/L、1 μmol/L)可以提高MC3T3-E1 subclone 14细胞ALP、Col I、BGP和矿化结节数量(P<0.01或P<0.05),表明ICT有促分化的作用,但对细胞活力和增殖指数无明显影响;阻断ER受体信号后,ICT促分化作用明显下降(P<0.01);ICT可以提高BMP-2、4 mRNA的表达(P<0.01),但对BMP-7 mRNA无作用(P>0.01);阻断ER信号后,ICT 促Smad1/5/8磷酸化明显减弱(P<0.01)。进一步阻断BMP/Smad信号可以抑制ICT促分化的作用(P<0.01)。结论: ICT可以通过ER受体激活BMP/Smad信号通路,进而促进MC3T3-E1 subclone 14细胞的分化。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.