在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型中探讨MS的免疫耐受治疗

多发性硬化是一种较常见的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病 ,T细胞介导免疫在其发病机制中起一定作用。该病的免疫耐受治疗是目前的研究热点之一 ,本文综述了近几年在其动物模型实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中进行的研究工作的某些方法和进展。     

在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型中探讨MS？…

多发性硬化是一种较常见的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病，Ｔ细胞介导免疫在其发病机制中起一定作用。该病的免疫耐受治疗是目前的研究热点之一，本文综述了近几年在其动物模型实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中进行的研究工作的某些方法和进展。     

肥大细胞在多发性硬化中的发病机制研究进展

多发性硬化(MS)是最常见的中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病之一.实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)模型和MS具有相似的病理生理过程,是MS研究的经典模型.目前认为,MS的发病与遗传、环境及患者机体自身免疫状态等多因素有关.肥大细胞可以分泌多种炎症介质和细胞因子而发挥重要的免疫防御作用.研究表明,肥大细胞参与并调控了MS和EAE进展中的多个阶段,但机制尚未完全阐明.因此,研究肥大细胞在MS中的发病机制具有重要意义.     

间充质干细胞移植治疗多发性硬化的研究进展*

背景：多发性硬化是中枢神经系统白质脱髓鞘性疾病,其确切的病因和发病机制尚不清楚。其临床表现复杂多变,传统治疗均不能延缓疾病的进程。 目的：综述间充质干细胞移植治疗多发性硬化的研究进展,并提出目前间充质干细胞使用方面许多亟待解决的问题。 方法：以“mesenchymal stem cells,encephalomyelitis,autoimmune,experimental,multiple sclerosis”为英文检索词,检索Kjmed数据库中2000/2011发表的相关文章。纳入与间充质干细胞治疗多发性硬化研究相关的文献。 结果与结论：共检索到104篇文献,排除无关重复的文献,保留33篇进行综述。目前研究证实间充质干细胞是一种具有免疫调节及神经修复功能的多能干细胞,同时间充质干细胞在治疗多发性硬化方面显示了初步的治疗效果。     

瓜氨酸化在多发性硬化中的机制探究

多发性硬化（MS）是全球分布的中枢神经系统（CNS）自身免疫性脱髓鞘疾病,目前认为其发病是基因易感性与环境因素双重作用的结果。瓜氨酸化是一种可在正常代谢中观察到的转录后修饰,但是异常的瓜氨酸化可以转变自身抗原表位而激发自身免疫异常导致的自身免疫性疾病。近期关于EB病毒（EB）感染与自噬在多发性硬化发病机制相关联系的研究中发现抗原瓜氨酸化在免疫异常触发中的重要作用。本文就瓜氨酸化在多发性硬化病理机制中的作用进行综述,以期了解二者相互联系的意义。     

多发性硬化与遗传研究进展

多发性硬化与遗传因素关系的研究受到极大重视 ,关联基因多态性与 MS易感性及病情程度的研究获得了一些进展 ,连锁分析的结果也支持 MS是一种遗传性疾病 ,本文总结有关这两方面的研究进展     

一氧化氮与多发性硬化

多发性硬化是中枢神经系统一种广泛脱髓鞘性自身免疫性疾病,其发病机制与免疫调节功能异常密切相关。一氧化氮具有重要的免疫调节作用,它与多发性硬化的发生、发展有着密切的关系。一氧化氮在多发性硬化的经典动物模型—实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎的预防和治疗中发挥重要作用。因此,对一氧化氮的深入研究将为临床防治多发性硬化等自身免疫疾病提供有价值的新思路。     

多发性硬化与遗传研究进展

多发性硬化与遗传因素关系的研究受到极大重视，关联基因多态性与MS易感性及病情程度的研究获得了一些进展，连锁分析的结果也支持MS是一种遗传性疾病，本文总结有关这两方面的研究进展。     

基质金属蛋白酶在多发性硬化发病中的作用机制及治疗现状

多发性硬化（MS）是中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病，基质金属蛋白酶是一组蛋白水解酶，有重要的病理和生理作用，近年的研究表明它在（MS）的发生和疾病进展中都具有重要作用，参与主要的发病过程，具有多种发病机制，抑制其活性具有有效的治疗意义。     

三级淋巴组织在多发性硬化中的研究进展

近年来,人们发现淋巴组织器官之外存在淋巴滤泡样结构,将其称之为异位淋巴组织,也叫三级淋巴组织。目前发现在许多疾病如多发性硬化、糖尿病、肿瘤、动脉粥样硬化和风湿性关节炎等中存在三级淋巴组织。在这里我们着重阐述三级淋巴组织形成的分子机制以及三级淋巴组织与多发性硬化(MS) / 实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)疾病的关系,简述它在疾病发生发展中的作用、相关机制和研究进展,使人们对三级淋巴组织的形成和它如何参与疾病有更多的了解和认识,为临床治疗提供理论知识。     

In vivo molecular and genomic imaging: new challenges for imaging physics

The emerging and rapidly growing field of molecular and genomic imaging is providing new opportunities to directly visualize the biology of living organisms. By combining our growing knowledge regarding the role of specific genes and proteins in human health and disease, with novel ways to target these entities in a manner that produces an externally detectable signal, it is becoming increasingly possible to visualize and quantify specific biological processes in a non-invasive manner. All the major imaging modalities are contributing to this new field, each with its unique mechanisms for generating contrast and trade-offs in spatial resolution, temporal resolution and sensitivity with respect to the biological process of interest. Much of the development in molecular imaging is currently being carried out in animal models of disease, but as the field matures and with the development of more individualized medicine and the molecular targeting of new therapeutics, clinical translation is inevitable and will likely forever change our approach to diagnostic imaging. This review provides an introduction to the field of molecular imaging for readers who are not experts in the biological sciences and discusses the opportunities to apply a broad range of imaging technologies to better understand the biology of human health and disease. It also provides a brief review of the imaging technology (particularly for x-ray, nuclear and optical imaging) that is being developed to support this new field.     

A molecular imaging primer: modalities, imaging agents, and applications

Molecular imaging is revolutionizing the way we study the inner workings of the human body, diagnose diseases, approach drug design, and assess therapies. The field as a whole is making possible the visualization of complex biochemical processes involved in normal physiology and disease states, in real time, in living cells, tissues, and intact subjects. In this review, we focus specifically on molecular imaging of intact living subjects. We provide a basic primer for those who are new to molecular imaging, and a resource for those involved in the field. We begin by describing classical molecular imaging techniques together with their key strengths and limitations, after which we introduce some of the latest emerging imaging modalities. We provide an overview of the main classes of molecular imaging agents (i.e., small molecules, peptides, aptamers, engineered proteins, and nanoparticles) and cite examples of how molecular imaging is being applied in oncology, neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, cell tracking, and theranostics (therapy combined with diagnostics). A step-by-step guide to answering biological and/or clinical questions using the tools of molecular imaging is also provided. We conclude by discussing the grand challenges of the field, its future directions, and enormous potential for further impacting how we approach research and medicine.     

红外热成像技术在乳腺癌检测中的应用进展

乳腺癌作为全球女性中最常见的恶性肿瘤, 近年来,发病率逐年增高。人们期待寻找新一代检查方法,能进一步提高乳腺癌检出率,早期控制疾病进程,从而提高乳腺癌患者的生存率。红外热成像技术是一种常见的物理技术,在军事、工业、医疗等多个领域均有应用,我国近十几年来才开始将该项技术应用到医学领域中。由于该技术具有操作简单、非接触、无辐射、无创伤等优点,在医学领域中有广泛的应用前景。本文主要对该物理技术在乳腺疾病检测中的应用及该技术的临床诊断价值做简要概述。     

Non-contact respiration monitoring for in-vivo murine micro computed tomography: characterization and imaging applications

A cone beam micro-CT has previously been utilized along with a pressure-tracking respiration sensor to acquire prospectively gated images of both wild-type mice and various adult murine disease models. While the pressure applied to the abdomen of the subject by this sensor is small and is generally without physiological effect, certain disease models of interest, as well as very young animals, are prone to atelectasis with added pressure, or they generate too weak a respiration signal with this method to achieve optimal prospective gating. In this work we present a new fibre-optic displacement sensor which monitors respiratory motion of a subject without requiring physical contact. The sensor outputs an analogue signal which can be used for prospective respiration gating in micro-CT imaging. The device was characterized and compared against a pneumatic air chamber pressure sensor for the imaging of adult wild-type mice. The resulting images were found to be of similar quality with respect to physiological motion blur; the quality of the respiration signal trace obtained using the non-contact sensor was comparable to that of the pressure sensor and was superior for gating purposes due to its better signal-to-noise ratio. The non-contact sensor was then used to acquire in-vivo micro-CT images of a murine model for congenital diaphragmatic hernia and of 11-day-old mouse pups. In both cases, quality CT images were successfully acquired using this new respiration sensor. Despite the presence of beam hardening artefacts arising from the presence of a fibre-optic cable in the imaging field, we believe this new technique for respiration monitoring and gating presents an opportunity for in-vivo imaging of disease models which were previously considered too delicate for established animal handling methods.     

Recent advances in echocardiographic diagnosis of ischemic heart disease

Before the early 1990s, the diagnostic usefulness of echocardiography for ischemic heart disease had been relatively limited compared with that for other cardiac diseases such as valvular disease, congenital anomalies and cardiomyopathies. The principal role of echocardiography was to assess persistent regional wall motion abnormality as well as to detect complications of myocardial infarction. However, recent technological advances have created many newer applications of echocardiography in this field. One of the most important advances was seen in the field of stress echocardiography. Dobutamine stress echocardiography has become an established method of diagnosing transient myocardial ischemia due to coronary stenosis and assessing the myocardial viability of a persistently akinetic segment. More recently, several new contrast agents have been developed or will be available in the near future to visualize the blood stream within the left heart cavity and myocardial blood flow. Simultaneously, new ultrasound technologies including harmonic imaging and gated intermittent imaging have enhanced the selective visualization of contrast agents and will contribute to noninvasive imaging of coronary microcirculation. Harmonic imaging has also been shown to improve quality of B-mode image without a contrast agent and will play an important role in the clinical recognition of wall motion abnormality in patients with ischemic heart disease. Recent advances in three-dimensional technology have enabled accurate measurements of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction without any geometrical assumption, which may be especially important for the evaluation of ischemic patients who often have a deformed left ventricular cavity due to remodeling.     

双能量CT的基本原理与研究进展

双能量CT（DECT）作为近几年影像学领域比较热门的一个研究方向,弥补了常规CT在疾病诊断中的部分不足,为疾病诊断、分期及治疗提供了更多影像学依据。本文概述DECT的基本原理、实现途径及近期研究进展,介绍DECT在临床应用中存在的不足,并展望其未来的发展方向。     

Gray and white matter degeneration revealed by diffusion in an Alzheimer mouse model

In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) the severity of white matter degeneration correlates with the clinical symptoms of the disease. In this study, we performed diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-high field in a mouse model for AD (APP_swe/PS1_dE9) in combination with a voxel-based approach and tractography to detect changes in water diffusivity in white and gray matter, because these reflect structural alterations in neural tissue. We found substantial changes in water diffusion parallel and perpendicular to axonal tracts in several white matter regions like corpus callosum and fimbria of the hippocampus, that match with previous findings of axonal disconnection and myelin degradation in AD patients. Moreover, we found a significant increase in diffusivity in specific hippocampal subregions, which is supported by neuronal loss as visualized with Klüver-Barrera staining. This work demonstrates the potential of ultra-high field diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging as a noninvasive modality to describe white and gray matter structural changes in mouse models for neurodegenerative disorders, and provides valuable knowledge to assess future AD prevention strategies in translational research.     

磁感应断层成像磁力线反投影算法研究

磁感应断层成像利用涡流原理,在成像区域边界对内部磁场变化进行测量,再经过重建,获得内部电导率分布图像。其中,反投影作为一种快速重建算法,经常被应用于断层成像技术。但是,由于成像区域内磁场分布的非线性,大大降低了反投影成像的定位精度。研究检测线圈测得的相位差与成像区域磁场分布之间的关系,根据测量相位差即为成像区域内电导率分布沿磁力线路径投影的集合这一结论,设计一套适用于磁感应断层成像的反投影算法,利用成像区域磁力线的分布,构建反投影路径和区域,改善直线反投影应用于非线性场定位不准的问题。重建实验结果表明,在直径为200 mm的成像区域内,所提出算法的最小定位误差为1 mm,相对直线反投影算法提高了2～26 mm,同时重建图像在视觉质量上也有很大提高,为磁感应断层成像技术提供一种有效的重建算法。     

Molecular imaging applications for immunology

The use of multimodality molecular imaging has recently facilitated the study of molecular and cellular events in living subjects in a noninvasive and repetitive manner to improve the diagnostic capability of traditional assays. The noninvasive imaging modalities utilized for both small animal and human imaging include positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT). Techniques specific to small-animal imaging include bioluminescent imaging (BIm) and fluorescent imaging (FIm). Molecular imaging permits the study of events within cells, the examination of cell trafficking patterns that relate to inflammatory diseases and metastases, and the ability to rapidly screen new drug treatments for distribution and effectiveness. In this paper, we will review the current field of molecular imaging assays (especially those utilizing PET and BIm modalities) and examine how they might impact animal models and human disease in the field of clinical immunology.     

Inherently decoupled 1H antennas and 31P loops for metabolic imaging of liver metastasis at 7 T

High field ³¹P spectroscopy has thus far been limited to diffuse liver disease. Unlike lower field‐strength scanners, there is no body coil in the bore of the 7 T and despite inadequate penetration depth (<10 cm), surface coils are the current state‐of‐the‐art for acquiring anatomical images to support multinuclear studies. We present a system of proton antennas and phosphorus loops for ³¹P spectroscopy and provide the first ultrahigh‐field phosphorus metabolic imaging of a tumor in the abdomen. Herein we characterize the degree to which antennas are isolated from underlying loops. Next, we evaluate the penetration depth of the two antennas available during multinuclear examinations. Finally, we combine phosphorus spectroscopy (two loops) with parallel transmit imaging (eight antennas) in a patient. The loops and antennas are inherently decoupled (no added circuitry, <0.1% power coupling). The penetration depth of two antennas gives twice that of conventional loops. The liver and full axial slice of the abdomen were imaged with eight transmit/receive antennas using parallel transmit B1‐shimming to overcome image voids. Phosphorus spectroscopy from a liver metastasis resolved individual peaks for phosphocholine and phosphoethenalomine. Proton antennas are inherently decoupled from phosphorus loops. By using two proton antennas it is possible to perform region‐of‐interest image‐based shimming in over 80% of the liver volume, thereby enabling phosphorus spectroscopy of localized disease. Shimming of the full extent of the abdominal cross‐section is feasible using a parallel transmit array of eight antennas. A system architecture capable of supporting eight‐channel parallel transmit and multinuclear spectroscopy is optimal for supporting multiparametric body imaging, including metabolic imaging, for monitoring the response of patients with liver metastases to cancer treatments and for patient risk stratification. In the meantime, the existing infrastructure using two antennas is sufficient for preliminary studies in metabolic imaging of tumors in the liver.