跟骨骨刺定位与病因学特点的X射线片评价

文题释义：骨刺“垂直压缩”假说：骨刺突起是在病变局部受到持续的高强度的压力而引发的。具体是指由于受到持续压力,受压部位有发生应力性骨折的风险,出于机体自身的保护机制,此处的纤维软骨异常生长,最终形成骨刺。 骨刺“纵向牵拉”假说：肌腱或韧带附着与骨质上的反复牵拉引起骨刺。附着在骨质上的肌腱或韧带对骨质局部形成持续的牵引或摩擦,诱发局部无菌性炎症,最终肌腱或韧带发生反应性的骨化而形成骨刺。 背景：国内外大量研究已经证实跟骨骨刺的发生与足底筋膜炎和骨关节炎等疾病存在联系,对于跟骨骨刺的病因,目前已经提出“垂直压缩”和“纵向牵拉”两大假说,但都未得到证实。 目的：对跟骨骨刺的形态和位置进行统计,分析跟骨骨刺的病因。 方法：随机选取完整干燥跟骨标本831例和跟骨侧位X射线片222例(其中18-30岁33例,31-50岁97例,51-70例83例,71-90例9例),观察跟骨骨刺的形态和位置,游标卡尺直接测量标本中跟骨骨刺的长度和宽度,运用相关软件在跟骨侧位X射线片上测量骨刺长度。研究方案的实施符合南方医科大学的相关伦理要求,试验所用跟骨标本由南方医科大学解剖教研室提供,为供者自愿捐赠。 结果与结论：①跟骨标本有142例存在骨刺;跟骨侧位X射线片中有82例存在骨刺;跟腱骨刺最长处88.1%位于跟骨外侧缘,足底骨刺全部位于跟骨内侧结节;②X射线片无骨刺人群的平均年龄为(42.9±14.2)岁,有骨刺人群的平均年龄为(54.0±13.4)岁,单纯跟腱骨刺人群的平均年龄为(42.3±14.9)岁,有骨刺人群平均年龄显著大于无骨刺人群(P < 0.05);无骨刺人群与单纯跟腱骨刺人群的平均年龄差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);③跟骨标本显示跟腱骨刺的形态为竖嵴状,足底骨刺为片状;④结果说明：跟骨侧位X射线片中跟骨骨刺发生率大于跟骨标本中跟骨骨刺发生率;跟腱骨刺多发生在跟腱附着处外侧,足底骨刺发生在跟骨内侧结节;不同年龄段人群中跟骨骨刺的发生率不同;提示跟腱骨刺可能由纵向牵拉引起,足底骨刺可能由垂直压缩引起。 ORCID: 0000-0003-0316-5954(武凯) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

跟骨的测量与观察及其临床意义

目的:研究跟骨的解剖学特点,,为跟骨骨折治疗提供参考.方法:观察102副成人正常跟骨的形态特征和骨小梁分布情况,测量跟骨的各项指标.结果:跟骨最大长、跟骨体中部高、跟骨中部宽、跟骨体中部周长、跟骨前部高、跟骨前部宽、跟骨体中部后距、载距突长、载距突宽、载距突最厚处高的测量值男性大于女性,同性别间左右两侧比较无明显差异,男女间同侧比较有显著性差异; 长屈肌沟宽的测量值同性别间左右两侧及男女间同侧比较无明显差异.Bohler角的测量值同性别间左右两侧比较无明显差异,男女间同侧比较有显著性差异;Gissane角的测量值同性别间左右两侧及男女间同侧比较无明显差异.结论:本次测量结果可为恢复跟骨骨折的形态提供参考依据.     

跟骨的解剖分部及其临床意义

目的研究跟骨解剖学分部的特点和临床意义.方法[HTSS〗将跟骨按其解剖学特点分为前部、体部、结节部、载距突部和丘部5个部,并在54对108侧跟骨干燥标本上对各区进行骨性测量.结果跟骨各区在骨的质量、大小、形态和结构方面各有其解剖特征和功能.跟骨前部长、高和宽分别为(19.8±2.2)、(24.5±3.2)、(22.4±3.2)mm;跟骨水平长(68.6±6.4)mm;跟骨载距突长、宽、高分别为(23.6±3.0)、(23.6±3.0)、(9.5±1.2)mm;跟骨丘部宽、高和底长分别为(27.5±2.6)、(16.4±1.2)和(40.9±5.1)mm.结论[HTSS〗跟骨解剖分部与跟骨骨折线的形成有关,并有利于对跟骨骨折和病损进行恰当的解剖学描述.     

小趾展肌神经与神经源性跟痛症关系的解剖学基础

目的　探讨小趾展肌神经的局部解剖特点及其与神经源性跟痛症的关系,为临床诊断治疗提供解剖学依据。 方法　32侧防腐成人尸体下肢标本,解剖观察小趾展肌神经的起源、分支、走行和分布特点。 结果　小趾展肌神经81.25%起源于足底外侧神经,起点59.38%位于后上象限;起点与参考线的垂直深度,左侧（10.81±0.96）mm,右侧（10.24±1.10）mm;小趾展肌神经发出1～3支骨膜支到达跟骨结节内侧突的骨膜;小趾展肌神经与跟骨结节内侧突该的水平距离左侧（19.95±1.82）mm,右侧（20.89±2.48）　mm 。 结论　小趾展肌神经行经　展肌和足底方肌内侧头之间,跟骨结节内侧突前可能被卡压,卡压或病变（特别是骨膜支）可能与足底腱膜炎发生有关;跟骨骨刺不一定会造成神经源性跟痛症。     

跟骨前部与载距突关系的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的　研究跟骨前部与载距突的解剖关系, 探讨自跟骨前部外侧壁向载距突置钉的可行性和方法。 方法　观察跟骨前部与载距突的解剖形态。用解剖测量法、数字化X线摄影法和多层螺旋计算机断层扫描法,测量36只跟骨标本的前部和载距突数据,确定自跟骨前部外侧壁向载距突进钉点和方向。在标本上模拟置钉,评价置钉的安全性。 结果　跟骨前部与载距突具有密切的解剖关系。跟骨前部长(22.27±2.96)mm,宽(23.60±1.99)mm,高（25.25±3.03)mm。载距突长(24.24±2.27)mm,宽(15.44±1.41)mm,高　(10.96±1.25)mm,前倾角（39.13±5.28）°,外倾角（27.78±4.36）°。自跟骨前部外侧壁取两点向载距突置钉,前点进钉方向为上斜角（21.37±3.35）°,后斜角（22.39±3.13）°,有效固定长度（43.16±2.12）mm;后点进钉方向为上斜角（33.60±4.15）°,后斜角（10.09±1.03）°,有效固定长度（44.69±2.32）mm。模拟置钉,无螺钉穿透跟骨前部上面的骨皮质。 结论 载距突是跟骨骨折螺钉置入的理想位置,自跟骨前部外侧壁可以向载距突安全地置钉,跟骨前部与载距突的相互关系决定螺钉进钉方向和长度。这些数据为跟骨骨折内固定手术提供了可靠的解剖学依据。     

跟骨内侧定位载距突螺钉导向器的研制与初步评价

目的　探讨从跟骨内侧定位、经载距突置入导向针后,由跟骨外侧壁置入载距突螺钉的可行性及精确度,为临床手术方案设计及导向器械的研发改进提供参考依据。 方法　选取10具20侧成人尸体标本,在跟骨外侧做“L”形延长切口,暴露跟骨外侧结构及距下关节,采用自主研发的“跟骨内侧定位载距突螺钉导向器”辅助载距突螺钉置入。首先,从内侧将“定位针”置入距下中关节,将导向器“内侧臂”的“定位孔”套牢定位针,调整“内侧臂”使“导向通道”位于载距突中心,安装“外侧臂”与“手柄”固定。调整“外侧臂”位置,经“导向通道”从内向外穿入跟骨一枚“导向针”,C臂透视提示“导向针”位置理想后,自跟骨外侧壁沿“导向针”用空心钻钻孔,测深后拧入合适的载距突螺钉。最后行CT扫描,利用CT图像评估置入螺钉的精确度。过程中采集相关数据,评估导向器的功能。 结果　肉眼观察标本,所有的导向针位于载距突内,其中65%位于载距突中心,25%偏下方,10%偏后方。在内侧,75%的导向针穿过胫后肌腱,15%位于胫后肌和趾长屈肌腱之间,10%穿经趾长屈肌腱上1/3。在外侧,导向针出针点与跟骰关节的距离为（38.03±5.60）mm,与后关节面的距离为（15.01±3.38）mm,螺钉平均长度为（44.80±3.59）mm。CT扫描图像可见,所有螺钉位于载距突内,有2例穿透上方骨皮质,无螺钉穿出载距突下方、前方及后方骨皮质。 结论　采用跟骨内侧定位法,在自主设计的导向器引导下,可提高载距突螺钉置入的准确性,降低螺钉进入关节、跟骨内侧皮质等并发症。     

跟骨内侧定位载距突螺钉导向器的研制与初步评价

目的　探讨从跟骨内侧定位、经载距突置入导向针后,由跟骨外侧壁置入载距突螺钉的可行性及精确度,为临床手术方案设计及导向器械的研发改进提供参考依据。 方法　选取10具20侧成人尸体标本,在跟骨外侧做“L”形延长切口,暴露跟骨外侧结构及距下关节,采用自主研发的“跟骨内侧定位载距突螺钉导向器”辅助载距突螺钉置入。首先,从内侧将“定位针”置入距下中关节,将导向器“内侧臂”的“定位孔”套牢定位针,调整“内侧臂”使“导向通道”位于载距突中心,安装“外侧臂”与“手柄”固定。调整“外侧臂”位置,经“导向通道”从内向外穿入跟骨一枚“导向针”,C臂透视提示“导向针”位置理想后,自跟骨外侧壁沿“导向针”用空心钻钻孔,测深后拧入合适的载距突螺钉。最后行CT扫描,利用CT图像评估置入螺钉的精确度。过程中采集相关数据,评估导向器的功能。 结果　肉眼观察标本,所有的导向针位于载距突内,其中65%位于载距突中心,25%偏下方,10%偏后方。在内侧,75%的导向针穿过胫后肌腱,15%位于胫后肌和趾长屈肌腱之间,10%穿经趾长屈肌腱上1/3。在外侧,导向针出针点与跟骰关节的距离为（38.03±5.60）mm,与后关节面的距离为（15.01±3.38）mm,螺钉平均长度为（44.80±3.59）mm。CT扫描图像可见,所有螺钉位于载距突内,有2例穿透上方骨皮质,无螺钉穿出载距突下方、前方及后方骨皮质。 结论　采用跟骨内侧定位法,在自主设计的导向器引导下,可提高载距突螺钉置入的准确性,降低螺钉进入关节、跟骨内侧皮质等并发症。     

跟骨载距突的解剖特点及其临床意义

目的 :探讨跟骨载距突的解剖特点及其临床意义。方法 :对 10 8侧成人跟骨干燥标本和 2 6侧成人足部标本进行解剖学观察。结合观察测量结果 ,分析 45例跟骨骨折患者的X线片和CT片中的载距突移位情况。结果 :载距突的长、宽、高分别为 (2 3 .6± 3 .0 )mm ,(15 .3± 2 .2 )mm和 (9.5± 1.2 )mm。在 45例跟骨骨折患者中 ,无一发生载距突移位。在跟骨载距突的周围 ,有牢固的肌腱、韧带和关节囊附着 ,故当跟骨骨折时 ,这些结构可限制载距突移位。结论 :载距突周围的解剖特点决定了载距突在跟骨骨折中不会发生移位 ,故临床上可利用稳定的载距突骨块作为跟骨骨折行内固定术时的固定点。     

跟骨各分部损伤程度的观测分析

目的 :观测跟骨各分部的损伤程度,更好地理解跟骨各部位骨折损伤机制及术后并发症。方法 :收集589例跟骨,按解剖学特点分为前部、体部、结节部、载距突部、丘部,划分无损、轻度、中度、重度4个损坏等级,结合观测法采用χ~2检验。结果 :无损的可能性排序为载距突部体部丘部结节部前部;轻度坏损可能性为丘部前部载距突部;中度坏损可能性为前部结节部体部丘部;重度坏损可能性为结节部丘部体部。结论 :跟骨分部与坏损程度发生率有相关性,前部坏损可能性最大,载距突部坏损可能性最小。     

跟外侧动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　探讨跟腱区及跟部皮肤软组织的血供解剖学,为跟外侧动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学基础。 方法　16侧经红色乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本,解剖观察跟外侧动脉“垂直段”及其穿支血管的位置、口径、数目及分布规律。 结果　位于小腿后骨筋膜鞘深部的腓动脉于外踝尖上(6.6±1.1) cm ( 5.5~9.4 cm) 发出腓动脉前穿支和跟外侧动脉,跟外侧动脉下行穿出分隔小腿后骨筋膜鞘浅、深部之小腿后筋膜隔到达外踝后间隙,于腓骨肌腱与跟腱之间移行,继续绕外踝向前下方分布。小腿下段腓动脉、跟外侧动脉穿支数为(3.6±0.7)支,口径为（0.9±0.29） mm,营养跟腱区及跟部皮肤软组织。 结论　研究结果显示跟腱区及跟部皮肤软组织的血供主要来源于腓动脉、跟外侧动脉,为跟外侧动脉的命名、临床应用以及小腿中下段皮瓣的设计和跟部手术提供解剖学基础。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.