中青年2型糖尿病患者压力知觉对焦虑的影响:应对方式的中介作用

目的:分析中青年2型糖尿病患者压力知觉对焦虑的影响以及应对方式的中介作用.方法:采用整群随机抽样法,选择哈尔滨市某2所三级甲等医院内分泌科首次收治的312名中青年2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,使用一般人口学调查问卷、简易应对方式问卷、压力知觉量表、贝克焦虑量表进行问卷调查,使用SPSS 20.0和A-MOS 17.0进行统计分析.结果:①患者压力知觉、紧张感、失控感与焦虑呈显著正相关(r=0.595,0.545,0.543;P＜0.01)、与消极应对方式呈显著正相关(r=0.602,0.562,0.539;P＜0.01),与积极应对方式呈显著负相关(r=-0.242,-0.197,-0.245;P＜0.01),积极应对方式与焦虑呈显著负相关(r=-0.251,P＜0.01),消极应对方式与焦虑呈显著正相关(r=0.520,P＜0.01);②压力知觉、消极应对方式正向预测焦虑(P＜0.01),积极应对方式负向预测焦虑(P＜0.01);③结构方程检验表明:积极应对方式、消极应对方式在压力知觉和焦虑之间起着部分中介作用.结论:中青年2型糖尿病患者压力水平较大,部分患者存在焦虑情绪,压力知觉、应对方式和焦虑显著相关且应对方式起部分中介作用,可以通过心理干预提高患者积极应对方式的使用从而降低压力知觉对焦虑的不良影响.     

童年期创伤对高中生抑郁的影响:压力知觉的中介作用

目的:探讨高中生童年期创伤、压力知觉与抑郁之间的关系,为预防和识别高中生抑郁提供参考依据。方法:采用童年期创伤问卷、中文版压力知觉量表和流调中心用抑郁量表对安徽省滁州市2310名高中生进行调查。结果:(1)女生的压力知觉总分和抑郁总分显著高于男生,有留守经历学生的压力知觉总分和抑郁总分显著高于无留守经历的学生。(2)童年期创伤总分与压力知觉总分、抑郁总分均呈显著正相关。(3)中介作用检验结果表明,压力知觉在高中生童年期创伤与抑郁间中介作用显著,中介效应占总效应的比例为65.22%。结论:压力知觉在童年期创伤与抑郁间起部分中介作用,童年期创伤能直接或间接增加高中生患抑郁的风险。     

心理弹性与神经质中介压力知觉与抑郁症状的关系：基于路径分析

目的:探讨压力知觉对抑郁症状的作用,以及心理弹性与神经质如何影响压力知觉与抑郁症状之间的关系。方法:共有578名心理科就诊临床患者完成压力知觉量表、心理弹性量表、大五人格神经质分量表、流调中心用抑郁量表、状态焦虑量表。控制性别与个体焦虑水平,构建压力知觉、心理弹性、神经质、抑郁症状的结构方程模型。结果:路径分析结果显示,压力知觉可以直接影响抑郁,可以通过心理弹性或神经质间接影响抑郁(效应量分别为26.96%,57.10%),也可以通过神经质→心理弹性的链式中介路径间接影响抑郁(效应量为15.94%)。结论:心理弹性与神经质在压力知觉与抑郁症状的关系中起中介作用。     

应对方式对特种工压力与SCL-90各因子的中介作用

目的:探讨应对方式对井下特种工压力知觉与SCL-90各因子的中介作用。方法 :采用分层随机抽样方法选取了某煤矿企业井下特种工1013人为被试,使用90项症状清单(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)和压力知觉量表(CPSS)测量。结果:1.积极应对方式与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著负相关(r值为-0.095、-0.092、-0.043、-0.051、-0.085、-0.084、-0.079、-0.118、-0.045、-0.086)消极应对方式与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著正相关(r值为0.224、0.205、0.281、0.264、0.296、0.187、0.262、0.203、0.262、0.355),压力知觉SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著正相关(r值为0.315、0.302、0.346、0.324、0.352、0.274、0.320、0.304、0.320、0.396),压力知觉与积极应对显著负相关(r值为-0.314)与消极应对显著正相关(r值为0.275),差异均有统计学意义(p均0.01)2.一元回归结果显示,积极应对和消极应对方式对矿工SCL-90总分及各因子均有影响(p0.05)。3.多元回归分析结果显示,考虑积极应对方式中介变量后,特种工在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、精神病性六个因子上的标准回归系数受到影响(p0.05);加入消极应对方式中介变量后,特种工SCL-90总分及各因子分的标准回归系数均明显受到影响(p0.01)。结论:井下特种工心理健康水平显著差于一般人群;压力知觉通过直接和间接两个途径影响井下特种工心理健康状况。压力知觉与SCL-90各因子之间,应对方式具有中介作用。     

应对方式对特种工压力与SCL-90各因子的中介作用

目的:探讨应对方式对井下特种工压力知觉与SCL-90各因子的中介作用。方法 :采用分层随机抽样方法选取了某煤矿企业井下特种工1013人为被试,使用90项症状清单(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)和压力知觉量表(CPSS)测量。结果:1.积极应对方式与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著负相关(r值为-0.095、-0.092、-0.043、-0.051、-0.085、-0.084、-0.079、-0.118、-0.045、-0.086)消极应对方式与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著正相关(r值为0.224、0.205、0.281、0.264、0.296、0.187、0.262、0.203、0.262、0.355),压力知觉SCL-90总分及各因子分呈显著正相关(r值为0.315、0.302、0.346、0.324、0.352、0.274、0.320、0.304、0.320、0.396),压力知觉与积极应对显著负相关(r值为-0.314)与消极应对显著正相关(r值为0.275),差异均有统计学意义(p均0.01)2.一元回归结果显示,积极应对和消极应对方式对矿工SCL-90总分及各因子均有影响(p0.05)。3.多元回归分析结果显示,考虑积极应对方式中介变量后,特种工在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、精神病性六个因子上的标准回归系数受到影响(p0.05);加入消极应对方式中介变量后,特种工SCL-90总分及各因子分的标准回归系数均明显受到影响(p0.01)。结论:井下特种工心理健康水平显著差于一般人群;压力知觉通过直接和间接两个途径影响井下特种工心理健康状况。压力知觉与SCL-90各因子之间,应对方式具有中介作用。     

生活事件对大学生负性情绪的影响:神经质和应对方式的中介作用

目的考察应对方式和神经质在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介作用。方法采用青少年生活事件问卷、大五人格问卷-神经质分量表、流调中心用抑郁量表、应对方式量表、状态特质焦虑量表对3010名大学生进行调查。结果神经质以及生活事件各因子与焦虑、抑郁均呈显著正相关(P<0.01);问题解决和求助的应对方式与抑郁、焦虑均呈显著负相关(r=-0.09,-0.13,-0.16,-0.19;P<0.01),而其他应对方式与抑郁、焦虑均呈显著正相关(P<0.01);神经质、应对方式在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介效应显著(F=240.17,P<0.01)。结论大学生负性情绪与生活事件、人格特质中的神经质和不成熟的应对方式密切相关;神经质和应对方式在生活事件的应激对大学生负性情绪的影响中起着部分中介作用。     

不明原因复发性流产患者生育压力与抑郁症状间的关系:心理弹性的中介作用

目的:研究不明原因复发性流产(URSA)患者生育压力与抑郁症状间的关系以及心理弹性的中介作用.方法:以2017年12月至2020年12月间某院236例URSA患者为样本进行问卷调查,采用生育问题调查问卷(FPI)评估生育压力,医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)评估抑郁症状,采用心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)评估心理弹性,然后采用Pearson积差系数分析URSA患者生育压力、心理弹性以及抑郁症状间的相关性,采用Hayes编制的SPSS Process组件检验中介模型,采用偏差校正的Bootstrap法检验回归系数并计算95％置信区间.结果:本次共发放问卷236份,回收有效问卷219份(92.80％),其中 FPI 评分52～206(136.68±34.15)分,CD-RISC 评分26～89(61.81±13.02)分,HADS评分1～16(7.72±2.38)分;Pearson积差系数分析显示,URSA患者生育压力、心理弹性及抑郁症状间两两均具有明显相关性(r=-0.141,0.398,-0.423;P＜0.05);将年龄和受教育程度作为控制变量放入分层回归分析第1层,结果显示为影响URSA患者抑郁症状的重要因素,可解释15.8％抑郁症状变化(P＜0.001),第2层加入变量FPI评分后可解释变异量为28.2％,额外增加12.4％(P＜0.001),第3层加入中间变量CD-RISC后可解释抑郁症状变异量为37.5％,额外增加了 9.3％(P＜0.001);将抑郁症状作为因变量,生育压力和心理弹性分别为自变量和中介变量,采用SPSS Process组件Model 4分析中介效应,其Bootstrap检验95％CI区间均不包含0,表明中介效应具有统计学意义(P＜0.001),且直接效应在总效应中占比占比为85.71％,心理弹性中介效应占比14.29％.结论:URSA患者存在明显抑郁症状,其中生育压力是引起抑郁症状的重要影响因素,且心理弹性在其中发挥重要中介作用.     

孕晚期孕妇焦虑状况及其影响路径分析

目的:探讨孕晚期孕妇焦虑状况及与觉察压力、应对方式的关系与可能的影响路径。方法:随机选取乌鲁木齐市两所综合医院产科门诊产前常规检查的孕晚期孕妇360例进行问卷测评,运用焦虑自评量表、觉察压力量表和简易应对方式问卷进行调查分析。结果:(1)有职业单位、1胎次、计划内怀孕、无流产史、高年龄(≥25岁)孕晚期孕妇焦虑得分显著低于无职业单位、≥2胎次、计划外怀孕、有流产史、低年龄(25岁)孕妇(t=-9.080,13.146,-15.952,7.268,9.271;P0.01)。不同文化程度孕晚期孕妇焦虑得分存在显著性差异(F=148.963,P0.01)。不同家庭关系孕晚期孕妇焦虑得分存在显著性差异(F=117.659,P0.01)。不同每月经济收入孕晚期孕妇焦虑得分存在显著性差异(F=45.957,P0.01);(2)孕晚期孕妇焦虑与消极应对、觉察压力呈显著正相关(r=0.334,0.290;P0.01),与积极应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.891,P0.01);(3)应对方式在觉察压力与焦虑间具有部分中介作用,积极应对在觉察压力与焦虑间的中介效应值为0.235,占总效应的81.03%;消极应对在觉察压力与焦虑间的中介作用值为0.0451,占总效应的15.55%。结论:孕晚期孕妇焦虑情绪较为明显,降低压力水平、采取积极应对方式对减少孕晚期孕妇焦虑情绪具有积极作用。     

老年抑郁症状与日常烦心事和应对方式的关系

目的:探讨日常烦心事的累积、应对方式和与老年人抑郁症状的关系。方法:四川省绵竹市农村老年人303例(男性164例,女性139例),采用老年人日常烦心事量表(HS)、老年特质应对问卷(WCC)、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)评估日常烦心事、应对方式和抑郁症状。结果:通径分析表明,HS总分在WCC淡化维度得分与CES-D总分间起部分中介作用,间接效应(偏差校正后的95%CI:-0.48～-0.20)占总效应的57.9%。HS总分在WCC幻想维度得分与CES-D总分、WCC逃避维度得分与CES-D总分之间起完全中介作用。结论:日常烦心事在淡化式应对与农村老年人抑郁症状的负相关关系中起部分中介作用,在消极应对方式与其抑郁症状的正相关关系中起完全中介作用。     

应对策略在大学生依恋与负性情绪中的中介作用

目的:考查应对策略在依恋与负性情绪中的中介作用。方法:采用ECR依恋量表、应对方式量表、抑郁和焦虑量表,对800名大学生进行了问卷调查。结果:①依恋的焦虑维度与焦虑、抑郁情绪和解决问题、自责、幻想、退避等应对策略呈显著相关;依恋的回避维度与焦虑、抑郁情绪和自责、求助、退避、合理化等应对策略呈显著相关。②应对策略中的求助维度在依恋的回避维度和抑郁的负性情绪间存在较弱的部分中介作用;应对策略中的自责、幻想和退避维度在依恋的焦虑维度和两种负性情绪间均存在部分中介作用,其中自责和幻想所起到的部分中介作用较为明显。结论:消极的自我模型会导致个体通过消极的应对策略(如自责、幻想和退避)来面对压力,从而产生更多的负性情绪。     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。