鱼腥草花粉母细胞减数分裂特征及其育性研究

为深入了解鱼腥草花粉母细胞的减数分裂特征与花粉育性的关系,该研究采用卡宝品红染色法对2个鱼腥草居群花粉母细胞的减数分裂过程进行观察,并采用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色法、I2-KI染色法、B-K培养基培养法及荧光显微镜观察法来检测鱼腥草花粉的活力及萌发率。结果发现:(1)鱼腥草减数分裂的进程与花序大小、花药颜色、花药长度均有密切的关系。(2)2个居群的鱼腥草中花粉母细胞减数分裂过程正常占88.2%,有11.8%的花粉母细胞减数分裂异常。(3)减数分裂异常表现在减数分裂过程中出现微核、落后染色体、染色体桥、不均等分离、多分体等现象,并发现在二分体阶段及单核花粉发育过程中存在细胞融合。(4)2个居群的鱼腥草花粉活力均不超过1.5%,花粉几乎不萌发。研究认为,鱼腥草花粉育性低的主要原因是单核花粉的发育过程异常,而非鱼腥草花粉母细胞减数分裂异常所致。     

<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Betula</Emphasis> spp. pollen in the atmosphere of Novi Sad (2000–2002)

Pollen of Betula spp. is one of the main European aeroallergens. The aim of this study was to determine characteristics and occurrence of the Betula pollen in Novi Sad atmosphere, based on 3-year observations (2000–2002), and to compare pollen season start dates calculated by different methods. Pollen samples have been collected by Hirst volumetric method with a 7-day Burkard spore trap. Four methods (Sum 75, 2.5%, 30 and 1 pg/m ³) have been used for determination of the start dates of the Betula pollen season and the results have been compared. The total annual pollen sum increased during the observed period. In 2000, 2001 and 2002, the highest daily pollen concentrations were 97, 137 and 1034 pg/m ³, respectively. The earliest Betula pollen season start has been calculated by the 1 pg/m ³ method.     

The interrelationship between the accumulation of lipids,protein and the level of acyl carrier protein during the development of Brassica napus L. pollen

Lipid accumulation during pollen and tapetal development was studied using cryostat sections of unfixed anthers from Brassica napus (rapeseed). Diamidino-2-henylindole (DAPI), a DNA fluorochrome, was used to stain the pollen nuclei in order to identify ten stages of pollen development in Brassica. Storage lipids (i.e. triacylglycerides) were stained using the fluorochrome Nile red. Pollen coat lipids are formed in tapetal plastids between the mid-vacuolate and early maturation pollen stages. The pollen coat components, including lipids and a proportion of the proteins, are derived from the remnants of the tapetum, after its rupture, during the second pollen mitosis. Quantitative microfluorometric analyses demonstrated four phases of lipid body accumulation or depletion in the developing pollen cytoplasm. The majority of storage lipids found in the cytoplasm of the mature pollen grain accumulated during the late vacuolate and early maturation stages when the pollen is bicellular. The level of acyl carrier protein, a protein integrally involved in lipid synthesis, was also found to be maximal in the developing pollen during the bicellular pollen stages of development. This coincided with the most active period of lipid accumulation. These data could indicate that the lipids of the pollen are synthesized in situ, by metabolic processes regulated by expression of genes in the haploid genome.To whom correspondence should be addressed     

Study onPlatanus hispanica Miller pollen content in the air of Seville, southern Spain

The work was carried out using a Cour trap that sampled the air of the city for 8 consecutive years (1987–1994). The pollen ofPlatanus hispanica is the fourth most abundant in the air of Seville (a mean of 11.05% of the total pollen collected). The variation throughout the years in the sum of weekly concentrations ofPlatanus hispanica pollen presents a certain biennial rhythm, in which years of high and low collection of pollen alternate. The starting day of the main pollination period (MPP) is negatively related with the mean of the mean temperatures for February (r=0.73,r ²=0.53,P=0.0398) and is earlier (at the beginning of March) when the mean temperature for February is high, and vice versa. The pattern of pollen variation inPlatanus hispanica remains constant through the years—pollen appears abruptly in high weekly concentrations (> 150 grains/m³) in March (sporadically at the beginning of April), with a week of maximum pollen emission (WMPE) in which more than 50% of the annual pollen is collected (in 6 of the 8 years), and a main pollination period (MPP) of 2 or 3 weeks (except in 1989 when it was 5 weeks). In every year (except 1989), weekly mean temperatures increased during the MPP, the duration of which depends on mean temperature and mean rainfall: mean temperatures > 16°C and absence of rainfall shorten the MPP, while lower temperatures and presence of rainfall lengthen it. The meteorological conditions most often found during the WMPE are mean temperatures > 15°C and rainfall absent or almost so.     

Division of the generative nucleus in cultured pollen tubes of the Bromeliaceae

Pollen germination, division of the generative nucleus and position of the generative nucleus in the pollen tube during in vitro germination were examined for six bromeliad cultivars. The influence of mixed amino acids (casein hydrolysate) and individual amino acids (Arg, Asn, Asp, Glu, Gly, Met, Phe, Orn, Tyr) were tested. Aechmea fasciata and A. chantinii pollen tubes showed more generative nuclear division in cultured pollen tubes than the other four cultivars tested. Casein hydrolysate did not stimulate generative nuclear division. In general arginine (1 mM) improved division of the Aechmea generative nucleus and to a lesser extent this of Vriesea `Christiane', Guzmania lingulata and Tillandsia cyanea. A concentration of 2 mM arginine reduced pollen tube growth of Aechmea. The vegetative nucleus was ahead of the generative nucleus in approximately 50% of the pollen tubes of all cultivars studied. In about 25% of the pollen tubes, the generative nucleus was ahead and in ±25% pollen tubes the vegetative and generative nuclei were joined together. The distance between the two generative nuclei and the distance from the generative nuclei to the pollen tube tip differed significantly for Aechmea fasciata and A. chantinii. The influence of different amino acids for Aechmea fasciata and A. chantinii varied with respect to pollen germination and generative nuclear division. Arg and Met improved nuclear division of both Aechmea cultivars. Pollen germination and sperm cell production were not linked. This information is important to ameliorate in vitro pollination methods used to overcome fertilization barriers in Bromeliaceae and other higher plants.     

Seasonal fluctuations of the airborne pollen spectrum in Murcia (SE Spain)

During six consecutive years (1993–1998), aBurkard volumetric pollen trap was continuouslyoperated to sample pollen from the air of thecity of Murcia. The aim of the study was toelucidate the spectra of airborne pollen andthe variations during the year, and toelaborate a pollen calendar. This time spanincludes the end of the period with severedrought from 1990–1995, which particularly affected the south-eastern region of Spain.The total sum of daily average pollenconcentrations amounted to 148,645 pollen grainsbelonging to 93 different taxa. A daily averageof 74 pollen grains/m³ and 11 taxa wererecorded, with maxima of 1157 and 27respectively. The total pollen amountregistered in a year correlated with yearlyrainfall, but there was no relation with meanannual temperature. As for annual fluctuations,there seemed to be no influence by totalrainfall or temperature. Spring and winter werethe seasons with the highest pollen counts andpollen diversity.From the 93 identified taxa, 36 are included inthe pollen calendar. Noteworthy findings are:(i) the presence of Thymelaeaceae,Robinia, Betula, Castanea,Zygophyllum, Caryophyllaceae andCannabis, (ii) a long pollen season ofChenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Urticaceae,Poaceae, Arecaceae and Plantago, (iii)the occurrence of summer, autumn and winterflowering of Artemisia, (iv) the lateappearance of Corylus pollen, and (v) theminor presence of Casuarina pollen duringthe mid winter and late spring.     

An investigation of airborne pollen in Taipei city, Taiwan, 1993–1994

A two-year aeropalynological study performed during January 14, 1993 to December 31, 1994 in Taipei City revealed 154 different pollen taxa, with the most frequent beingBroussonetia (31.3%),Trema (15%),Bischofia (6.9%),Mallotus (6.8%),Cyathea (3.8%),Morus (3.7%),Fraxinus (2.9%) and Gramineae (2.8%), respectively. Two quantitative peaks of pollen grains appeared in March and in September in 1993, but only one peak in 1994. The dominant pollen taxa during these two peaks wereBroussonetia andMallotus. The heavy rain in February 1994 seemed to have delayed the first pollen peak to April, butBroussonetia was still the most frequent taxon. After July 1994, six typhoons brought heavy precipitation to northern Taiwan. Different weather types might have an effect on the concentration of airborne pollen grains, so that the timing of quantitative peaks was different in the two studied years. Arboreal pollen (AP), non-arboreal pollen (NAP) and fern spores (FS) constituted 81.7%, 7.7% and 7.8% of the two-year sum, respectively. AP dominated from January to June, NAP in November and fern spores in July. Native species in the Taipei Basin and trees along urban roadsides were the common sources of airborne pollen. The pollen calendar of two years in Taipei City was submitted.     

基于DNA宏条形码技术的蓝彩带蜂粉源植物多样性研究

蓝彩带蜂(Nomia chalybeate Smith, 1875)隶属隧蜂科彩带蜂属,是一种典型的广访花性野生蜜蜂,广泛分布于我国东部地区及日本、韩国、印度、缅甸等国家。本研究基于我国东部9个省份18个不同样地20份蓝彩带蜂蜂粮样本,包括安徽省(AHGZ、AHJZ)、重庆市(CQSMS、CQWS)、福建省(FJSM)、广西省(GXHP、GXLZ)、湖南省(HNHY、HNQY)、海南省(HNLS、HNWC)、江西省(JXGX、JXJG6、JXJG8、JXQY6、JXQY8、JXYZ)、山东省(SDLL)、浙江省(ZJCS)。利用DNA宏条形码研究该蜂粉源植物的多样性,为全面掌握该蜂的粉源植物及保护策略提供理论依据。结果表明该蜂粉源植物共涉及47科,99属,124种,其中黄荆(Vitex negundo)是最优势种、其次是罗伞树(Ardisia quinquegona)和山莓(Rubus corchorifolius)。Alpha多样性指数分析显示：SDLL样本的物种丰富度和多样性最高,FJSM样本的丰富度和多样性最低。不同样地的粉源植物多样性具有差异,但该蜂同一样地不同时期的粉源植物多...     

Isolation of Allium pollen protoplasts

Studies on protoplasts isolation were carried out with mature pollen grains of 29 samples of species of Allium aflatunense, A. cepa, A. fistulosum, A. karataviense, A. longicuspis, A. nutans, A. odorum, A. sativum and A. schoenoprasum. Surface sterilized pollen grains drifted from crushed anthers were incubated in an enzyme solution containing 1% (w/v) cellulase Onozuka R-10, 1% (w/v) Macerozyme R-10, 0,5 mol l^-1 sucrose and the basal salts of Nitsch medium. Protoplasts were released within 3 to 120 min, either from the pollen grain, through a slightly disturbed germination pore (narrow aperture), or through a wider aperture, when the exine surrounding the germination pore was disturbed. For the first time, protoplasts were obtained from 13 genotypes of 6 Allium species, at a rate of 1 to 30% of the digested intact pollen grains, depending on the genotype.     

Apicultural pollen from the Andean region of Chubut (Argentinean Patagonia)

An analysis of pollen loads of Apis mellifera was performed in order to identify the pollen sources that support the hives in the Andean region of Chubut. During the apicultural period (from 9 September 2010 to 12 March 2011), pollen loads were collected every fortnight in a selected apiary located in a transition area between the sub-Antarctic forests and the Patagonian steppe. Forty-six pollen types belonging to 26 plant families were found in the pollen spectrum of pollen loads, of which the most diverse were Asteraceae (11 types) and Fabaceae (six types). Families with major biomass contribution were Asteraceae (49%), Fabaceae (10%), Salicaceae (10%), Rhamnaceae (7%), Rosaceae (7%) and Brassicaceae (4%). Thirty-one per cent of the identified pollen belonged to the native flora. The major contribution of indigenous species occurred in late spring. Mutisia spp., Discaria type, Senecio spp., Adesmia spp. and Maytenus spp. were the most collected native taxa. Most plants providing pollen to the beehive are also nectariferous resources in the Andean region of Chubut. The protein content of the collected pollen ranged from 7.78% to 32.48%. The most collected types had protein content between 13.09% and 30.93%.     

Influence of arginine,ornithine, DFMO and polyamines on division of the generative nucleus in cultured pollen tubes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aechmea fasciata</Emphasis> (Bromeliaceae)

During in vitro pollen tube growth of Aechmea fasciata the second pollen mitosis (PM II) that produces two sperm cells was influenced by exogenous amino acids. Arginine (Arg) as single amino acid was the limiting factor for the second mitosis of the generative nucleus and thus the formation of sperm cells in cultured pollen tubes of A. fasciata. The involvement of Arg was probably related to protein synthesis. The need for Arg was not related to polyamine (PA) biosynthesis, since PA added to the germination medium were unfavourable for sperm cell production. Both ornithine (Orn) and difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) inhibited the second mitosis in cultured pollen tubes of A. fasciata. The addition of Arg during the first 2 h of pollen germination was necessary to establish the division of the generative nucleus 6 h later.     

Experimental results about Platanus pollen deposition

A comparison between the aerobiological and floristic data carried out for Platanus are reported. The source was constituted by 60 Platanus trees. When they were pollinating we calculated the total pollen prodution of the source, controlling the number of male inflorescences for each plant, the number of anthers for each inflorescence and the number of pollen for each anther. Aerobiological data were obtained with 16 Durham gravimetric samplers positioned over an area of approximately 25 km² at variable distances and in different directions to capture pollen transported by winds coming from any direction. In the first year of analysis, we carried out two kind of aerobiological monitoring positioning a Hirst volumetric trap near the closest gravimetric sampler. The two methods showed a similar trend in Platanus pollen profiles. In the following years, only Durham gravimetric samplers were used to study pollen dispersion. The data showed that there were high concentrations of pollen on the soil near the source while at distances higher than 800 m pollen concentration decreased dramatically. About 1/4 of all the pollen produced fell in an area within 400 m from the source and at a distance of 2750 m only 9 pollen grains/cm² fell throughout the entire season. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

扇脉杓兰花粉超微结构及花粉管生长的观察

为明确扇脉杓兰花粉形态结构及雄性生殖特性,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜和荧光显微镜对花粉形态和超微结构及花粉管生长过程进行观察。结果表明:(1)扇脉杓兰单粒花粉长球形,表面光滑无特征纹饰,有少量胶黏物质,一些表面有2个或以上的深凹陷,凹陷内有球形突起的内容物。(2)花粉壁分为由棒状的基柱小单元组成的外壁和纤维素果胶组成的内壁,有覆盖层;生殖细胞近圆形,细胞核大而致密;营养细胞多弧形,核质分散;花粉粒细胞质含有大量的线粒体、质体和小泡等细胞器,淀粉、蛋白质和多糖含量丰富。(3)花粉管萌发后沿子房壁方向伸长,授粉20d花粉管伸长生长并不明显,授粉30d伸长的花粉管中出现大量胼胝质塞,并且伸长方向转为胚珠中间,花粉管逐渐接近胚珠,在授粉后50d基本完成受精作用。研究认为,扇脉杓兰花粉发育正常,不阻碍有性生殖过程。     

Characterization of a pollen-expressed gene encoding a putative pectin esterase ofPetunia inflata

From a pollen tube cDNA library ofPetunia inflata, we isolated cDNA clones encoding a protein, PPE1, which exhibits sequence similarity with plant, bacterial, and fungal pectin esterases. Genomic clones containing thePPE1 gene were isolated using cDNA for PPE1 as a probe, and comparison of the cDNA and genomic sequences revealed the presence of a single intron in thePPE1 gene. During pollen development,PPE1 mRNA was first detected in anthers containing uninucleate microspores; it reached the highest level in mature pollen and persisted at a high level inin vitro germinated pollen tubes. The observed expression pattern of thePPE1 gene suggests that its product may play a role in pollen germination and/or tube growth.     

Olea Europea 3-year pollen record in the area of Thessaloniki,Greece and its sensitizing significance

Summary The observations of airborne pollen ofOlea europea and the incidence of clinical manifestations in patients allergic to this pollen type have not been registered so far in the city of Thessaloniki. The purpose of this study was: 1. to assess theO. europea pollen circulation in the area of our city, and 2. to detect the percentage of sensitivity toO. europea pollen in patients with pollinosis. We collected daily pollen samples during a 3-year period (February '87-January '90), using a Burkard volumetric trap, located on a high level area in the centre of the city. The pollen counts were then registered. The O.europea pollen grains were not differentiated microscopically from the other Oleaceae, but identified through phenological criteria. The patients included in the assessment of the sensitivity toO. europea came from the out-patient clinic of bronchial asthma of the General Hospital ?G. Papanicolaou?. They had a seasonal pollinosis and they were submitted to prick test using a battery of 22 groups and an O.europea extract. Pollen ofO. europea appears first in the atmosphere of Thessaloniki at the beginning of May, shows a peak in the end of May and continues to be present till the end of June. The quantity ofO. europea pollen ranked 6th in the list of the total pollen count and its flowering period coincided with that of grasses. In a sample of 360 patients with seasonal pollinosis, we detected anO. europea pollen sensitivity combined with other alleargens in 37% of the patients and a monosensivity in 4%. We conclude that pollen ofO. europea results to be present over a relative short period of time (May–June) in the area of Thessaloniki. The percentage of patients' sensitization toO. europea pollen was a little less frequent than sensitization to grasses, even if their flowering time coincides and their presence in the air shows about the same concentration values.     

基于DNA条形码的白斑切叶蜂粉源植物种类及多样性分析

利用人工蜂巢收集白斑切叶蜂(Megachile strupigera)蜂粮样本,并通过克隆测序方法,比较分析了新余市水北镇(XYSB)、吉安市戈坪乡(JAGP)、赣州市沙地镇(GZSD)和赣州市齐云山自然保护区(GZQYS)的4种不同林地类型的白斑切叶蜂粉源植物组成及多样性。共鉴定出粉源植物9科10属15种。其中黄荆Vitex negundo和山牡荆Vitex quinata为优势种。Chao1指数、Shannon-wiener指数和Simpson指数分析结果表明,4个样地粉源植物的丰富度和多样性依次为GZQYSGZSDXYSBJAGP。并且,4个样地七月上旬的物种丰富度均明显高于八月中旬。同一时期的粉源植物种类及多样性存在显著差异,表明不同林地利用方式对白斑切叶蜂粉源植物多样性的影响非常明显,并随人为干扰程度的增高而降低。相同样地中2个不同时期均呈现出粉源植物多样性随花期变化而降低的趋势,但其主要粉源植物种类没有发生改变,表明该蜂主要粉源植物没有受到花期变化的影响。因此,黄荆和山牡荆是白斑切叶蜂的主要粉源植物,对维持白斑切叶蜂种群的稳定具有重要作用。     

Pollen distribution at elevations above 1000 m inSwitzerland

In Switzerland the concentration of allergenic pollendecreases with increasing elevation of the samplingsite of the Swiss pollen measuring network. The aim ofthis study was, to compare the pollen concentrationsof five different localities in the Swiss Alps and inthe Jura mountains, to get an idea of the differencesin the pollen abundance in altitudes above 1000 m. Theinvestigated localities are: La Chaux-de-Fonds(1040 m), Wiesen (1420 m), Davos (1600 m), Samedan(1705 m) and Gütsch (2287 m). These pollen sumswere compared to the Swiss plateau (Basel 273 m).Basel, La Chaux-de-Fonds and Wiesen show clearlyhigher pollen values than Davos, Samedan andGütsch. Pollen concentrations of Corylus,Alnus glutinosa-type and Fraxinus arereduced with increasing altitude and are only a smallproblem for allergies above 1000 m. Betulapollen are also reduced in the higher localities, butthere still occur many days with high pollenconcentrations. Especially Betula pollen frommedium range transport can play an important role forallergies in higher localities. The total grass pollensum does not decrease up to an altitude of 1500 m. Thegrass pollen concentration depends more on factorslike composition of the local grassland, land use andwind situation.Pollen concentrations at higher elevations isinfluenced by the local vegetation, a reduced pollenproduction, land use, topography, exposition, windvelocity and wind direction. These factors modify thepollen concentration considerably. Due to the complextopography of the Prealps and Alps, it is thereforenot possible to propose a general rule of pollenreduction with increasing altitude.     

Airborne pollen grains in Yalova,Turkey, 2004

In this study, airborne pollen grains of Yalova province were investigated using VPSS 2000 from January to December 2004. During studying period, a total of 22409 pollen grains/m³ which belonged to 46 taxa and 74 unidentified pollen grains were recorded. From the identified taxa, 26 belong to arboreal and 20 to non-arboreal plants. Total pollen grains consist of 80.50% arboreal, 19.17% non-arboreal plants and 0.33% unidentified pollen grains. In the investigated region, from arboreal plant taxa Platanus spp. (29.08%), Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (21.22%), Pinus spp. (7.34%), Alnus spp. (4.75%), Castanea spp. (3.03%), Quercus spp. (3.07%), Olea spp. (2.50%), Acer spp. (2.21%), Corylus spp. (1.41%) and Fagus spp. (1.15%), and from non-arboreal plant taxa Poaceae (10.01%), Asteraceae (2.86%), Plantago spp. (1.47%) and Artemisia spp. (1.11%) were responsible for the greatest amounts of pollen.     

May the definition of pollen season influence aerobiological results?

This paper reviews the terms and major criteria used to define and limit the pollen season. Pollen data from Cordoba (Spain), Ourense (Spain) and Bologna (Italy) were used to ascertain the extent to which aerobiological results and pollen curves are modified by the criteria selected. Results were analysed using Spearmanȁ9s correlation test. Phenological observations were also used to determine synchronization between pollen curves and plant phenology. The criteria for limiting the shortest and longest pollen season periods, as well as the earliest and latest start and end dates, varied according to the city and the taxon under study; in many cases, results for a given taxon also depended on the year. The smallest differences were obtained for Platanus and the greatest for Poaceae.     

Aeropalynological study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> in the Braga region (1999–2003)

This study shows the results of Vitis vinifera pollen season in the atmosphere of the Braga region (Portugal) for the last 5 years (1999–2003). The fluctuations in the airborne pollen concentration, the synchronic rhythms in the annual pollen trends and their relationship to the main meteorological parameters were investigated. The vineyard pollen season extends from late May to early July, presenting always a bimodal pattern. During the studied period several pollen types such as Poaceae, Castanea, Olea, Urticaceae, Quercus, Plantago, Rumex, Asteraceae, Pinaceae, Ericaceae and Eucalyptus were also observed. Airborne pollen concentration is highly influenced by mean temperature, rain, number of days with rain and wind direction.