马氏珠母贝F8代黑壳色选育系群体与普通养殖群体遗传多样性分析

利用9个SSR分子标记研究马氏珠母贝F_8代黑壳色选育群体与普通养殖群体的遗传多样性。结果显示:9个位点共检测出30个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数(Na)为2～5,平均等位基因数为3.333 3个。F_8代黑壳色选育系群体和普通养殖群体的平均等位基因数(Na)分别为2.777 8、3.222 2;平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为2.162 5、2.031 9;平均多态信息含量PIC值范围为0.129 1～0.730 0,平均期望杂合度(He)范围为0.223 1～0.857 7,平均观测杂合度(Ho)范围为0～0.950 0。F_8代黑壳色选育系群体有3个位点观测杂合度为0,说明这3个位点已被纯化。哈迪-温伯格平衡(HWE)检验发现,F_8代黑壳色选育系群体中有7个位点、普通养殖群体中有5个位点极显著偏离平衡(p0.01)。两群体遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.146 3。各项遗传参数表明,经8代群体继代选育,马氏珠母贝黑壳色选育系群体部分位点已被纯化,遗传多样性较普通养殖群体有所降低,但仍保持在较高水平。     

云杉天然群体遗传多样性的等位酶变异

采用等位酶淀粉凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对中国西部亚高山特有树种云杉(Picea asperata)10个天然群体的300个个体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行研究。对8个酶系统17个酶位点(27个等位基因)的检测分析结果表明,10个位点为单态位点,云杉具有中等偏低的遗传变异水平。群体水平上的遗传多样性指标分别为:多态位点的百分率P_P=29.41%~41.18%,等位基因平均数A_P=1.4~1.6,平均期望杂合度H_ep=0.06~0.131;种级水平的遗传多样性指标分别为:P_s=41.18%,A_s=1.2,H_es=0.138。10个群体的群体水平的观测杂合度为0.094 3,期望杂合度为0.096 4;10个群体中,7个多态位点的单位点的观测杂合度(H_o)的均值为0.229(变幅为0.142 9~0.342 9),期望杂合度(H_e)的均值为0.234 1(变幅为0.160 8~0.317 3), 云杉天然群体间遗传分化度(F_ST)为0.311,云杉群体间变异占总变异的31.1%,基因流低(N_m=0.553 9),说明群体间的基因交流有限。异交率高(t=0.957),近交率低(F_is=0.005),这些研究结果表明:云杉群体间等位基因的频率分化显著,其它云杉属树种基因的渐渗、群体微生境差异和不同强度的选择压力可能是造成群体间分化显著的主要原因;Fdh-2-B基因与综合生态梯度值呈显著的负相关(r=-0.661 1^*),H_e与经度呈显著负相关(r=-0.683^*),云杉群体间的地理和遗传距离相关不显著。10个群体均含有绝大部分等位基因,且群体间分化很大,应加以重点保护和管理,作为云杉种质资源原地保存的基地和该树种进一步遗传改良的重要育种群体。     

马铃薯致病疫霉研究进展

马铃薯致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)属卵菌纲(Oomycetes)霜霉目(Peronosporales)腐霉科(Pythiaceae)疫霉属(Phytophthora),是马铃薯和番茄晚疫病病原菌。由于晚疫病对马铃薯生产的毁灭性和严重性,对致病疫霉的研究一直是关注的重点。本文首先对病害引起的症状、发生特点及流行规律进行阐述,对有性生殖发生的遗传规律和多种交配型共存的大环境下病原菌群体结构变异特点进行归纳总结。随着2009年致病疫霉基因组测序的完成,本文比对了疫霉属目前已完成测序各个种的基因组学特点,介绍了致病疫霉在效应子克隆方面的研究进展及线粒体基因组研究现状,阐述了功能基因组学的两个重要技术:高密度遗传连锁图谱(high density linkage mapping)和全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS),及其在挖掘致病疫霉重要功能基因上的应用。本文有助于了解致病疫霉研究热点及后续突破方向,可为深入解析致病疫霉的功能基因及致病机制提供参考,对开发马铃薯晚疫病菌药物靶标及预测病害的大规模流行趋势也具有重要意义。     

中国部分地区马铃薯寄主上致病疫霉SSR基因型分析

利用两对SSR引物对两个基因座Pi4B和Pi4G进行了PCR扩增,测定了中国部分地区66个致病疫霉Phyophthora infestans(马铃薯晚疫病菌)菌株和2个参考菌株的SSR基因型,并对菌株的基因型进行了鉴定和命名.在被测定的66个致病疫霉菌株中,共产生了7种SSR基因型D-03,D-05,D-06,G-02,H-01,F-01和F-06,其中F-06为本研究新命名的基因型.F-01基因型菌株53个,占总菌株数目的80.3%,该基因型为中国致病疫霉的优势基因型.在对两个基因座Pi4B和Pi4G产生的等位基因统计分析发现基因座Pi4B产生的多样性比Pi4G高.对SSR数据揭示的河北、黑龙江和云南3个不同省份致病疫霉遗传多样性的比较发现,河北省和黑龙江省致病疫霉遗传多样性几乎相同,然而与云南省致病疫霉有较大的遗传差异.此外,发现致病疫霉SSR基因型与其对甲霜灵抗性无相关性.     

草鱼野生和养殖群体间遗传变异的微卫星分析

运用微卫星标记对江苏境内草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)一个野生群体(邗江群体)和两个养殖群体(淡水中心群体和无锡前洲群体)遗传多样性进行了分析。在10个座位中，每个座位检测到的等位基因数2～8个。有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、期望杂合度、平均表观杂合度均以邗江草鱼野生群体最高，分别为3.9、0.506 8、0.693 9、0.7；无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体最低，分别为2.2、0.179 6、0.523 5、0.528 6；淡水中心草鱼养殖群体各参数均介于两者之间，分别为3.5、0.290 2、0.541 8、0.542 9。以上结果表明：草鱼野生群体遗传多样性更为丰富，而草鱼养殖群体存在杂合度降低，遗传多样性下降的现象。邗江草鱼野生群体与淡水中心草鱼养殖群体和无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数分别为0.219和0.246，而两个草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数为0.034。这表明草鱼野生群体与草鱼养殖群体间分化严重，而草鱼养殖群体间分化微弱。各座位分化程度的χ2检验结果表明，10个座位中有GM18、MFW1-1、MFW1-2三个座位群体间分化达到极显著水平，GM03-2、MFW5两个座位群体间分化差异显著，其他座位分化不显著。针对每个座位对各群体进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现：由于草鱼养殖群体在GM03-1、GM03-2、GM18三个位点杂合子缺失，草鱼野生群体在位点GM19杂合子过剩而严重偏离平衡。实验表明：近交容易引起草鱼遗传多样性下降，纯合速度加快。     

墨西哥湾扇贝与“中科红”海湾扇贝群体遗传多样性SSR分析

利用微卫星(SSR)分子标记技术,对墨西哥湾扇贝和"中科红"海湾扇贝2个群体共80个个体的遗传结构和遗传多样性进行分析。结果显示:6个微卫星位点共扩增出31个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数为4~8个,平均等位基因数为5.2个;墨西哥湾扇贝与"中科红"海湾扇贝群体平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为2.890、2.753;平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.415、0.353;平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.604、0.479;多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.554、0.444;两群体具有相同的等位基因数(Na)(4.333)。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现,2个群体各有3个位点(50%)偏离平衡(p0.05),且均表现为杂合子缺失。两群体的遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.109 7,遗传距离(Dxy)为0.316 4,遗传相似性系数为0.728 8。研究结果说明:两个群体均保持较高的遗传多样性,但经过多年的定向选育,"中科红"海湾扇贝群体的遗传多样性低于墨西哥湾扇贝群体且两个群体具有中等程度的遗传分化,存在一定的遗传差异。     

草鱼野生和养殖群体间遗传变异的微卫星分析

运用微卫星标记对江苏境内草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidella)一个野生群体(邗江群体)和两个养殖群体(淡水中心群体和无锡前洲群体)遗传多样性进行了分析。在10个座位中,每个座位检测到的等位基因数2~8个。有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、期望杂合度、平均表观杂合度均以邗江草鱼野生群体最高,分别为3·9、0·5068、0·6939、0·7;无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体最低,分别为2·2、0·1796、0·5235、0·5286;淡水中心草鱼养殖群体各参数均介于两者之间,分别为3·5、0·2902、0·5418、0·5429。以上结果表明:草鱼野生群体遗传多样性更为丰富,而草鱼养殖群体存在杂合度降低,遗传多样性下降的现象。邗江草鱼野生群体与淡水中心草鱼养殖群体和无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数分别为0·219和0·246,而两个草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数为0·034。这表明草鱼野生群体与草鱼养殖群体间分化严重,而草鱼养殖群体间分化微弱。各座位分化程度的χ2检验结果表明,10个座位中有GM18、MFW1-1、MFW1-2三个座位群体间分化达到极显著水平,GM03-2、MFW5两个座位群体间分化差异显著,其他座位分化不显著。针对每个座位对各群体进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现:由于草鱼养殖群体在GM03-1、GM03-2、GM18三个位点杂合子缺失,草鱼野生群体在位点GM19杂合子过剩而严重偏离平衡。实验表明:近交容易引起草鱼遗传多样性下降,纯合速度加快。     

长江中上游两个鲢群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

对长江中上游2个鲢群体使用39个微卫星标记进行了遗传多样性分析, 计算并统计了平均观测等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、遗传杂合度、Hardy-Weinberg平衡偏离指数、遗传相似系数、遗传距离等遗传参数。结果表明: 万州鲢和监利鲢群体所检测微卫星位点的平均观测等位基因数分别为6.128和4.974; 平均有效等位基因数分别为4.107和3.395; 多态位点百分率分别为100和94.87; 39个微卫星标记共有等位基因259个, 173个等位基因为两群体所共有; 多态微卫星位点的PIC在0.077~0.865之间变动,平均为0.617; 两群体所检测位点平均观测杂合度为0.834和0.775, 平均期望杂合度为0.713和0.623; 两个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.618, 群体间的遗传距离为0.482。结果显示长江中上游两个鲢群体间存在显著遗传分化, 应隶属于不同的种群。     

鲮鱼的微卫星位点筛选和群体遗传多样性初步分析

利用鲤科鱼类微卫星引物在鲮鱼中进行扩增,结果在24对引物中,13对引物能成功扩增,且在鲮鱼中的扩增产物表现稳定,其中11对有较高多态性,等位基因数在2—7个之间,扩增的条带符合孟德尔遗传规律。随后利用筛选的微卫星座位对鲮鱼野生和养殖群体遗传多样性进行了初步分析。分析结果显示鲮鱼野生群体的平均等位基因数5.2个;观测杂合度在0.25与0.8之间,平均观测杂合度(Ho)是0.61±0.2 ,平均期望杂合度(He)是0.8±0.09 ;群体座位平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.72±0.1。相比之下,养殖群体的平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He)都低于野生群体,分别是0.59±0.2、0.75±0.1。两群体间的遗传相似度为0.7774、遗传距离为0.2518。研究表明用其他鱼类分离出的微卫星引物可以快速筛选到适用于鲮鱼遗传分析的微卫星座位。     

内蒙古西伯利亚杏群体遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

利用27对SSR分子标记对内蒙古地区13个西伯利亚杏群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析,评价其遗传多样性水平和分化程度,为内蒙古西伯利亚杏资源的合理保护与利用提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)27对SSR引物共检测到512个等位基因(Na),各位点平均等位基因数(Na)和多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为19和0.84;物种水平上Shannons信息指数(I)和期望杂合度(He)分别为2.25和0.73。(2)群体水平上的等位基因(Na)、有效等位基因(Ne)、Shannons信息指数(I)、期望杂合度(He)和观察杂合度(Ho)分别为6.95、4.48、1.60、0.76和0.56;其中科左后旗群体遗传多样性最丰富,克什克腾旗群体遗传多样性最低。(3)基于F统计量分析的遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.12,基因流(Nm)为1.86;分子方差分析显示内蒙古西伯利亚杏群体大部分遗传变异来自群体内(92%),群体间的遗传变异仅占8%。(4)内蒙古西伯利亚杏群体遗传距离为0.04~0.67,遗传相似度为0.33~0.83;遗传相似度的聚类分析、遗传距离的主坐标分析和遗传结构分析(Structure)均将供试13个群体划分为4组。Mantel检测显示,内蒙古西伯利亚杏群体遗传距离与地理距离呈显著相关关系(r=0.453,P0.01)。研究表明,内蒙古西伯利亚杏资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,这一特性与其群体的大小、悠久的演化历史以及自身生物学特性相关;内蒙古西伯利亚杏群体间存在中等程度的遗传分化,这可能源于自然地理隔离以及近期人类活动引起的生境片段化。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.