生物多样性信息学在中国快速发展

<正>传统的生物分类学和生物地理学在互联网时代借力于先进的计算机技术和信息技术得到了迅速发展。将分散的分类学名称处理和空间分布的信息集成起来,在更大的尺度上(全球或者区域水平)进行整合分析,开展宏观研究,促进了经典学科的理论发展和实践应用。由此,在20世纪90年代初生物多样性信息学应运而生(许哲平等,2014)。无论是生物多样性保护规划和有效管理,还是宏生态学(macroecology)和大尺度生物地理学研究,都离不     

地理信息系统及其在自然保护区科研与管理中的应用

地理信息系统是管理空间数据与信息的计算机系统,是地学、资源环境科学、遥感等空间分析技术领域与计算机技术相结合的产物。它具有空间特征数据的采集、存贮、分析处理、转换及显示等功能。随着计算机的普及与信息系统的发展,地理信息系统已成为城乡发展规划,土地管理、环境保护、自然资源开发与管理以及生物保护的重要工具。本文在系统介绍地理信息系统的发展     

Scratchpads 2.0:互联网时代的生物多样性虚拟研究环境

Scratchpads 2.0系统是支持在线环境下生物多样性基础数据的创建、管理和高效利用的虚拟研究平台。本文对该系统的研发背景和现状、系统使用的关键特征(包括个人数据和在线资源的动态整合机制、多语言内容的创建和管理、系统使用授权、动态数据追踪、团队协作,以及数据论文的发表机制),以及系统开发和管理者关心的主要技术问题(包括系统安装和高效维护管理、分布式系统架构、模块化开发和管理机制、相关的技术标准)进行了介绍。并针对与Scratchpads 2.0相关的生物多样性信息工具研发和应用的问题进行了讨论。Scratchpads准确的角色定位、学科业务需求的深度挖掘和优越的技术实现,决定了它是网络时代分类学研究的重要基础设施之一,将为世界在线植物志的实现提供重要的技术基础。     

中国蝗总科分类、查询及鉴定专家系统(ESCA)设计与实现

专家系统是人工智能研究的一个应用领域,将其应用到蝗总科分类中,通过信息获取、加工、软件编程,建立中国蝗总科形态学和分类学数据库,进而设计并实现了《中国蝗总科分类、查询、鉴定专家系统》(简称ES—CA),作为我国蝗灾治理工作中一种快捷高效的分类、查询、鉴定工具。ESCA是计算机信息处理技术与蝗总科形态分类学的有机结合,使经典分类学升华为数字信息的形式,是利用计算机功能提高生物形态分类学科研、教学效率的一种新途径。     

基于web的等翅目昆虫分类系统的设计和开发

以《中国动物志·昆虫纲·第十七卷·等翅目》一书资料为基础,结合白蚁分类的最新成果,开发了基于web的等翅目昆虫分类系统。本系统由白蚁分类资料显示子系统、白蚁分类资料检索子系统、后台数据库在线管理子系统和白蚁种类鉴定子系统等4个功能模块组成。用户通过Internet网络,可实现白蚁分类资料的查询与未知种类的鉴定。本系统的开发,为我国白蚁种类的识别和相关信息的共享提供了快捷、高效的网络工具。这是计算机信息处理技术与白蚁形态分类学的有机结合,是利用计算机技术提高生物形态学研究、教学效率的一种新途径。     

关于iFlora创建工作框架的建议

iFlora是依据传统植物分类学及相关学科的研究基础,融入现代DNA测序技术,应用高速发展的信息、网络技术及云计算分析平台,收集、整合和管理植物物种相关信息,以建成智能物种鉴定和数据提取的开放应用系统（智能装备）。通过与该系统的双向交流,一方面,可以不断整合新的数据和技术充实iFlora的内容和功能;另一方面,可以通过该系统的多种鉴定途径实现快速、准确和方便的物种鉴定,获取所需物种的相关信息,满足专业机构和公众对物种和生物多样性的认知要求。本文重点介绍了构成iFlora的应用装置和支撑该装置的实物库（凭证标本、分子材料和DNA库）的建设及其重要性;阐述了构成iFlora各单元的高度整合和集成的特点,以及基于计算机技术的物种信息数字化和开放的云计算数据分析处理服务平台的枢纽作用;并讨论了iFlora创建过程所面临的困难和挑战,以及拟研发的智能装备的框架和应用前景。     

BDCGrid:基于Globus的生物信息高性能计算网格系统

随着分子生物信息数据量高速增长,生物信息学面临着大规模、高通量、密集型计算的巨大挑战。为有效利用计算机资源,缩短高通量生物信息计算程序执行时间,我们基于Globus Toolkit网格中间件,实现了一个支持高通量生物数据计算的网格系统(Biological Data Computing Grid,简称BDCGrid)。BDCGrid计算网格系统模型可以有效整合中小型生物信息学实验室计算机资源,大大缩短高通量生物信息计算程序执行时间,为相关研究人员利用现有计算机资源处理大规模、高通量生物信息计算任务提供一种新的途径。     

数据挖掘在生物信息学中的应用

借助各种应用数学和计算机技术 ,将大量积累并急需处理的生物信息数据利用起来 ,探索生物信息中的规律 ,是当前国内国际生物信息学研究的热点和重点。其中数据挖掘技术在生物信息研究中发挥着巨大的作用。     

生物多样性信息学研究进展

生物多样性信息学是一门蓬勃发展的新学科。它将现代的信息技术带入生物多样性及其相关学科的研究领域。它在生物多样性基础数据的数字化、模型工具和各种工具软件的开发、数据整合, 以及全球、地区和国家尺度生物多样性信息网络等多个方面的发展, 向我们展示了未来在全球范围内自由、免费共享生物多样性数据和信息, 以及人们行动起来共同关注、调查与监测野外生物多样性的前景。目前, 已有大量数字化的物种编目、标本馆标本、多媒体影像、研究文献等生物多样性基础信息可以通过互联网检索和利用。其中, 最值得关注的是一些成功的国际性研究项目, 如物种2000、全球生物多样性信息网络、生命条形码以及网络生命大百科全书。这些项目的成功不仅体现在对大量基础信息和数据的发布, 而且它们通过与生物多样性信息标准TDWG(Biodiversity Information Standards: TDWG)的合作, 推动了达尔文核心标准(Darwin Core)等一些重要的生物多样性信息标准的应用, 以及地区和国家性生物多样性信息节点的建立, 这些都为将来全球范围生物多样性信息的共享和数据交换奠定了重要基础。在数字化信息的基础上, 研究人员也开发了一些在特定研究领域应用的数据挖掘和模型工具, 例如基于数字化标本的地理分布预测工具MAXENT, 分类学专家知识管理的LifeDesk。公民科学理念的发展则向我们展示了公众和科学爱好者广泛参与以互联网为基础的生物多样性信息学研究活动。因此, 生物多样性信息学的发展前景广阔, 它将为我们实现全球保护战略目标, 应对生物多样性危机, 解决全球气候变化条件下生物多样性资源管理和利用建立坚实的信息基础。     

Fine structure of the body wall,nervous system,and digestive tract in the Lobatocerebridae Rieger and the organization of the gliointerstitial system in Annelida

The new family Lobatocerebridae, Rieger, contains a group of turbellariomorph worms in the annelid line of evolution. The fine structural organization of the body wall, the digestive tract, and parts of the central and peripheral nervous system are described and the findings are discussed in light of general invertebrate cytology. The epidermis and gastrodermis contain a basal granule cell system which is structurally very similar to the neuroglia cell system of the nervous system. The continuity of the neuroglia cell system, and the epidermal basal granule cell system and the basal granule cell system in the digestive epithelia suggests the existence of a single glial-basal granule cell system, similar to the gliointerstitial cell system first recognized in the Mollusca (see Nicaise, '73). The Annelida may show a dual (ectodermal and mesodermal) origin of such a gliointerstitial cell system as suggested by similarities in the epidermal basal cell system in the Oligochaeta and of certain epidermal and gastrodermal cells in polychaete regeneration with neuroglia in the Annelida. The structural similarity of neuroglia and basal granule cells in Lobatocerebridae may be the result of similarity in the formation, maintenance, or regulation of the extracellular matrix.     

Effect of the fever reaction on the kallikrein-kinin system of the lymph and blood

The dynamics of kallikrein-kinin system components in the lymph of thoracic duct and blood following fever reaction of various duration has been studied in the experiment on rabbits. The experiments have shown that in prolonged fever reaction there are qualitative disorders in kinin system components ratio indicative of break in the system of regulatory links, its exhaustion and transformation of the physiological reactions into the pathogenic ones. One may assume that changes in kallikrein-kinin system activity in body fluid are the links in the complex of pathogenic disorders in the organ and system functional activity during prolonged fever reaction.     

New Concepts on the Action of Oestrogens in the Uterus and the Role of the Eosinophil Receptor System

Two receptor systems for oestrogens have been demonstrated in the uterus: the cytosol-nuclear receptor system and the eosinophil receptor system. It has been proposed that the cytosol-nuclear receptor system mediates the genomic response to oestrogens in the uterus, while the eosinophil receptor system is thought to mediate the uterine edema and other early oestrogenic responses in the uterus. Cortisol is known to decrease drastically the number of eosinophils in the blood and therefore to limit their availability for migration to the uterus. The present results show that cortisol also drastically reduces both the oestrogen-induced uterine eosinophilia and the uterine wet weight responses, but does not interfere with the oestrogen-induced uterine RNA and protein increases. Oestradiol-17 beta has a higher affinity than oestriol for the cytosol-nuclear receptors and is now found to be the more potent oestrogen in inducing the genomic activation in the uterus. Estriol has a higher affinity than oestradiol-17 beta for the eosinophil receptors, and therefore, oestriol is the stronger oestrogen in inducing those oestrogenic effects which are mediated by the eosinophil receptor system. We conclude that the eosinophil receptor system for oestrogens is a new system, independent of Jensen's cytosol-nuclear receptor system, and this eosinophil receptor system is involved in the mechanism of oestrogen action in the uterus.     

生物多样性的自组织、起源和演化

生命系统是典型的自组织系统,系统中的多样性和复杂性存在着涨落,巨涨落在生物多样性上表现为生物的大规模爆发和灭绝,微涨落则为常规发生和背景灭绝,不断增加多样性是生命系统的内在属性,而实际多样性由自然选择决定,低选择压有利于生物多样性的产生,系统中过于优势的单一成分抑制多样性,系统的复杂性相变存在临界点,临界点定,低选择压有利于生物多样性的产生,系统中过于优势的单一成分抑制多样性,系统的复杂性相变存在临界点,临界点之上可自发产生正反馈的繁荣,临界点之下会发生趋于简单性的相变。上述原理可应用在生物多样性研究和保护中,例如研究特定系统的相变临界点,以便在配置系统组分时使复杂性超过其相变临界点,促使多样性的维持和增长由“被组织”进入“自组织”的可持续发展。     

ErbB receptors and the development of the nervous system

Tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands allow communication between cells in the developing and adult organism. An extensive line of research has revealed that ‘neuregulins’, a family of EGF-like factors that signal via ErbB receptors, are used frequently for cell communication during nervous system development, and control a spectacular spectrum of developmental processes. For instance, during development of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells require neuronally-produced neuregulin (Nrg1) for growth, migration and myelination, neural crest cells rely on mesenchymally-generated Nrg1 signals for migration, while muscle requires neuronally-produced Nrg1 for the differentiation of a muscle spindle. In the central nervous system, neuregulin signals allow cells to act as guideposts or as barriers for axons during pathfinding. Neuregulin signals are also important in other organs, but the nervous system functions have received recently considerable attention due to the finding that particular haplotypes of Nrg1 and ErbB4 predispose to schizophrenia. Understanding the neuregulin signaling system can thus contribute to define causes of this devastating mental disorder.     

The lactoperoxidase system: the influence of iodide and the chemical and antimicrobial stability over the period of about 18 months

The lactoperoxidase (LP) system is a natural antimicrobial system, the use of which has been suggested as a preservative in foods and pharmaceuticals. The effect of adding iodide to the LP system, the chemical stability and the change in antimicrobial effectiveness during storage was studied. Addition of iodide with thiocyanate increased the fungicidal and bactericidal effect against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the same inhibition in the LP system with iodide and without iodide. Storage of the LP system in completely filled airtight containers for 18 months caused a 35% loss of the initial thiocyanate concentration. The antimicrobial activity of this LP system was strong enough to kill inocula of 106 cfu ml-1 of the four test organisms within 2 h of contact time. During storage of the air-containing LP system, the concentration of thiocyanate was reduced below detection limit within 7 d, the concentrations of hypothiocyanite and hypoiodite within 350 d. After 516 d the antimicrobial activity of air-containing LP system was strong enough to kill inocula of 106 cfu ml-1 Ps. aeruginosa within 2 h, Staph. aureus within 4 h and Candida albicans and E. coli within 1 week of contact time.     

植物学课程体系的改革与实践

介绍了以能力培养为主线、分层次、理论与实践教学既有机衔接又相对独立的植物学课程新体系,重点介绍了"3 1"模式的植物学实验课程体系(基本型、综合型、研究探索型三个层次实验课程和野外实习训练),并由此进行了植物学实验课程内容体系、教学模式、教学方法、开放运行模式等方面深层次的改革,形成了一定的特色和优势。新体系付诸了实践和推广,取得良好的效果。     

The bronchial tree and lobular division of the lung of the white handed gibbon

The bronchial tree and lobular division of the lungs of four white handed gibbons (Hylobates agilis) were examined from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy, based upon the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramifications of the mammalian lung (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980). The right lung of the white handed gibbon consists of the upper, middle, lower, and accessory lobes, whereas the left lung consists of the middle and lower lobes. Each lobe is separated by the interlobular fissure, on both sides. The right and left lungs have the dorsal bronchiole system, lateral bronchiole system, and ventral bronchiole system. The medial bronchiole system is lacking on both sides. In the right lung, the upper lobe is formed by the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is formed by the first brach of the lateral bronchiole system, and the accessory lobe by the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles constitute the right lower lobe. In the left lung, the upper lobe bronchiole, which is the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system, is lacking. Therefore, the middle lobe bronchiole, i.e. the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system, is well developed. The accessory lobe bronchiole, the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system, is also lacking. The remaining bronchioles constitute the left lower lobe. These features were compared with those of other apes and man.     

门诊预约服务体系建设中的问题与对策

门诊预约服务在政府的倡导下广泛开展,门诊预约服务体系的建设是现阶段的主要任务。预约体系包括信息系统、服务系统、管理系统和评价系统,各系统相互配合构成统一的整体。目前预约服务还面临着不少难题,对不同系统的主要问题和解决思路作一简要探讨。     

酵母三杂交系统的原理和应用

酵母双杂交系统自出现以来,广泛用于研究蛋白质之间的相互作用,它是一种具有高灵敏度的研究蛋白质之间关系的技术.在酵母双杂交系统基础上发展的酵母三杂交系统将应用范围扩展到蛋白质-蛋白质、蛋白质-RNA、蛋白质-小分子化合物等更广阔的研究领域.本文着重介绍酵母三杂交系统的原理、应用及局限性.