木兰围场天然次生林优势种群的结构与动态

为了阐明木兰围场天然次生林优势种群的结构和动态特征,对群落乔木层组成以及优势种群的径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、死亡曲线、生存函数和时间序列预测等进行研究.结果表明: 群落乔木层有9个种群,其中,五角枫、蒙古栎、糠椴和白桦种群为群落的优势种群;五角枫和糠椴种群存活曲线接近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,蒙古栎种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型,白桦种群存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅱ型;随着径级的增加,各优势种群的死亡率和消失率曲线呈现相似的变化趋势,五角枫、蒙古栎、糠椴种群的消失率和死亡率分别在Ⅳ、Ⅰ和Ⅰ径级下出现最大值,而白桦种群在各径级呈现稳定的变化趋势;4种生存函数曲线分析表明,五角枫、蒙古栎和糠椴种群具有前期锐减、中后期相对稳定的特点;白桦种群数量波动不明显,具有较稳定的特点.种群数量的时间序列预测表明,白桦种群小径级(Ⅰ～Ⅱ级)个体数量逐渐减少,种群未来有趋于衰退的趋势,五角枫、蒙古栎和糠椴种群趋于相对稳定.推测该次生林将逐步演替为以五角枫、蒙古栎和糠椴为主要树种的天然次生林.     

沼泽交错带白桦——长白落叶松优势种群的年龄结构及其动态

采用径级结构替代年龄结构与建立种群年龄结构模型相结合的方法,研究沼泽交错带白桦—长白落叶松优势种群的年龄结构特征。结果表明:白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群的年龄结构呈纺锤型,龄级—个体数间的关系可用Lognormal函数表征;种群动态量化指数V'_(pi)为辽东桤木(9.57%)白桦(4.02%)长白落叶松(1.83%),均趋近于0,说明种群处于稳定型向衰退型过渡阶段;白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群幼龄个体严重不足,白桦和辽东桤木种群的存活曲线趋于Odum-B3型,而长白落叶松种群趋于Deevey-I型。白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群具有前期增长、中后期衰退的特征;白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群数量受基波影响显著,种群整个生活史阶段未显现小周期波动,种群发展较稳定;随着时间的推移,在未来2、4和6个龄级后,白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群老龄个体数均有增加,但由于更新幼苗个体稀少,未来必然呈衰退趋势。森林—沼泽交错带的白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群对外界环境变化有强烈的敏感性和脆弱性,人类活动扰动会影响其发育与演变,从而提高了森林—沼泽交错带地区沼泽化的风险。因此,应减少人类活动对森林—沼泽交错带的干扰,加强对这一地区植被群落的保护与管理。     

大兴安岭天然林不同演替阶段共优势种种群结构与动态

受林火干扰和采伐等因素的影响,大兴安岭原始林逐渐退化为次生林。本研究选择天然白桦纯林(先锋阶段)、天然白桦-兴安落叶松混交林(过渡阶段)和天然兴安落叶松纯林(顶极阶段)3种典型林分,各设置固定样地16块,采用种群年龄和树高结构、静态生命表、生存分析、动态指数及时间序列预测的方法量化分析共优势种(白桦、兴安落叶松)和乔木树种全体的变化规律,为天然兴安落叶松林的恢复和发展提供科学依据。结果表明:各阶段共优势种和乔木树种全体的幼龄数目均较多,种群具有较强的自我更新潜力,随着演替的进行,各龄级白桦株数逐渐减少,兴安落叶松株数逐渐增多。乔木树种全体和白桦在过渡阶段、兴安落叶松在先锋阶段的死亡率和消失率随龄级的增加逐渐升高,存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅰ型,生存分析结果显示,种群前期平稳,中期增长,后期衰退;在其他阶段死亡率呈小幅度波动,存活曲线均为Deevey-Ⅱ型,种群具有前期增长、中期衰退、后期稳定的特点。共优势种和乔木树种全体在3个演替阶段均为增长型,其中先锋阶段白桦、顶极阶段兴安落叶松和乔木树种全体对环境的敏感指数最小。时间序列预测结果表明,各阶段共优势种和乔木树种全体在未来一段时间内均会增长。在森林演替过程中,需加强对幼苗幼树的保护,对盖度大的林分进行疏伐,采取适当的人为措施以确保种群的更新。     

准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群结构与动态研究

通过样地调查和数据统计分析,对准噶尔盆地东南缘梭梭种群现状绘制径级结构图,编制生命表、分析存活曲线、死亡率曲线和寿命期望等参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态.结果表明:种群整体结构属于增长型,但梭梭种群幼苗个体少,Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体数目少于Ⅲ龄级的个体数目.存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏有关;环境因素和人为干扰的影响,梭梭在Ⅲ～V龄级死亡率较高,种群在第Ⅳ级出现死亡高峰,且只有少量幼年个体能进入成年阶段,个体平均生存能力的期望在第Ⅳ级最大;时间序列分析表明,在未来第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ龄级的个体会呈现老龄个体增加的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.适当的人工辅助恢复和现有植株及生境的保护是保持梭梭种群自然更新和种群恢复的关键.     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带人工梭梭种群年龄结构及动态

基于野外样地调查数据，通过分析静态生命表、存活曲线、动态指数等参数，结合时间序列模型，研究了人工梭梭种群年龄结构动态，旨在预测人工梭梭种群演替趋势，为退化人工梭梭种群恢复与重建提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带人工梭梭种群的年龄结构近似于“金字塔”型，幼龄林个体占总物种数的90.1%;(2)人工梭梭种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型，为稳定型种群。不同区域人工梭梭种群的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄级个体死亡率和消失率最高；(3)动态量化结果显示人工梭梭种群总体均表现为增长型，对外界干扰敏感性较强；(4)时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4个龄级时间后，种群Ⅱ、Ⅳ龄级个体数量大幅度增加，人工梭梭种群发展趋势较好。民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带人工梭梭种群为稳定增长型种群，种群具有一定的自然更新能力。针对该种群幼龄个体死亡率较高的问题，未来建议加强对第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄级幼株的精准抚育管理，通过人为辅助措施提高幼苗的保存率，促进人工梭梭林的可持续发展。     

基于生命表的大兴安岭兴安杜鹃(Rhododendron dauricum)种群数量特征及动态分析

兴安杜鹃(Rhododendron dauricum)是大兴安岭森林群落灌木层的优势种,其种群统计研究尚属空白。以大兴安岭呼中区不同海拔和林型的兴安杜鹃种群为对象,编制了静态生命表,计算生存分析函数,采用时间序列分析种群数量动态。结果表明,低海拔梯度(600m)的落叶松林中,兴安杜鹃幼龄级(Ⅰ-Ⅱ)个体较多,占67.31%,且幼龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅰ型曲线,为增长型种群。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅱ-Ⅲ龄级,未来种群数量呈增长趋势。中低海拔梯度(600-900m)的白桦林中,中龄级(Ⅱ-Ⅲ)个体数量较多,占45%以上,中龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅰ型曲线,为稳定型种群。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅲ-Ⅴ龄级之间,由于种群密度制约,未来种群数量逐渐趋于衰退。高海拔梯度(1200m)的落叶松林中,种群个体总数最少。其中,Ⅰ龄级个体数量最多,占33.52%,但死亡率和消失率较高,存活率较低,Ⅱ-Ⅴ龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅲ型曲线,为增长型种群,但增长趋势较弱。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅴ龄级,未来种群数量呈增长趋势,但由于环境限制,种群数量更趋于稳定。可以认为,大兴安岭兴安杜鹃种群数量整体稳定。海拔和林型是影响兴安杜鹃种群数量的重要因素,海拔为600-900m,郁闭度为45%-50%的白桦林为兴安杜鹃的适宜生境,成为灌木层中的主要优势种。     

山西七里峪白桦种群生活史特征与点格局分析

为了解山西七里峪地区白桦种群的生活史动态特征与空间分布规律,本文对七里峪高海拔地区白桦种群的生命表特征、年龄结构、存活曲线以及种群空间分布格局4个方面进行了研究。结果表明:七里峪地区白桦种群径级结构呈纺锤形,属衰退型种群;白桦种群的存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅠ型,即曲线凸型;种群由于争夺光照和生存空间,第Ⅲ龄级的死亡率较高,自疏作用比较明显;在研究尺度内白桦种群不同年龄级的个体呈现出集群分布或随机分布,在种间竞争较小的情况下,白桦种群呈集聚分布,且随着龄级的增加,集群分布趋势明显,白桦种群自身的生物、生态学特性是影响其分布格局的最主要因素。     

长白山阔叶红松林红松种群年龄结构与数量动态特征

该研究以分布于长白山阔叶红松林内的红松(Pinus koraiensis)种群为对象, 通过编制种群静态生命表, 计算数量动态指数, 绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线, 应用4个生存函数并引入谱分析和时间序列预测模型, 分析红松种群年龄结构, 揭示其天然更新过程及未来发展趋势, 以期为野生红松种群的保护和恢复提供科学依据。结果显示: 红松种群数量变化具有阶段性, 幼龄(I-III龄级)和成龄(VII-X龄级)个体数量多, 中龄(IV-VI龄级)和老龄(XI-XIV龄级)个体数量少, 形成明显间断的两个优势年龄分布区。种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅲ型, 表明幼龄个体死亡率高。忽略外部干扰时的总体数量动态变化指数大于>0, 表明红松种群为增长型; 考虑未来外部干扰时的种群动态变化指数趋近于0, 结合死亡率和消失率曲线呈现出连续先增后降的复杂动态变化趋势, 可知该种群受外界随机干扰时增长不明显。生存函数分析显示, 红松种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。谱分析表明红松种群天然更新呈周期性波动。未来2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10个龄级时间后, 红松幼、中龄个体数逐渐减少, 而成、老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。幼龄个体死亡率高、生存空间和资源条件有限, 老龄个体生理衰老明显是限制红松种群增长的主要原因。建议加强幼龄个体的抚育工作, 提高其存活率和生存质量; 保护和改善生存环境, 从而促进红松种群的自然更新和恢复。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈种群数量动态

青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)是桂林岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的优势种。以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用胸径大小分级法,编制了静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析了青冈种群数量特征,同时结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型,进一步解析了青冈的种群数量动态变化特征。结果表明:青冈种群的年龄结构近似于倒"J"型,主要集中在Ⅰ龄级(个体数量比例占69.49%),但成功定植于下一龄级的个体比例较低;种群趋于DeeveyⅡ型,即稳定型;死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第Ⅰ、Ⅵ龄级出现高峰期;生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,死亡密度曲线与危险率曲线变化规律一致;青冈种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点;种群数量变化动态指数Vpi和Vpi'均大于0,种群稳定且略微增长,易受环境影响;在未来2、4、6个龄级时间后,老龄个体逐渐增多,若不及时抚育幼苗,种群将难以保持稳定。     

新疆野核桃自然保护区不同坡向分枝成株野核桃种群结构与动态

新疆野核桃(Juglans regia)系国家Ⅱ级渐危物种,其主干倒伏或死亡后,若干分枝可形成主干并生长至成龄树。为了解分枝成株野核桃的种群结构与动态,采用普查法对新疆野核桃自然保护区分枝成株种群进行调查,利用空间代替时间方法及匀滑技术建立分枝成株野核桃种群的年龄结构、静态生命表,得到年龄结构动态指数,绘制种群存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失曲线、生存函数曲线,进而获得分枝成株野核桃种群年龄结构与动态趋势。结果表明：1)4个坡向分枝成株野核桃种群数量变化动态指数V_pi和V_pi′均大于0,种群年龄结构呈增长型,存活曲线属Deevey-Ⅱ型;2)不同坡向2龄级个体数远大于1龄级,1龄级分枝成株野核桃比2龄级更难通过环境筛;3)阴坡种群增长最高,半阳坡种群稳定性最好、种群抗干扰能力最强,阳坡种群稳定性最差,种群抗干扰能力最低;4)生存函数分析显示,阳坡种群早期稳定,中期脆弱,而半阳坡、阴坡、半阴坡种群早期脆弱,中晚期稳定。     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

A polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis supports the recognition of Lichinomycetes

The lichen-forming order Lichinales, generally characterized by prototunicate asci and the development of thalli with cyanobacteria, has recently been recognized as a separate class of ascomycetes, Lichinomycetes, as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies. As alkali and water-soluble (F1SS) polysaccharides reflect phylogeny in other ascomycetes, a polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis was purified and characterized to investigate whether these F1SS compounds in the Lichinomycetes were distinctive. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses revealed this as a galactomannan comprising a repeating unit consisting of an α-(1→6)-mannan backbone, mainly substituted by single α-galactofuranose residues at the O-2- or the O-2,4- positions linked to a small mannan core. With the exception of the trisubstituted mannopyranose residues previously described in polysaccharides from other lichens belonging to orders now placed in Lecanoromycetes, the structure of this galactomannan most closely resembles those found in several members of the Onygenales in Eurotiomycetes. Our polysaccharide data support molecular studies showing that Lichina species are remote from Lecanoromycetes as the galactofuranose residues are in the α-configuration. That the Lichinomycetes were part of an ancestral lichenized group can not be established from the present data because the extracted polysaccharide does not have the galactofuranose residue in the β configuration; however, the data does suggest that an ancestor of the Lichinomycetes contained a mannan and was part of an early radiation in the ascomycetes.