速效氮肥配施双氰胺对减控小白菜镉积累的作用

本文以小白菜为试材,研究了镉(Cd)污染土壤中配施双氰胺(DCD)对不同速效氮肥(硫酸铵,简称全铵;硝酸钠,简称全硝;11硫酸铵和硝酸钠,简称硝铵;尿素)下小白菜生长及Cd含量的影响。结果表明: 与对照相比,Cd污染土壤中配施DCD使全铵、硝铵和尿素处理下的小白菜可食部分鲜重分别增加583.3%、41.5%和206.8%,耐受系数(TI)和光合作用速率均大幅度提高;全硝处理则无明显变化。配施DCD使各氮肥处理下小白菜叶片的丙二醛、过氧化氢含量和超氧自由基产生速率均不同程度地下降,且以全铵和尿素处理的下降幅度最大。与对照相比,全铵、硝铵和尿素处理的小白菜叶片的Cd含量分别减少58.3%、34.0%和44.5%;叶柄的Cd含量分别减少61.8%、29.4%和55.6%。全硝处理下小白菜叶片和叶柄的Cd含量与对照相比无明显差异。配施DCD不同程度降低了各处理根际土壤的酸化可能是造成上述结果的主要原因。在缓冲能力较弱的Cd污染土壤中,施用全铵、硝铵和尿素氮肥时配施DCD可以缓解Cd污染土壤对小白菜生长的胁迫,并有效减少Cd在植物体内的积累。     

土壤水、氮供应对麻疯树幼苗光合特性的影响

在盆栽半控制试验中, 采用两因素的随机区组设计, 在3个土壤水分梯度(分别为80%、50%和30%的田间持水量(FC))下研究了施氮肥和不施氮肥处理麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)幼苗的光合特性。比较了不同水分和氮素供应条件下麻疯树幼苗的光合-光响应和CO₂响应曲线、PSII的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、氮含量和光合色素含量之间的差异。结果表明: 1)施氮肥处理中, 随着土壤水分含量的增加, 叶片表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点、最大净光合速率、羧化效率、光呼吸速率、暗呼吸速率和叶片氮含量均呈现增加的趋势, 而且均在80% FC下最高。2)不施氮肥处理中, 随着土壤水分含量的增加, 麻疯树各光合参数均与施氮肥处理呈现相反的变化趋势。3)在30% FC下, 施氮肥处理和不施氮肥处理相比, 氮含量显著增加, AQY、F_v/F_m、光合色素含量无显著的变化, 其他各项指标均显著降低。这些结果表明, 水氮耦合效应对麻疯树光合特性有显著影响, 尤其是在80% FC下增施氮肥的效果最为明显。因此, 在土壤氮素含量不高的情况下, 麻疯树更适宜在较低的土壤水分下生长, 土壤水分较高反而不利于麻疯树的光合作用; 而如果增施氮肥, 麻疯树在土壤水分含量较高时生长更好。     

松香甘油酯包膜尿素对烤烟生长和品质的影响

目的与方法:在温室栽培条件下,用盆栽试验研究了松香甘油酯包膜尿素和不同氮浓度对烟草钾、氯等品质指标的影响.结果:松香甘油酯包膜尿素的养分释放性,在第1d低于普通尿素60.1%;处理4叶片钾含量,施松香甘油酯包膜尿素比施普通尿素上部叶片高出0.01g、中部叶片高出0.02g、下部叶片高出0.03g;处理4叶片钾,氯比,施松香甘油酯包膜尿素比施普通尿素上部叶片高出0.04g、中部叶片高出0.24g、下部叶片高出1.71g.结论:两种氮肥均有助于叶片钾和氯的积累,施松香甘油酯包膜尿素比施普通尿素的叶片钾含量有所增加.     

施用控释氮肥对稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响

借助农业部望城红壤水稻土生态环境野外观测试验站的控释氮肥试验,研究了施用控释氮肥对水稻不同生育期间稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮动态变化的影响。试验共设5个处理:①CK,(不施氮肥);②Urea(施用尿素);③CRNF(施用与处理②等氮量的控释氮肥);④70%CRNF(施用控释氮肥,用氮量为处理②的70%);⑤50%CRNF+M(施用控释氮肥和猪粪,总氮量为处理②的70%,其中控释氮肥用量为处理②的50%,猪粪含氮量为处理②的20%)。结果表明,施肥后10 d,施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳和氮均达最高,随生育进程推进逐渐下降,成熟期有一定的回升;施肥初期,施用等氮量的控释氮肥处理(CRNF)土壤微生物量碳、氮含量较尿素处理(Urea)分别增加5.4%和22.5%,而水稻生育中后期,控释氮肥处理(CRNF)土壤微生物量碳、氮含量较尿素处理(Urea)下降幅度大,该处理向地上部提供氮素营养较尿素处理高;施氮量较高的CRNF处理,土壤微生物生物量碳低于控释氮肥节氮处理(70%CRNF),但在大多数取样时期,土壤微生物量氮高于控释氮肥节氮处理(70%CRNF);控释氮肥配施有机肥的节氮处理较其他单施化肥处理显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量。控释氮肥与有机肥配施,不仅能节约氮肥用量,而且能明显地提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量。     

北京山区栓皮栎林优势种群点格局分析

采用点格局分析方法对北京山区栓皮栎林主要种群和不同发育阶段种群的空间分布格局及相互关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)群落物种组成简单,栓皮栎和油松是群落的优势种群,优势种群以中径木为主,缺乏可供更新的幼苗,种群呈现出衰退趋势;(2)在研究尺度内,栓皮栎、油松单种的空间分布格局以聚集型分布为主,随着尺度的增大呈现出随机分布和均匀分布的趋势;栓皮栎和油松呈现显著负相关;(3)优势种群不同发育阶段的空间分布格局与研究尺度紧密相关,栓皮栎小树和中树以聚集型分布为主、大树呈随机分布,而油松不同发育阶段均以随机分布为主;(4)栓皮栎、油松种群不同发育阶段之间的空间关联主要发生在小尺度范围内,小树和中树以正关联为主,而中树和大树、小树和大树以负关联为主;随着研究尺度的增大趋于无关联。     

控释尿素施用方式及用量对夏玉米氮肥效率和产量的影响

在大田条件下以不施氮为对照,研究了施氮量为75和150 kg N·hm^-2条件下,普通尿素底施、控释尿素底施和侧施对夏玉米光合性能、氮肥效率和产量的影响.结果表明：与普通尿素相比,相同施氮水平下,包膜控释尿素处理玉米果穗叶光合速率、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率均显著提高,玉米籽粒产量比普通尿素平均提高9.5%;与控释尿素侧施相比,底施使玉米籽粒产量提高6.2%.包膜控释尿素处理的氮肥农学利用率（AE）和偏生产力（PFP）比普通尿素平均分别提高74.5%和11.0%;与包膜控释尿素侧施相比,底施使AE和PFP分别提高26.8%和5.7%.控释尿素施用量较高时,玉米光合性能得到改善,产量、AE和PFP显著提高;与控释尿素侧施相比,底施对玉米产量、AE和PFP的增加效果更显著.     

添加生化抑制剂和腐植酸的稳定性增效尿素在黄土中的施用效果

采用田间盆栽试验,研究生化抑制剂与生物刺激素腐植酸结合制成的高效稳定性增效尿素肥料在黄土中的氮素转化特征、增产效果和氮素肥料表观利用率,以探明其施用效果,为开发适宜黄土施用的新型增效尿素肥料提供理论依据。本研究以不施氮肥(CK)和施尿素氮肥(N)为对照,在尿素中分别添加腐植酸(F)、N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和2-氯-6-三甲基吡啶(CP),以及腐植酸与3种生化抑制剂分别组合(NBPT+F、DMPP+F、CP+F)。结果表明: 与N处理相比,F、NBPT+F、DMPP+F和CP+F处理均能显著提高玉米的产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和植株吸氮量,对土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量也有显著影响。与单独施用生化抑制剂相比,添加腐植酸可提高玉米叶片叶绿素含量。与CP相比,CP+F玉米的植株吸氮量、叶绿素含量、氮肥吸收利用率均显著提高;与NBPT相比,NBPT+F硝化抑制率提高10.7%,但玉米产量、叶面积指数、植株吸氮量和氮肥利用率等均有所降低;与DMPP相比,DMPP+F显著降低了玉米产量、叶面积指数、植株吸氮量、氮肥利用率和硝化抑制率等。综合玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥吸收利用率以及土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量等指标,在黄土地区施用尿素肥料时,建议添加腐植酸和CP以提升尿素性能,从而提高产量和肥料利用率。     

长期不同施肥对番茄根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

研究长期定位施肥对番茄根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,旨在为番茄根际生态过程中的调控提供科学依据和理论指导。以沈阳农业大学长期定位施肥基地的番茄根际土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog-ECO微平板法,分析了11个处理:N(单施氮肥)、K(单施钾肥)、P(单施磷肥)、NP(氮磷肥配施)、NPK(氮磷钾肥配施)、MN(有机肥配施氮肥)、MK(有机肥配施钾肥)、MP(有机肥配施磷肥)、MNP(有机肥配施氮磷肥)、MNPK(有机肥配施氮磷钾肥)、对照CK(不施肥)的土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明:(1)配施有机肥能够显著提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮的含量,氮肥的施入会降低根际土壤的pH,各处理间土壤理化性质的差异显著;(2)配施有机肥可以增强番茄根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,提高微生物群落功能多样性,其中,MNP处理微生物对碳源利用能力最强,微生物活性最高。具体表现为:(1)长期施肥改变了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。配施有机肥处理的土壤微生物对6类碳源的总利用能力高于单施化肥处理,以MNP优势最明显;(2)在6类碳源中,氨基酸类碳源利用能力最强,酚酸类碳源利用能力最弱;(3)主成分分析表明,31种碳源对PC1贡献较大的有12种,对PC2贡献较大的有8种;(4)施加肥料的处理的Shannon指数、丰富度指数和优势度指数均高于不施肥的处理,但其均匀度下降。有机肥配施氮磷肥处理的Shannon指数、丰富度指数均显著高于其他处理。综合所有结果,以MNP的施肥较果最佳,能够呈现较高的根际土壤微生物功能多样性。     

控释尿素条施深度对鲜食玉米田间氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响

为提高鲜食玉米一次性施肥的氮肥利用率并降低氮肥的环境影响,通过田间试验,以不施氮处理为对照(CK),研究了控释尿素不同条施深度(0、5、10、15、20 cm)对鲜食玉米田间土壤氨挥发特征、鲜穗产量和氮肥利用率的影响. 结果表明: 玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的土壤氨挥发主要发生在施肥后的前2周,而窄行施肥带的土壤氨挥发在施肥后持续约1个月. 与CK相比,控释尿素表施(0 cm)处理不仅大幅度地提高了窄行施肥带的氨挥发损失量,同时也显著增加了玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的氨挥发损失量. 不同深度施肥处理全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量差异较大,为3.1～25.5 kg N·hm^-2,占施氮量的1.7%～14.2%.其中控释尿素条施10、15和20 cm深度处理的全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量相差不大,分别较表施(0 cm)和浅施(5 cm)处理显著降低了85.9%～87.8%和67.0%～71.6%. 在一定范围内增加控释尿素条施深度有利于提高鲜穗产量、植株氮积累量以及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率,各指标均以15 cm深度处理最高. 综上所述,控释尿素合理深施可以显著降低氨挥发损失,提高鲜穗产量和氮肥利用效率,本研究条件下控释尿素的最适宜施用深度为15 cm.     

增施氮肥对欧洲云杉光合生理特性的影响

欧洲云杉是我国从北欧引进的优良树种, 探求其对不同施肥量的响应机制及最佳施肥区间, 能够为云杉定量施肥提供理论依据和数据支持。以欧洲云杉3 个无性系pab08ts1065、pab081140、pab08ts0263 为试材, 通过盆栽法对3 个水平施氮肥处理下植株光合参数进行测定分析。结果表明: (1)不同时期各施氮处理的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率均高于CK。(2)施肥前期光合参数随着施肥量增加而增大; 施肥中期和末期随着施肥量增加而呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 说明适量施肥利于光合能力增强, 但过量施肥会减少云杉光合能力的增加幅度。(3)光响应曲线均呈抛物线形式, 通过光响应曲线计算出各个处理光响应参数发现增施氮肥能够明显提高其光饱和点并有效降低其光补偿点。(4)综合分析, 增施氮肥能不同程度地提高欧洲云杉的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率、光饱和点并且降低光补偿点, 三个无性系分别以10 g·株 ^-1 尿素、9 g·株^{- 1} 尿素和11 g·株^{- 1} 尿素处理的作用效果最好, 综合得出一个最佳施肥区间为[9-11] g·株 ^-1 尿素。     

肥水管理对稻田主要害虫种群及产量的影响

试验结果表明,在自然情况下,杂交中稻田害虫及天敌的种群密度,随着施氮量的增加而增加,其幅度因年度而异,中等发生年大于大发生年。在同一施氮量下,田水深浅对害虫的效应,因害虫种类而不同,白背飞虱和褐稻虱明显,稻纵卷叶螟和稻蓟马没有差异。杂交中稻在不防治害虫的情况下,因受害虫为害而造成的损失,与施氮量呈正相关。多施氮肥区比药剂保护区减产5成以上;一般施氮水平减产3成;少施氮肥的减产2成左右。     

氮肥影响节肢动物天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制作用

氮肥在增加粮食产量的同时也可能对整个农田生态系统产生负面影响。稻田过量施用氮肥后,会提高水稻对害虫的敏感性、改变害虫与天敌之间的关系,最终影响到天敌对害虫的自然控制功能,导致害虫大发生。为了合理、公正地评价施用氮肥对稻田节肢动物天敌对害虫自然控制能力的影响,探索性地应用笼罩的方法在菲律宾国际水稻研究所试验农场稻田中研究了害虫天敌在不同氮肥施用水平(0,100 kg N/hm~2和200 kg N/hm~2)稻田中对褐飞虱的捕食能力及自然控制作用。试验结果表明,旱季田间的捕食性天敌对褐飞虱若虫的捕食能力和主要天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制能力均随稻田氮肥施用量的增加而减弱。在雨季,虽然天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制能力也随稻田氮肥施用量的增加而减弱,但捕食性天敌对褐飞虱若虫捕食能力的差异不明显。本研究表明,天敌对褐飞虱自然控制能力的减弱是稻田过量施用氮肥后褐飞虱种群猖獗的主要原因之一。     

Water stress,leaf nutrients and defoliation: a model of dieback of rural eucalypts

Water stress, concentrations of foliar nutrients and damage of foliage by insects were studied over an eleven month period, for eight dieback eucalypts and eight closely matched healthy trees growing in close association on two grazing properties near Brisbane. Four healthy eucalypts in a neighbouring State Forest were also studied. The study region had suffered severe climatic stress between 1972 and 1976 when dieback was first observed by residents and when high populations of defoliating insects were observed. Dieback trees had a higher proportion of foliage damaged by insects and higher concentrations of foliar nutrients than did matched healthy trees. The study period was one of low climatic stress during which dieback and healthy trees followed similar seasonal patterns of predawn xylem pressure potential. Dieback trees developed lower daytime minimum xylem pressure potentials than did matched healthy trees, and differed in their stomatal responses. A model of initiation and development of rural eucalypt dieback is proposed. This may have general application to many non-specific rural diebacks in which heavy insect damage is implicated. The balance between rural eucalypts and their insect herbivores is precarious. Any factor capable of causing extensive defoliation, or an increase in foliar nitrogen, or an increase in populations of insect herbivores may upset this balance. A positive feedback loop may be activated, whereby the production of nitrogen rich epicormic foliage enhances a build up of insect populations. Repeated insect defoliation leads to tree dieback. Evidence in the literature supporting the model is reviewed and aspects requiring further research are outlined.     

Foliage phenols and nitrogen in relation to growth,insect damage,and ability to recover after defoliation,in the mountain birch Betula pubescens ssp tortuosa

We studied growth of the mountain birch, and the role of foliage phenols, nitrogen, and variance in the timing of bud burst, as potential defensive characters, in Finnish Lapland in 1975–1979. Annual and local variation both in phenol and nitrogen concentration of foliage were significant. Individual trees retained their position in the foliage and nitrogen distribution of the population in successive years, as well as in the order of leaf flush in spring. Growth of twigs, mature leaf size, and ability of trees to recover in the year following artificial defoliation correlated positively with the sum of degree days in the previous growing season. Foliage nitrogen correlated negatively with foliage phenols in within-site comparisons. Twig growth correlated negatively with foliage phenols, particularly in growing seasons following cool summers, but did not correlate with foliage nitrogen. Birches flushing early did not grow more than birches flushing late. Between-site differences in foliage phenol content were mainly determined by abiotic conditions, like temperature and nutrient availability. In a between-site comparison insect chewing marks in leaves correlated positively with foliage phenols as well as with nitrogen; intensity of invertebrate predation presumably explained variable herbivory between the sites. In a within-site comparison trees with the highest foliage phenol content had few herbivores only at the site with the highest average phenol level.     

沈阳城市绿化生态工程树种综合评价分级选择

开展城市绿化生态工程建设是保护城市生态环境、促进城市可持续发展的必由之路,对城市绿化树种生态适应性及生态功能性相结合的综合评价,是构建城市生态工程、合理应用选择城市绿化植物的科学依据,通过专家咨询评价的方法,从生态适应能力、绿化生态效益、美化效果、抗病虫害性、抗污染性、经济效益等方面全面系统地建立了沈阳市绿化树种生态功能与生态适应性评价应用的综合指标体系。并根据专家第一轮评价和沈阳市特定区域和范围,在对绿化树种的综合应用评价的基础上,选定耐寒性、耐旱性、耐瘠薄、抗病虫能力、抗污染能力、观赏性和生态效益7项评价指标为主要的评价指标因子。对沈阳常见的200种绿化树种进行了综合评判与分级,评价结果表明,综合效能为1级植物有58种;2级植物为93种;3级植物38种;4级植物11种。     

The effect of previous defoliation of pole-stage lodgepole pine on plant chemistry,and on the growth and survival of pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) larvae

Summary A study of the effects of defoliation by insects on the chemistry of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and on the performance of Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) larvae, was carried out in a forest in northwest Scotland I year after a severe outbreak of P. flammea had caused extensive defoliation. Larval weight and survival were not significantly different on trees that had experienced different levels of defoliation in 1986. The nitrogen and tannin content of current and previous years' pine needles was not significantly affected by defoliation (although both were slightly greater in the foliage of defoliated trees). Phosphorus content of young pine foliage was lower (but not significantly lower except on one occasion) on heavily defoliated trees. On all sampling occasions, however, the nitrogen: phosphorus ratio was significantly higher on heavily defoliated trees. There were large differences in monoterpene composition of the previous year's shoots associated with defoliation intensity, but these differences had largely disappeared in the new growth. The results are discussed in relation to other studies on the effects of insect damage on plant chemistry and insect performance and in relation to the abundance of P. flammea in Scotland.     

15N标记水稻控释氮肥对提高氮素利用效率的研究

本文应用^15N示踪技术研究了水稻对空控释氮肥和尿素氮吸收利用效率的影响以及氮的去向,结果表明：施肥后11天内,水稻控释氮肥和尿素的NH3挥发损失分别占施入氮量的0.69%和1.81%,NH3的挥发损失在施肥后第5天时达到最大值,此后逐渐降低。水稻控释氮肥和尿素氮的淋溶损失分别占施入氮量的0.95%和1.02%,水稻控释氮肥氮的淋溶损失在水稻整个生长期间均比较平缓,施肥后40天时略有上升,此后又缓慢降低。用氮素平衡帐中的亏缺量和缺量扣除氨的损失量后计为硝化-反硝化损失量的结果表明,水稻控制氮肥氮的硝化-反硝化损失量占施氮量的3.46%,而尿素氮在硝化-反硝化损失量却高达37.75%,肥料氮在土壤中的残留主要集中在0～35cm的土层中,达91.4%-91.5%,残留在35cm以下土层中的氮甚微,水稻控制氮肥残留在土壤中的氮量略高于尿素处理。水稻控释氮肥利用率高达73.8%,比尿素高出34.9%,水稻控释氮肥氮利用率高的原因是因氮从颗粒中缓慢释放、受淋溶、氨挥发、尤其受硝化-反硝化途径损失的氮较少。在施等氮量的条件下,施用水稻控制氮肥的稻谷产量比尿素的增产25.5%,达到p=0.05的显著水平。     

Response over two growing seasons of a Sitka spruce stand to 15N-urea fertilizer

Urea fertilizer labelled with ¹⁵N (2.5 atom %) was applied to a 20 year old Sitka spruce stand on a peaty gley at a rate equivalent to 160 kg N ha⁻¹. The application of urea resulted in increased biomass and N concentration of needles and enhanced development of the crown. Differences in N concentrations of the amended trees were also observed for new wood and bark. Analysis of ¹⁵N in tree biomass showed a continued influence of fertilizer N in the second growing season following urea application. The overall recovery of fertilizer N in the trees was estimated to be about 10%.     

Response of walnut aphid populations to increasing foliar nitrogen content

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Altitudinal patterns in host suitability for forest insects

Conspecific trees growing at high and low-elevations encounter different growing conditions and may vary in their suitability as hosts for herbivorous insects. Mountain tree populations may be more resistant to herbivory if low temperatures constrain growth more than they constrain photosynthesis, resulting in increased secondary metabolism (temperature hypothesis). Alternatively, mountain trees may be fertilized by atmospheric nitrogen deposition and become more palatable to insects (atmospheric deposition hypothesis). We evaluated these two hypotheses by comparing high- and low-elevation trees with insect bioassays and analyses of foliar nitrogen and condensed tannin. Contrary to the temperature hypothesis, high-elevation foliage had higher leaf nitrogen (six of six tree species) and allowed higher growth rates of Lymantria dispar larvae (five of six tree species). The nitrogen deposition hypothesis was broadly supported by measurements from two mountains showing that high-elevation trees tended to have higher leaf nitrogen, lower leaf tannins, and support higher insect growth performance than conspecific trees from lower elevations. The deposition hypothesis was further supported by fertilization studies showing that simulated atmospheric nitrogen deposition changed the foliar chemistry of valley trees to resemble that of high-elevation trees. Predictions that the altitudinal gradient in foliar chemistry and host suitability should be steepest on mountains receiving more deposition were largely not supported, but interpretations are complicated by lack of replication among mountains. In the northeastern United States, increased host suitability of high-elevation trees seems sufficient to influence the population dynamics and community composition of herbivores. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition offers a promising hypothesis to explain and predict some important spatial patterns in herbivory. Received: 21 September 1997 / Accepted: 12 June 1998