不同降雨条件下坡长对喀斯特坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

基于2012—2014年对贵州省石桥小流域布设的5个坡长(5、10、15、20、25 m)径流小区的59次侵蚀性降雨条件下的产流产沙数据,分析不同降雨条件下喀斯特裸坡产流产沙与坡长的关系。结果表明: 研究区坡面产流量随坡长的增加总体呈先减少后增加再减少的趋势,产沙量随坡长的增加先上升后下降。研究区59次侵蚀性降雨按降雨量、降雨历时和平均雨强可分为3种雨型,分别为A雨型(短历时、大雨强、小雨量)、B雨型(中历时、小雨强、中雨量)、C雨型(长历时、中雨强、大雨量)。不同雨型下坡面产流产沙量与坡长的关系存在一定差异,A和B雨型下存在20 m左右的临界产沙坡长,C雨型下产沙量随坡长的增加逐渐加大。不同雨型下,坡长与产流产沙量均存在较好的三次函数关系。不同坡长间产流产沙量的变幅不同,除15~20 m坡长外,C雨型产流产沙量变幅相对较大,尤其产沙量的变幅显著高于其他雨型。不同雨型的坡面产流总量依次为A雨型＞B雨型＞C雨型;B雨型坡面产沙量最小,20 m坡长处A雨型产沙量最大,其他坡长处C雨型产沙量最大。A雨型(研究区常见雨型)下降雨复合因子较降雨单因子与产流产沙量的相关性更好,降雨量(P)、降雨历时与最大30 min雨强的乘积(TI₃₀)、降雨历时与平均雨强的乘积(TI)、降雨量与降雨历时的乘积(PT)与产流产沙呈极显著相关,其中,P和TI与产流量的相关性最强,二者与产流量在不同坡长间的关系可用线性方程和S型曲线表示,各坡长产沙量与其对应的降雨因子均存在较好的3次函数关系。     

模拟降雨条件下生物结皮坡面产流产沙对雨强的响应

生物结皮是黄土丘陵区退耕地广泛存在的地被物.本研究通过人工模拟降雨试验分析了雨强对生物结皮坡面产流产沙的影响.结果表明: 生物结皮坡面产流产沙随降雨历时的延长先增加、10~18 min趋于平稳.相对于裸土坡面,生物结皮显著延长了坡面初始产流时间,抑制了坡面产流产沙,可降低21%~78%的坡面径流量和77%~95%的产沙量.雨强主要通过影响生物结皮坡面径流而影响其产沙.随着雨强的增加,生物结皮坡面产流产沙与雨强的相关性出现了由不显著相关向显著相关的转折,雨强＞1.5 mm·min^-1时,生物结皮坡面的减流减沙作用随着雨强的增加而降低.本研究结果为降雨条件下生物结皮坡面产流产沙过程的模型模拟奠定了基础.     

模拟降雨条件下含砾石红壤工程堆积体产流产沙过程

生产建设项目开发过程中形成的工程堆积体具有特殊的结构和复杂的物质组成,坡面侵蚀特征明显有别于一般农地.采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,研究降雨强度对红壤区不同砾石含量(0%、10%、20%、30%)工程堆积体产流产沙过程的影响.结果表明: 坡面产流开始时间随降雨强度和砾石含量的增大而减小,减幅分别为48.5%～77.9%和4.2%～34.2%,且与降雨强度呈显著的幂函数关系.坡面径流流速和径流率均随产流历时呈先上升随后趋于稳定的变化趋势,降雨强度是其主要影响因素,砾石含量对其影响不显著.砾石对径流量的影响存在一个10%左右的阈值,1.0 mm·min^-1雨强、10%砾石含量时坡面产流量最小;雨强＞1.0 mm·min^-1时,10%砾石含量坡面产流量最大.随雨强增大径流量增加10%～60%.坡面含沙量在产流前6 min急剧下降后趋于稳定,随砾石含量增大,降雨强度对含沙量的影响减小.雨强＞1.0 mm·min^-1时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应,产沙量与降雨强度和砾石含量呈显著的线性函数关系.     

反坡水平阶对坡耕地径流和泥沙的调控作用

基于天然降雨径流小区,动态监测了澄江抚仙湖一级支流尖山河小流域坡耕地降雨-径流过程及水土流失量,研究了反坡水平阶对云南红壤坡耕地水土流失的调控作用.结果表明：反坡水平阶对研究区地表径流调控率在49.5%～87.7%,产沙调控率在56.7%～96.1%,平均可削减地表径流65.3%、减少泥沙流失80.7%,产流产沙调控作用显著,且产沙调控作用更明显;原状坡面和反坡水平阶处理中各参数的变异系数均依次为：泥沙流失量>径流量>产径流降雨量.与原状坡面相比,反坡水平阶处理下径流量、泥沙量的相对偏离程度较小,说明反坡水平阶对研究区坡耕地水土流失调控作用显著.     

黄土区森林植被对坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的影响

根据山西省吉县蔡家川流域198～2003年9个径流小区的降雨产流产沙的定位观测资料,分析了植被对流域坡面尺度降雨产流产沙的影响.结果表明,坡面自然更新的次生林比人工刺槐林具有更好的涵养水源和保持水土功能,场降雨产流量和产沙量分别减少约65%～82%和23%～92%;多元回归分析表明,场降雨产流量和产沙量与降雨量和雨强均呈良好的相关关系,但随着林分郁闭度增大,相关关系减小.不同地类的降雨产流产沙差异显著,虎榛子灌木林和天然次生林最少,而人工刺槐、油松林约是虎榛子灌木林的倍,果农复合经营模式的产流产沙量分别是虎榛子灌木林的17.14倍和3.96倍;果农复合经营模式在高质量、大工程整地后产流产沙明显减少.对坡面产流产沙的影响因子灰色关联分析,林分郁闭度和草本、枯落物生物量对坡面产流产沙影响显著,关联度值均大于0.6.     

模拟降雨条件下砾石含量对塿土工程堆积体坡面产流产沙的影响

为探究砾石含量对塿土堆积体坡面产流产沙的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以土质坡面为对照,研究5种砾石含量(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)堆积体坡面在不同降雨强度(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm·min^-1)下的产流产沙特征。结果表明:不同试验条件下的平均径流率在2.18～13.07 L·min^-1,不同雨强条件下平均径流率均在砾石含量10%(或20%)和50%时分别达到最大值与最小值;平均流速在0.06～0.22 m·s^-1,流速变化复杂,砾石含量越小,流速变幅越大,变异系数也越大,砾石含量10%时平均流速最大。砾石的存在可有效抑制产沙,最大减沙效益可达84.2%,雨强相较于砾石含量对平均产沙率的影响更大。偏相关分析表明,平均径流率、流速、产沙率均与砾石含量呈极显著负相关;平均产沙率与平均径流率、平均流速以及二者交互项均呈极显著线性函数关系,其中,与平均径流率的相关性最强。本研究可为塿土区工程堆积体水土流失治理和侵蚀模型的建立提供参考。     

幼龄桔园套种对土壤流失的影响及其模拟研究

在幼龄桔园套种紫云英 (Ⅰ )、套种 (混播 )黑麦草和紫云英 (Ⅱ )、不套种 (Ⅲ )及套种黑麦草 (Ⅳ ) ,分析和模拟了下垫面性状和降雨与土壤流失量的关系及规律 .套种牧草使土壤流失量大大下降 ,平均侵蚀量仅为自然裸露区的 1 4.7% ;各小区 (折算成hm2 )单位降雨的土壤侵蚀量随降雨过程次序的增加而呈指数规律下降 ,土壤流失量随覆盖度指数而下降 .     

模拟降雨下喀斯特坡耕地土壤养分输出机制

喀斯特区坡耕地水土及养分流失不仅是该区土地质量退化、土地生产力衰退主要原因,同时也是该区地下水质污染的重要因素。为揭示喀斯特坡耕地地表和地下二元空间结构下的土壤养分流失机制,以喀斯特坡耕地为研究对象,通过模拟其地表微地貌及地下孔(裂)隙构造特征,采用人工模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强下喀斯特坡耕地地表及地下水土及其氮、磷、钾流失特征。结果表明:(1)小雨强(50mm/h)和中雨强下(70mm/h),喀斯特坡耕地坡面产流主要以地下产流为主;大雨强下(90mm/h),地表径流高于地下径流;产沙方式则表现为由小雨的地表和地下产沙并重到中大雨强的地表产沙为主的一个转变过程。(2)在降雨侵蚀过程中,径流各养分输出浓度均表现出一定的初期冲刷效应,受土壤吸附作用影响,雨强对全钾(TK)和全氮(TN)的影响较全磷(TP)明显。(3)地表径流、地表泥沙和总泥沙各养分输出负荷均随雨强增大而增加,坡面径流泥沙总的TK输出负荷以泥沙为主,而TN和TP输出负荷则以径流为主;TP和TN在径流的输出负荷上以地下径流输出为主(其中TP地表负荷比在11.6%—46.2%,TN在7.0%—48.5%之间),而TK则以二者并重(地表负荷比在43.5%—57.0%之间);各养分在泥沙的输出负荷上则均以地表泥沙流失为主,其负荷比均在54.5%以上。研究结果可为喀斯特区坡耕地水土流失及养分流失的源头控制提供基本参数和科学依据。     

黄土区草地不同组分与土壤侵蚀关系及其对降雨情景的响应

随着气候变化黄土高原植被与坡面侵蚀关系面临更多复杂和极端降雨情景的挑战。以黄土丘陵区草地坡面为对象,选择3场当地典型降雨事件,研究植物冠层、枯落物和根系与土壤侵蚀的关系及其对不同降雨情景的响应规律。事件-Ⅰ为短历时、高强度和大雨量,事件-Ⅱ为中等历时、强度和雨量,事件-Ⅲ为长历时、低强度和小雨量,3场事件分别代表2015—2017年侵蚀性降雨事件聚类分析后的3种情景。从多年次降雨事件尺度来看,冠层主要作用于降低泥沙浓度,减少了48.20%的径流含沙量,占总贡献率的53.03%,并贡献了约1/3的减流和减沙效应;枯落物的减流效应最高,减少了28.43%的径流量,占总贡献率的50.75%,其减沙的相对贡献率仅为26.41%;根系的减沙效应最高,减少了36.33%的土壤流失量,占总贡献的37.95%,远高于其减流相对贡献率(15.58%)。说明草地植物对土壤侵蚀的作用机制受到冠层、枯落物和根系的影响,各组分越完整,减流减沙能力越高。单次事件分析表明,由事件-Ⅰ、事件-Ⅱ到事件-Ⅲ,冠层的减流率和减沙率均为负值(-77.97%至-0.91%),相对贡献呈逐渐减小趋势;而枯落物和根系的减流率和减...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区林地水文生态效应

根据安塞水土保持试验站1993～2002年林地径流小区的降雨产流产沙的定位观测资料及2002年土壤含水量资料,分析了不同树种对坡面尺度降雨产流产沙及土壤水分的影响.结果表明:场降雨径流小区的产流量、产沙量与降雨量具有较好的相关性;多元回归分析表明,场降雨产流量和产沙量与降雨量和最大30 min 雨强的乘积呈正相关,与植被覆盖度呈负相关,场降雨产沙量回归方程复相关系数为0.253,各处理场降雨产流量回归方程复相关系数的变化范围为0.465～0.723,均达到了极显著的水平(P＜0.01).同时,各树种均具有良好的减流减沙功能,与农地相比,年均产流量和产沙量分别减少4.8%～52.9%和26.8%～86.0%;沙棘纯林及其混交林的减流减沙效益优于油松纯林.同时,沙棘纯林及其各混交林在造林初期就表现出良好的减流减沙效益,随着树龄的增长,其作用更加明显;而油松纯林在造林初期作用不明显,甚至出现产流量和产沙量大于农地的现象,但随着树龄的增长,减流减沙作用逐渐呈现并增大.沙棘纯林及其混交林30 cm 以下土壤含水量在整个生长季中均呈递减趋势,生长季初(4月份)土壤含水量最高,而生长季末(10月份)降到最低值.2002年沙棘纯林的耗水深度为220 cm,而其混交林的耗水深度达到300 cm.同时,在整个生长季节中,沙棘纯林及其混交林整个剖面平均土壤含水量存在着显著的差异,表现为:沙棘×杨树＜沙棘＜沙棘×油松.     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

MPD and DNA Bending in Crystals and in Solution

Bending of 15 to 24° is observed within crystal structures ofB-DNA duplexes, is strongly sequence-dependent, and exhibits no correlation with the concentration of MPD (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol) in the crystallizing solution. Two types of bends are observed: facultative bends or flexible hinges at junctions between regions of G·C and A·T base-pairs, and a persistent and almost obligatory bend at the center of the sequence R-G-C-Y. Only A-tracts are characteristically straight and unbent in every crystal structure examined to date. A detailed examination of normal vector plots for individual strands of a double helix provides an explanation, in terms of the stacking properties of guanine and adenine bases. The effect of high MPD concentrations, in both solution and crystal, is to decrease local bending somewhat without removing it altogether. MPD gel retardation experiments provide no basis for choosing among the three models that seek to explain macroscopic curvature of DNA by means of microscopic bending: junction bending, bent A-tracts, or bent general- sequence DNA. Crystallographic data on the straightness of A-tracts, the bendability of non-A sequences, and the identity of inclination angles in A-tract and non-A-tractB-DNA support only the general-sequence bending model. The pre-melting transition observed in A-tract DNA probably represents a relaxation of stiff adenine stacks to a flexible conformation more typical of general-sequence DNA.     

Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat and by-products in Argentina

The deoxynivalenol and nivalenol contamination in wheat and by-products obtained through milling was analized by Trucksess method slightly modified in the proportion of acetonitrile—water (3:1). Only one sample of wheat showed deoxynivalenol contamination, 1,200μg/kg. No samples obtained in different stages of the milling were contaminated with deoxynivalenol or nivalenol. In the commercial wheat flours the levels found ranged between 400 and 800μg/kg, as follows: 400μ/kg, 5 samples; 800jug/kg, 1 sample.     

Obestatin and ghrelin in obese and in pregnant women

We identified, through qPCR, receptor mRNA for a number of gut peptides in female human omental fat: the incretins, GIP and GLP-1, the orexigenic peptides PYY-Y1 and -Y2 and ghrelin, and the anorexigenic peptide obestatin. Four cohorts of women were examined: lean controls (BMI<23), obese (BMI>41), obese diabetic and term pregnant women. Human fat expressed receptor mRNAs for all six peptides. Pregnant women expressed roughly three times as much orphan GPR-39 receptor, a proposed obestatin receptor, than other women and less than half as much of the ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a). An immunoblot probed with a GPR-39 selective antibody yielded a single band corresponding to the correct molecular weight (52 kDa) for the proposed obestatin receptor. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry of human fat employing the same antibody indicated the receptor protein was localized to the adipocyte cell membrane. The concentration of obestatin circulating in blood was measured in the same cohort of women and was significantly lower in obese and obese diabetic women compared to control.