Orexin-A在肥胖大鼠摄食和自由活动中的调控

目的:探讨Orexin-A对肥胖大鼠摄食和自由活动的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠下丘脑外侧区(LH)置管,预先测量体重(BW),脂体重(FM)和瘦体重(LM),据此对大鼠分组并分别提供高脂(HF)和低脂(LF)饮食饲喂,通过置管向大鼠LH注射人工合成脑脊液(a CSF)或orexin-A(OXA)。在饲喂前后监测OXA对大鼠自发动态运动(SPA)以及摄食量,体重(BW),脂体重(FM)和瘦体重(LM)的影响,以及每日LH注射OXA是否能够抵抗高脂饮食引起的摄食诱导肥胖(DIO)。结果:高脂饮食饲喂之后,高摄食诱导肥胖(DIO)大鼠和低DIO大鼠间体重增加量(ΔBW)、摄食量和高脂饮食饲喂后的体重无差异(P0.05),但与低脂饮食组大鼠相比,上述各指标均显著增加(P0.05)。低DIO大鼠的24 h SPA和活跃期SPA显著高于高DIO大鼠(P0.05)。LH注射OXA可使严重DIO降低而轻微DIO增加,DIO程度对LH注射OXA后的SPA的影响呈非线性的。每日双侧LH注射OXA可抑制早期DIO但并不改变大鼠摄食量。LH注射OXA使大鼠SPA增加,影响能量消耗,有助于DIO抵抗。结论:Orexin-A可通过增加大鼠活动量,调控肥胖大鼠的摄食和DIO抵抗作用。     

第四脑室注射Orexin-A对大鼠饮食摄取条件性位置偏爱的影响

目的:探讨第四脑室注射orexin-A(OXA)对大鼠饮食摄取条件性位置偏爱的影响。方法:将30只大鼠随机分成3组,即对照组,低剂量组和高剂量组,第四脑室分别注射生理盐水(NS)、orexin-A或orexin-A受体拮抗剂SB334867,观察大鼠按压杠杆获取蔗糖的次数和最高频率的变化。再选择30只大鼠,第四脑室注射orexin-A和SB334867,观察大鼠对高脂饮食(HF)食物的摄入量。另选取30只大鼠第四脑室注射orexin-A或SB334867,将大鼠置于条件位置偏爱箱来检测大鼠对HF条件性位置偏爱的变化。结果:与对照组相比,24小时禁食大鼠,第四脑室注射orexin-A,可显著增加大鼠按压杠杆获取蔗糖的次数和最高频率(P0.05)。而SB334867可显著降低大鼠按压杠杆获取蔗糖次数以及最大频率(P0.05)。第四脑室注射orexin-A,可使大鼠HF摄入量显著增加(P0.05),第四脑室注射SB334867,不影响大鼠HF摄入量,但会抑制普通饮食的摄入(P0.05)。第四脑室注射orexin-A能增强对HF饮食位置偏爱性的表达,注射SB334867后会显著抑制大鼠对HF饮食位置偏爱性的表达(P0.05)。结论:第四脑室注射Orexin-A可影响大鼠摄食行为,增加高脂饮食的摄入量,增强对HF饮食位置偏爱性的表达。     

蓝斑核Orexin-A对肥胖抵抗大鼠自发活动的影响及机制研究

目的:探讨蓝斑核(LC)orexin-A对肥胖抵抗(OR)大鼠自发活动的影响及机制并进一步探究LC的orexin调控是否与肥胖抵抗相关。方法:雄性SD大鼠和选择性培育的OR大鼠,一侧蓝斑核置管,缓慢均匀注射0.5μL药物(orexin-A或人工合成脑脊液),用大鼠自发活动检测装置SPA箱红外线活动传感器测定测大鼠自发活动(SPA),间接测热法测定其能量消耗,定量磁共振身体组成分析器检测大鼠脂体重和瘦体重。大鼠肥胖程度用体脂百分比表示。结果:与SD大鼠相比,OR大鼠的总体重,脂体重和去脂体重显著降低(P0.05)。OR大鼠肥胖程度明显小于SD大鼠(P0.05)。OR大鼠在3月龄是主要表现为水平活动,6月龄时垂直活动增加,故OR大鼠随年龄增长活动量显著增多(P0.05)。OR大鼠注射orexin A增加SPA的作用比SD大鼠更强,其主要原因是OR大鼠水平活动时间明显高于垂直活动时间。与SD大鼠相比,OR大鼠SPA水平高、体重轻,日间能量消耗和SD大鼠无明显差异,夜间活动消耗更多能量。在OR大鼠的LC注射orexin-A后,两组高剂量orexin-A可显著增加SPA(P0.05),并呈现剂量依赖性。对于SD大鼠,只有最高剂量的OXA才能引起SPA显著高于对照组(P0.05)。最高剂量的两组orexin-A注射后,OR大鼠SPA改变比SD大鼠更显著(250 pmol:P0.05;500 pmol:P0.05)。结论:蓝斑核(LC)orexin-A对肥胖大鼠自发活动有重要影响,其orexin调控与肥胖抵抗相关。     

大鼠室旁核注射orexin-A对体重的影响

目的:探讨大鼠室旁核(PVN)注射orexin-A对体重的影响。方法:大鼠室旁核(PVN)微量注射orexin-A,用大脑置管埋管、组织化学染色等方法探讨PVN注射orexin-A对其体重的影响。结果:与安慰剂组大鼠相比,PVN注射orexin-A组大鼠体重明显减轻(P0.05),而orexin-A组和安慰剂组摄食量无明显差异(P0.05)。注射结束后6天,orexin-A处理大鼠的体重仍显著低于注射前(P0.05),而安慰剂组大鼠则比注射前显著增重(P0.05)。药物注射可显著降低机体脂肪,但并不特异存在于注射orexin-A或安慰剂的大鼠身上。Orexin-A组和安慰剂组大鼠的肌肉量和脂肪量均显著降低(P0.05),但注射orexin-A的大鼠降低更明显。与安慰剂组相比,orexin-A处理后的摄食转化率显著降低(P0.05)。结论:大鼠室旁核(PVN)注射orexin-A可通过增加活动量产生负能量平衡,引起体重减轻。     

Orexin-A对大鼠胃功能的影响

目的:探讨Orexin-A对大鼠胃功能的影响。方法:通过大鼠迷走神经复合体微量注射Orexin-A后,观察大鼠胃运动、胃液和胃酸分泌的变化。结果:DVC微量注射Orexin-A后,大鼠胃收缩幅度以及收缩频率明显升高,且呈明显剂量依赖关系(P0.05),SB334867可显著阻断Orexin-A对促胃运动效应(P0.05)。DVC微量注射orexin-A后,大鼠胃液及胃酸分泌且呈剂量依赖性增加(P0.05)。结论:迷走神经复合体微量注射Orexin-A能影响胃的运动以及胃内体液的分泌。     

第四脑室注射orexin-A及OX1R拮抗剂对大鼠摄食及自由活动的影响

本文旨在探讨第四脑室注射orexin-A及orexin 1型受体(orexin-1 receptor,OX1R)拮抗剂SB334867对肥胖和正常大鼠摄食和自由活动的影响。采用高脂饲料诱导建立肥胖大鼠模型,分别在肥胖和正常大鼠第四脑室注射不同剂量orexin-A或SB334867,观察光照和黑暗环境下两种大鼠0~4 h摄食量及活动量的变化。结果显示,第四脑室注射不同剂量orexin-A,光照条件下,正常和肥胖大鼠0~4 h摄食量和活动量均较生理盐水对照组明显增加,呈剂量依赖关系(P0.05~0.01);且肥胖大鼠摄食量和活动量显著高于正常大鼠;黑暗条件下,不同剂量的orexin-A对正常和肥胖大鼠摄食量和活动量均没有明显改变(P0.05)。第四脑室注射不同剂量SB334867,光照条件下,正常和肥胖大鼠0~2 h,2~4 h摄食量和活动量均较生理盐水对照组明显减少(P0.05);且肥胖大鼠摄食量和活动量均显著高于正常大鼠;黑暗条件下,正常和肥胖大鼠摄食量和活动量均没有明显改变(P0.05)。以上结果提示,第四脑室周核团可能是orexin-A及OX1R作用靶点之一;光照条件对orexin-A和OX1R生理功能的发挥可能具有重要影响。     

内源性Orexin-A调控大鼠胃运动的中枢及外周机制

目的:探讨内源性Orexin-A(OXA)对大鼠胃运动的中枢和外周作用机制。方法:选取成年Wistar大鼠为研究对象,通过禁食诱导大鼠合成内源性OXA。血浆OXA浓度采用放射免疫法测定。实验前大鼠注射OXA受体拮抗剂SB334867,观察内源性OXA的作用。迷走神经切断术用来观察迷走神经的介导作用。胃排空采用分光光度法测量,消化间期胃运动通过在胃窦部植入一应力传感器测量。Orexin前体(PPO)在胃和下丘脑组织的表达,采用蛋白印迹确定。结果:禁食18 h后,血浆OXA水平和PPO蛋白表达显著增加(P0.05),在禁食36 h组达到最高水平(P0.01)。内源性OXA促进胃排空(P0.05),抑制消化间期胃蠕动(P0.05)。外周注射SB334867均能阻断上述胃动力效应(P0.05),但对PPO表达没有影响。迷走神经切断术不能阻断内源性OXA的介导作用(P0.05)。结论:禁食能诱导内源性OXA的合成,内源性OXA能加速胃排空,同时它又抑制消化间期胃蠕动。     

侧脑室注射orexin-A对大鼠昼夜摄食的影响

目的:探讨侧脑室注射orexin-A对大鼠昼夜摄食的影响。方法:将Wistar大鼠随机分组,采用单剂量侧脑室注射和连续侧脑室注射以及外周注射法,分别于日间和夜间给药,测量大鼠24小时内各阶段的摄食量以及相应生化指标。结果:在光照期间,侧脑室微量注射orexin-A,大鼠4小时内摄食量显著增加(P0.05),且呈剂量依赖关系(P0.05)。在夜间初期(18:00)侧脑室注射orexin-A,大鼠食物摄入量无显著差异(P0.05)。但在中午12:00给予侧脑室注射orexin-A,注射后4小时内大鼠摄食量显著高于NS对照组(P0.05)。连续8日给予orexin-A侧脑室注射,可使注射后日间摄食量显著增加(P0.05),而夜间摄食量显著减少(P0.05),但24小时内总的摄食量不变(P0.05)。orexin-A并未改变棕色脂肪组织温度、末梢血糖、血浆瘦素等指标的水平。结论:orexin-A对大鼠摄食的调节具有昼夜节律性。     

急性低血糖应激对大鼠下丘脑orexin-A表达的影响

目的研究胰岛素诱导的急性低血糖应激对大鼠下丘脑增食欲素-A(orexin-A)的表达影响。方法通过皮下注射胰岛素建立急性低血糖大鼠模型。采用免疫组织化学染色方法观察大鼠下丘脑orexin-A和Fos双标情况,并采用ELISA方法对脑脊液中的orexin-A含量进行检测。结果禁食组、低血糖进食组和低血糖禁食组阳性神经元计数明显高于对照组(P0.05),但三组之间计数比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Orexin-A/Fos双标细胞率(双标细胞占orexin-A阳性细胞的百分率)在低血糖禁食组最高,与禁食组和低血糖进食组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示,低血糖禁食组脑脊液中的orexin-A含量显著高于其它三组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性血糖的降低可以增强大鼠下丘脑中orexin-A的表达,而摄食行为可以抑制此调控效应。     

Orexin在隔核对大鼠胃传入信息的调控

目的:研究orexin在隔核对大鼠胃传入信息的调控作用。方法:选取健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠138只(体质量250-300 g),记录神经元放电活动,鉴定隔核胃牵张(GD)敏感性神经元;隔核微量注射orexin-A或orexin-A受体拮抗剂SB334867,观察隔核GD敏感性神经元放电活动变化;隔核微量注射不同浓度的orexin-A,观察大鼠胃运动的变化。结果:隔核微量注射orexin-A的大鼠胃运动幅度和频率显著增加,并呈剂量依赖关系(P0.05-0.01),微量注射SB-334867可完全阻断orexin-A对胃运动的影响。隔核微量注射orexin-A后,有36个GD-E神经元兴奋(P0.01),16个GD-I神经元抑制。Orexin-A受体拮抗剂SB334867可完全阻断orexin-A对GD敏感神经元的作用。结论:隔核注射orexin能促进大鼠胃运动,并影响胃牵张敏感神经元的放电活动。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.