Distribution of imidacloprid residues in different parts of rice plants and its effect on larvae and adult females of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The distribution of imidacloprid residue in different parts of rice, Oryza sativa L. (Graminales: Poaceae), plants was investigated for three rice varieties. Changes in larval hormones in Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) that fed on imidacloprid-treated plant sources and the fecundity of resultant adult females (moths) also were determined. No significant differences in imidacloprid residue were detected in rice stem, leaves, and the unexpanded new leaf 7 d after treatment except in the rice variety Fengyouxiangzhan, in which residue content in leaves and the unexpanded new leaf was significantly lower than that in the stem. The percentage of reduction of imidacloprid residue after treatment varied with rice variety and plant parts. The greatest reduction in the three plant parts was shown in Wujing 15 compared with the other two varieties. The decomposition rate of imidacloprid residue in Wujing 15 was greater in leaves and unexpanded new leaf than in the stem, whereas in Wuyunjing 7 it was lower in leaves than in the unexpanded new leaf and stem. In Fengyouxiangzhan, the decomposition rate of imidacloprid in the stem increased 14 d after treatment. Juvenile hormone III and molting hormone titers in fourth instar larvae that had fed on rice plants treated with imidacloprid since the neonate stage were significantly higher than those in larvae fed on untreated plants (control). Juvenile hormone titer in larvae that had fed on Zizamia lalifolia Turcz galls treated with imidacloprid and the fecundity of the female moths that developed from such larvae were also significantly higher than that on the control counterparts. These results are discussed in relation to the impact of imidacloprid on nontarget insects and pest management.     

Changes in levels of juvenile hormone and molting hormone in larvae and adult females of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) after imidacloprid applications to rice

Insect hormones regulate growth and development and fecundity of insects. The current study investigated changes in juvenile hormone (JH) and molting hormone (MH) levels in fourth instars and adult females of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) after imidacloprid application to rice, Oryza sativa L. The results showed that JH level in fourth instars that developed feeding on Fengyouxiangzhan rice plants sprayed with 15, 30, and 60 ppm imidacloprid was significantly higher than that of larvae that developed on control plants, increasing by 5.04, 6.39, and 4.89 times, respectively. The relationships between JH level and imidacloprid concentrations showed a significant negative correlation. In contrast, molting hormone (MH) level in larvae fed on control plants was significantly higher than that on treated plants. JH:MH values in fourth instars developed from larvae feeding on rice plants treated with 15, 30, 60, 80, and 100 ppm imidacloprid increased by 49.17, 39.43, 13.48, 15.80, and 0.2 times, respectively, compared with control. JH and JH:MH ratio in larvae fed on Wujing 15 plants treated with imidacloprid were significantly lower than those fed on Fengyouxiangzhan under the same treatments. JH level in adult females that developed from larvae feeding on rice plants sprayed with imidacloprid significantly decreased with increase in imidacloprid concentration, but it increased compared with control. JH level in adult females was associated with times of imidacloprid application. JH level in adult females developed from larvae feeding on rice plants after double spray with 30 ppm imidacloprid was significantly higher than control, increasing by 61.6 and 116.5%, respectively, compared with a single spray and the control. Moreover, hormone levels in the larvae were related to the application method of imidacloprid. JH level in fourth instars after root application and topical application of imidacloprid was significantly lower than in control. Thus, the dynamics of JH and MH in insects after insecticide applications are an extremely interesting problem, because hormones are related to insect growth and development.     

Cultivar and insecticide applications affect the physiological development of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (Hemiptera:Delphacidae) is a serious migratory pest of rice in Asia. Pest resurgence often occurs because of insecticide overuse. Using both susceptible (TN1) and moderately resistant (Xieyou 963) cultivars, we studied the effect of foliar insecticides on the percentage of brachypterous adults, female reproductive rate, and crude fat and soluble sugar contents in third- and fifth-instar nymphs and adults. The percentage of brachypterous adults and reproductive rate of adult females developed from nymphs that fed on insecticide-treated plants varied significantly with rice cultivar, type of insecticide, and its concentration. Feeding on susceptible plants increased the percentage of brachypterous adults and reproductive rate of adult females. Also, deltamethrin increased brachypterous production relative to imidacloprid and triazophos. The highest reproductive rate was on plants treated with triazophos. All insecticide treatments in both cultivars resulted in increase of soluble sugar contents in third- and fifth-instar nymphs and adults developed from nymphs feeding on insecticide-treated rice plants. This effect was stronger on the susceptible cultivar. Changes of crude fat content after N. lugens feeding on insecticide-treated plants were related to its feeding duration. Crude fat content in adult developed from nymphs feeding on treated plants was significantly higher that on control plants. These studies showed that plant and insecticide influences on physiological ecology of this planthopper will influence its population dynamics under commercial production of rice in Asia.     

扑虱灵和吡虫啉对稻虱缨小蜂寄生率的影响

用农药扑虱灵和吡虫啉处理2个不同水稻品种(秀水63、镇稻2号),观察其对稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Panget Wang寄生率的影响。结果表明,当寄生蜂的密度为50头/10盆苗时,经农药处理后的稻株上稻虱缨小蜂的寄生率无显著变化;药剂处理后的秀水63(1d、3d)上稻虱缨小蜂的寄生率高于相应药剂处理的镇稻2号上的。当寄生蜂的密度为100头/10盆苗时,经扑虱灵2种浓度(25.0g/667m2、12.5g/667m2)处理3d的秀水63、扑虱灵高浓度(25.0g/667m2)处理1d的镇稻2号上稻虱缨小蜂寄生率较对照有显著下降;经吡虫啉高浓度(15.0g/667m2)处理3d的秀水63上寄生率较对照明显下降;低浓度药剂处理(1d、3d)稻株上的稻虱缨小蜂寄生率高于相应高浓度药剂的处理。这表明药剂处理会导致稻虱缨小蜂的寄生率下降,稻虱缨小蜂寄生率的变化受稻虱缨小蜂的密度、药剂种类和浓度以及水稻品种影响。     

Lethal and sublethal effects of bendiocarb, halofenozide, and imidacloprid on Harpalus pennsylvanicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) following different modes of exposure in turfgrass

Routes by which nontarget predatory insects can be exposed to turfgrass pesticides include topical, residual, and dietary exposure. We used each of these routes to evaluate potential lethal or sublethal effects of two novel turfgrass insecticides, imidacloprid and halofenozide, and a carbamate, bendiocarb, on survival, behavior, and fecundity of the ground beetle Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer. Field-collected carabids were exposed to direct spray applications in turf plots, fed food contaminated by such applications, or exposed to irrigated or nonirrigated residues on turf cores. Halofenozide caused no apparent acute, adverse effects through topical, residual, or dietary exposure. Moreover, the viability of eggs laid by females fed halofenozide-treated food once, or continuously for 30 d, was not reduced. In contrast, topical or dietary exposure of carabids to bendiocarb inevitably was lethal. Exposure to imidacloprid by those routes caused high incidence of sublethal, neurotoxic effects including paralysis, impaired walking, and excessive grooming. Intoxicated beetles usually recovered within a few days in the laboratory, but in the field, they were shown to be highly vulnerable to predation by ants. One-time intoxication by imidacloprid did not reduce females' fecundity or viability of eggs. There was no apparent behavioral avoidance of insecticide residues, or of insecticide-treated food. Carabids exposed to dry residues on turfgrass cores suffered high mortality from bendiocarb, and some intoxication from imidacloprid, but these effects were greatly reduced by posttreatment irrigation. Implications for predicting hazards of insecticides to beneficial invertebrates in turfgrass are discussed.     

Conserving vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in citrus: a continuing challenge as new insecticides gain registration

The effects of insecticides used for California citrus pest management were evaluated using larval and adult stages of vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant). This predatory beetle is essential for control of cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Williston) (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in San Joaquin Valley citrus. When adult beetles were exposed to treated citrus leaves, adult survival was significantly reduced by the foliar neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the pyrethroid cyfluthrin. Progeny production was significantly reduced by imidacloprid, cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin, and buprofezin. Buprofezin, pyriproxifen, and foliar imidacloprid also significantly reduced successful development of larvae into the adult stage. When vedalia stages were fed insecticide-treated cottony cushion scale reared on Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait, toxic effects were more severe than contact toxicity alone. Adult beetle survival was most profoundly reduced by the pyrethroids and to a lesser extent the foliar neonicotinoids acetamiprid and imidacloprid. Progeny production and larval development to adulthood were reduced by all insecticides but were most severely affected by pyriproxifen and the pyrethroids. Systemically applied neonicotinoids were toxic to vedalia larvae feeding on cottony cushion scale that had ingested these insecticides. These data demonstrate that IGRs, neonicotinoid insecticides, and pyrethroid insecticides have a significant, negative impact on vedalia beetles. Depending on the rate of insecticide used, the number and timing of applications, and the level of coverage of the tree, disruption of vedalia can be minimized. However, the situation is made difficult when pests such as citrus thrips Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), forktailed bush katydid Scuddaria furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl (Orthoptera: Tettigoiniidae), or glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata Say (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) require these pesticide treatments during periods of vedalia beetle activity.     

Laboratory Effects of Ingestion of Azadirachtin by Two Pests ( Ceratitis capitata and Spodoptera exigua ) and Three Natural Enemies ( Chrysoperla carnea , Opius concolor and Podisus maculiventris )

The effects of azadirachtin on two pests: neonate larvae and newly emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and last instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); and three natural enemies: newly emerged adults of Opius concolor Szepligeti, second instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), and fifth instar nymphs of Podisus maculiventris (Say) were studied in laboratory. Adult insects were exposed to a non-oil formulation of azadirachtin (Align, emulsifiable concentrate, 3.2% azadirachtin, Sipcam Inagra, Spain) via their drinking water and immature instars were reared in the presence of the insecticide-treated diet. The natural enemies were exposed to at least the maximum field recommended concentration of the insecticide (0.15% v/v). Azadirachtin was highly toxic to neonate larvae of C. capitata and prevented adult emergence at a concentration of 1 mg a.i. l -1 . When adults were fed the insecticide at the maximum recommended concentration, their survival was not affected but egg laying was totally inhibited. Last instar S. exigua larvae were also very susceptible (LC 50 = 7.7 mg a.i. l -1 ) and at a concentration of 10 mg a.i. l -1 fecundity of surviving adults, and egg fertility, were reduced by 72 and 85%, respectively. Effects on O. concolor were large, and significant reductions in longevity, percentage of attacked hosts, and progeny size per female, were recorded. The predator P. maculiventris was much less sensitive to azadirachtin, but slight reductions in survival of emerged adults and of reproductive parameters occurred. The insecticide had no significant effect on C. carnea larvae fed with treated Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) eggs, probably because of its inability to penetrate inside the egg.     

杀虫剂胁迫下褐飞虱迁飞虫和本地虫后代体内粗脂肪、可溶性糖及氨基酸含量的比较

为了解迁飞种群与居留种群后代发生再猖獗的生理生化差异,探讨再猖獗的机制,比较研究了在两个水稻品种（TN1和协优963）上施用杀虫剂后褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)迁飞虫和本地虫后代3龄、5龄若虫和成虫体内可溶性糖和粗脂肪含量以及迁飞成虫与其后代成虫体内游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明： 施药以及未施药处理(对照)TN1水稻品种上的迁飞后代3龄、5龄若虫和成虫体内的可溶性糖含量均显著高于本地虫。与可溶性糖含量相比,施药以及对照TN1水稻品种上的迁飞后代3龄、5龄若虫和成虫体内的粗脂肪含量均显著低于本地虫。协优963上3龄、5龄若虫体内可溶性糖含量的变化趋势与TN1上相同。对照水稻上迁飞成虫的粗脂肪含量显著高于本地种群,迁飞与本地3龄、5龄若虫间粗脂肪含量没有显著差异。杀虫剂处理后的水稻上迁飞后代5龄若虫和成虫体内粗脂肪含量显著高于本地虫。方差分析结果也显示,可溶性糖和粗脂肪含量的变化在虫源和杀虫剂,虫源和杀虫剂浓度以及杀虫剂类型和浓度方面有显著交互作用。两种水稻品种上,迁飞当代成虫体内的游离氨基酸含量显著低于其后代成虫。在经3种杀虫剂处理后,TN1上施用三唑磷后成虫体内的氨基酸含量显著高于施用溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉的处理,而协优963上施用溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉显著高于施用三唑磷的处理。本研究结果对深入阐明农药诱导褐飞虱再猖獗的机制具有参考价值。     

Baseline susceptibility of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from California to select insecticides

Between 2006 and 2008, 20 populations of Planococcus ficus (Signoret), from Coachella and San Joaquin Valleys of California were measured in the laboratory for susceptibility to buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, methomyl, and imidacloprid. Toxicity was assessed using a petri dish bioassay technique for contact insecticides and by a systemic uptake technique for imidacloprid. Mixed life stages were tested for susceptibility to all insecticides except for buprofezin, which was measured against early and late instars (first, second, and third). Dose-response regression lines from the mortality data established LC50 and LC99 values by both techniques. Responses of populations from the two geographical locations to all five insecticides varied, in some cases significantly. Variations in susceptibility to each insecticide among sample sites showed a sevenfold difference for buprofezin, 11-fold to chlorpyrifos, ninefold to dimethoate, 24-fold to methomyl, and 8.5-fold to imidacloprid. In spite of susceptibility differences between populations, baseline toxicity data revealed that all five insecticides were quite effective based on low LC50s. Chlorpyrifos was the most toxic compound to Planococcus ficus populations as shown by lowest LC50s. Buprofezin was toxic to all immature stages but was more potent to first instars. The highest LC99 estimated by probit analysis of the bioassay data of all 20 populations for each compound was selected as a candidate discriminating dose for use in future resistance monitoring efforts. Establishment of baseline data and development of resistance monitoring tools such as bioassay methods and discriminating doses are essential elements of a sustainable management program for Planococcus ficus.     

Evaluation of synergistic interactions between the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pathogen Beauveria bassiana and the insecticides, imidacloprid, and cyromazine

Laboratory studies investigated the interaction between the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and sublethal doses of the insecticides imidacloprid and cyromazine when applied to larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). When second instars were fed potato leaf discs treated with sublethal doses of imidacloprid and a range of doses of B. bassiana, a synergistic action was demonstrated. Similar results were observed when larvae were sprayed directly with B. bassiana conidia and immediately fed leaf discs treated with imidacloprid. No synergistic interaction was detected when larvae were fed leaf discs treated with sublethal doses ofimidacloprid 24 h after application of B. bassiana conidia to larvae. However, a synergistic interaction was detected when larvae were fed leaf discs treated with imidacloprid and sprayed with B. bassiana conidia 24 h later. Although sublethal doses of both imidacloprid and the triazine insect growth regulator (IGR) cyromazine prolonged the duration of the second instar, only imidacloprid interacted with B. bassiana to produce a synergistic response in larval mortality. In leaf consumption studies, the highest dose of B. bassiana tested promoted feeding in inoculated second instars. Feeding was inhibited when larvae were fed foliage treated with sublethal doses of imidacloprid and significantly reduced when fed foliage treated with a sublethal dose of cyromazine. Starvation of larvae for 24 h immediately after B. bassiana treatment produced a similar result to the combined treatment of B. bassiana and imidacloprid and increased the level of mycosis when compared with B. bassiana controls. Imidacloprid treatment affected neither the rate of germination of B. bassiana conidia on the insect cuticle nor the rate at which conidia were removed from the integument after application. The statistical analysis used to detect synergism and the possible role of starvation-induced stress factors underlying the observed synergistic interactions are discussed.     

人工饲料、转Bt水稻及其亲本稻苗饲养下二化螟种群适合度的比较研究

以人工饲料、转Bt水稻"克螟稻"(cry1Ab纯和基因型)及其对照亲本"秀水11"稻苗为供试寄主植物开展二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)1～5龄幼虫的室内饲养试验,以明确不同龄期二化螟种群的生活史参数。试验结果表明:二化螟在低龄时死亡率最高。克螟稻对二化螟各个龄期表现出高抗性,其各个龄期在克螟稻上均不能化蛹,随着龄期的增加二化螟的耐受性增强。以秀水11和人工饲料饲养二化螟对其蛹期、成虫期、单雌产卵量、羽化率的影响无显著性差异,以人工饲料饲养的二化螟蛹重显著高于以秀水11饲养的二化螟的蛹重,蛹重与人工饲料饲养时间呈正相关。与秀水11幼苗相比,人工饲料饲养下有利于二化螟雌虫的分化。     

5种杀虫剂对滇东白背飞虱种群的毒性及其田间药效

【目的】为持续有效防控白背飞虱,研究云南东部白背飞虱种群对常用5种杀虫剂的敏感性及药剂的田间防治效果。【方法】采用室内稻茎浸渍法测定白背飞虱种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感性,同期通过田间小区试验评价5种杀虫剂对白背飞虱种群的防治效果。【结果】与敏感种群比较,噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮、吡虫啉、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱对滇东白背飞虱种群的LC_(50)分别为0.208、0.459、0.608、3.108、1.256 mg·L~(-1),抗性倍数分别为2.2、10.4、5.6、6.5、5.3倍;白背飞虱对噻虫嗪无抗性,对吡虫啉、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱为低水平抗性,对噻嗪酮为中等水平抗性;5种杀虫剂药后1、5和10 d对白背飞虱种群的田间防控效果均有显著差异。除了吡蚜酮外,其他药剂的防效均在80%以上,其中以吡虫啉和噻嗪酮的持续期较长,药后10 d仍在90%以上;噻虫嗪和吡虫啉药后1和5 d的防效达90%以上;吡蚜酮药效在供试药剂中防效最低,在64.88%～77.82%之间。【结论】滇东师宗白背飞虱种群对噻嗪酮为中等水平抗性,对吡虫啉、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱均为低水平抗性,对噻虫嗪无抗性,田间防控效果以吡虫啉和噻嗪酮为最好。建议滇东稻区可以使用吡虫啉和噻嗪酮药剂防控白背飞虱,注意控制吡蚜酮的使用次数与用量。     

Impact of greenhouse whitefly management on strawberry fruit quality

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum （Westwood）, is an important pest of strawberries in California, USA. The adults and nymphs feed on phloem sap of leaves to remove the photo-assimilates. The objective of this study is to test the impact of whitefly management with insecticides on strawberry fruit quality. Applications of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen decreased the mean adult whitefly numbers by 2.80-, 2.17-, 1.69- and 1.39-fold, respectively, compared to the untreated control, Similarly, the mean numbers of first and second instar whiteflies were reduced 4.36-, 2.20-, 1.90- and 2.02-fold, respectively, while the mean numbers of third and fourth instars were reduced 5.48-, 2.28-, 2.71- and 1.43-fold, respectively, in plants treated with imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen. The mean soluble solids content in imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen treatments was 1.04-, 1.06-, 1.03- and 1.04-fold greater, respectively, than that in the control. The whitefly reduction enhanced the mean fruit titratable acidity by 4%-6%. Mean glucose levels in imidacloprid and thiamethoxam treatments were significantly higher than in other treatments. However, the whitefly management did not affect the mean fructose levels, lmidacloprid, thiamethoxam and pyriproxyfen treatments boosted the ascorbic acid levels by up to 4%. The impact of whitefly management on strawberry fruit nutrition and antioxidant capacity is discussed.     

食物对棉铃虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

用棉花、花生、玉米及人工饲料作为食料,模拟幼虫田间取食习性,同时为雌蛾设立补充和无补充营养两个处理,研究了食物对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 生长发育及繁殖的影响。4种食料组幼虫历期之间有显著差异;雌、雄蛹重花生组显著小于其余三组。雌蛾腹部干重及其脂肪百分含量与雌蛹体重的排列顺序一样,雌蛾腹部干重人工饲料组显著大于棉花组和花生组。雌蛾寿命和繁殖受幼虫食料和成虫食物的双重影响。喂10%蜂蜜时,雌蛾寿命、交配率和产卵量在四个幼虫食料组之间没有显著差异。但喂以清水时,花生组雌蛾均未交配,寿命和产卵量显著小于其余三组。从同种幼虫食料来看,除人工饲料组外,其余3组雌蛾喂清水时的产卵量和寿命均比喂10%蜂蜜溶液时的显著下降。基于这些结果,作者认为棉花、玉米比花生更适合于棉铃虫的生长发育和繁殖。在田间自然栽培状态下,不同食料植物的糖分含量对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖影响较大,含氮量的变化影响小。     

Evaluation of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid as seed treatments to control European corn borer and Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae

Efficacy of thiamethoxam (Cruiser) and imidacloprid (Gaucho) were evaluated as seed treatments for controlling European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) and Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) larvae in stored grain. At approximately 22-26 degrees C, all fifth instar European corn borers died after two or 4 d of exposure to corn treated with 250 and 500 ppm thiamethoxam, respectively, while mortality of larvae exposed for two and 4 d on corn treated with 6.3-937.5 ppm imidacloprid did not exceed 48% at any concentration. At 29 degrees C, all nondiapausing fifth instars were killed after 3, 4, and 6-d exposure to 400, 300 and 200-ppm thiamethoxam, respectively, while survival increased at successively lower concentrations of 100, 50, 25, and 12.5 ppm. At 29 degrees C, the LC50 decreased from 85.9 to 7.2 ppm as the duration of exposure on treated corn increased from 2 to 6 d. All second and third instar Indianmeal moth larvae died after a 5 d exposure period to corn grain treated with thiamethoxam at 50 ppm or higher, but as the larvae aged, higher concentrations and longer exposure periods were required to give 100% mortality of each larval instar. Similar results were obtained when larval Indianmeal moths were exposed on corn treated with imidacloprid, or on sorghum treated with thiamethoxam. Mature wandering phase fifth instars were the most tolerant larval stage of the Indianmeal moth.     

硅介导的水稻对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的影响

采用对二化螟敏感(汕优63)和中抗(盐丰47)的水稻品种,设置硅酸钙处理,观察二化螟蚁螟和三龄幼虫在不同处理稻茎上的钻蛀率、蛀入率和蛀入耗时,同时测定不同处理植株的硅细胞数量及植株与土壤的二氧化硅含量,旨在明确水稻施用硅肥对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的影响以及这种影响在不同龄期幼虫和不同抗虫性水稻品种间是否存在差异。蚁螟和三龄幼虫钻蛀率随硅肥施用量增加而降低(幅度为5%—28%)。蚁螟蛀入率在硅肥处理之间和水稻品种之间均没有差异;三龄幼虫蛀入率随硅肥施用量增加而显著下降10%—40%,盐丰47上的蛀入率显著低于汕优63(差异10%—30%)。蚁螟蛀入耗时随硅肥施用量增加而显著延长,三龄幼虫蛀入耗时与品种抗性有显著关系。稻茎硅含量随硅肥施用量增加而增大,并且与三龄幼虫蛀入率呈负相关、与三龄幼虫蛀入耗时呈正相关关系。因此,施用硅肥可直接抑制二化螟幼虫钻蛀,蛀入耗时的延长可间接地延长幼虫暴力于其它防治措施的时间;施用硅肥对三龄幼虫成功蛀入的影响大于对蚁螟的影响;相对于抗虫品种,施用硅肥能在更大程度上增强感虫品种对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的抑制作用。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of the effects of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid on the oviposition response of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)

In this paper, we assessed the suitability of using the neonicotinoid imidacloprid with standard ovitraps by evaluating the ovicidal properties of imidacloprid and its influence on the oviposition response of gravid females of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae). First, we calculated the imidacloprid lethal dose 99 (LD(99)) by exposing third instar larvae of the target species to different concentrations of the insecticide. Next, Ae. aegypti eggs were exposed to the imidacloprid LD(99) for 24 h and hatching inhibition was recorded. Finally, we investigated any potential repellent effect of the imidacloprid solution on the oviposition response of gravid Aedes females in field and laboratory conditions. The LD(99) obtained from larvae tests proved to be sufficient to keep any exposed eggs from hatching. No repellent effect was observed; females laid as many eggs in imidacloprid-treated ovitraps as in traps containing either clean water or temephos-treated water in both field and laboratory conditions. Our results indicate that imidacloprid is a suitable insecticide for treating ovitraps against Ae. aegypti.     

The dependence of development and fecundity of Samea multiplicalis on early larval nitrogen intake

Larvae of the moth Samea multiplicalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), developed more rapidly when their food plant, Salvinia molesta was richer in nitrogen. Larvae that fed on plants with less than 1.35% nitrogen during their first instar completed the larval stage in 18.0–24.2 days, after passing through six instars. In contrast, larvae that had fed on food richer in nitrogen during their first instar completed the larval stage in 14.1–17.4 days, and passed through five instars. Experience of nitrogen in later instars had little additional effect on total larval development time. Oöcyte complements of 1-day old adult females was correlated with the mean food nitrogen content over the larval period. Food nitrogen content experienced by larvae in earlier instars was as important as that in the final instars, in determining number of mature oöcytes, which suggests early conditioning of the nitrogen use effciencies of later instars.     

Effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor buprofezin on survival and development of immatures of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Effects of buprofezin (Applaud), a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on survival and development of eggs, three instars, and pupae of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) were determined in the laboratory. Buprofezin at three tested concentrations (100, 500, and 1,000 mg [AI]/liter) did not affect the viability and development of eggs when the eggs were treated, or third instars and pupae when those stages were treated. Although the degree of effects by buprofezin on larvae varied with instar, buprofezin at the higher concentrations (500 and 1,000 mg [AI]/liter) reduced survival rates 17-47% and prolonged the overall development from first instars to adult emergence by 2 or 3 d when first instars were treated, indicating that the first instar is the most vulnerable stage. When second instars were treated, the survival of C. rufilabris from second instars to pupae was not significantly affected. However, the developmental time from second instar to adult emergence was longer in the treatments with the highest concentration (1,000 mg [AI]/liter) than that with the lowest concentration (100 mg [AI]/liter). The compatibility of buprofezin with natural enemies in integrated pest management programs is discussed.     

Behavioral Avoidance - Will Physiological Insecticide Resistance Level of Insect Strains Affect Their Oviposition and Movement Responses?

Agricultural organisms, such as insect herbivores, provide unique opportunities for studies of adaptive evolutionary processes, including effects of insecticides on movement and oviposition behavior. In this study, Brassica leaves were treated with one of two non-systemic insecticides and exposed to two individual strains (referred to as single or double resistance) of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) (DBM) exhibiting physiological resistance. Behavioral responses by these two strains were compared as part of characterizing the relative effect of levels of physiological resistance on the likelihood of insects showing signs of behavioral avoidance. For each DBM strain, we used choice bioassays to quantify two possible types of behavioral avoidance: 1) females ovipositing predominantly on leaf surfaces without insecticides, and 2) larvae avoiding insecticide-treated leaf surfaces. In three-choice bioassays (leaves with no pesticide, 50% coverage with pesticide, or 100% coverage with pesticide), females from the single resistance DBM strain laid significantly more eggs on water treated leaves compared to leaves with 100% insecticide coverage (both gamma-cyhalothrin and spinetoram). Females from the double resistance DBM strain also laid significantly more eggs on water treated leaves compared to leaves with 100% gamma-cyhalothrin, while moths did not adjust their oviposition behavior in response to spinetoram. Larvae from the single resistance DBM strain showed a significant increase in mobility in response to both insecticides and avoided insecticide-treated portions of leaves when given a choice. On the other hand, DBM larvae from the double resistance strain showed a significant decrease in mobility in response to insecticides, and they did not avoid insecticide-treated portions of leaves when given a choice. Our results suggest that pest populations with physiological resistance may show behavioral avoidance, as resistant females avoided oviposition on leaves without gamma-cyhalothrin. Thus, physiological resistance and behavioral avoidance do not appear to be controlled by the same selection pressures, and the mechanisms responsible for behavioral avoidance may vary among life stages. Our analysis also suggested that a population with lesser physiological resistance to insecticides may be under a stronger selection pressure and therefore be more likely to develop avoidance behaviors than a population with higher levels of physiological resistance.