稻田水旱轮作系统的能值分析和可持续性评价

构建可持续应用评价指标体系和评价方法, 筛选具有可持续性、适合南方双季稻区冬季绿色高效循环复合种植模式。在长期水旱轮作的基础上, 通过连续2 年田间定位试验, 采用能值分析理论评价水旱轮作条件下稻田生态系统的可持续性。结果表明: 稻田水旱轮作4 种模式的总能值投入和总能值产出大小均表现为油菜-早稻-晚稻→油菜-早稻-玉米‖花生>黑麦草-早稻-晚稻→黑麦草-早稻-玉米‖大豆=混播绿肥-早稻-晚稻→混播绿肥-早稻-玉米‖芝麻>紫云英-早稻-晚稻→紫云英-早稻-晚稻。混播绿 肥-早稻-晚稻→混播绿肥-早稻-玉米‖芝麻的系统可持续能值指数最高, 为0.0315, 而油菜-早稻-晚稻→油菜-早稻-玉米‖花生最低, 为0.0148。各模式可持续发展指数均为1 以下, 表明4 种种植系统对环境带来了很大的压力, 不可更新资源的利用量较大, 造成了环境负载率较高, 导致可持续发展指数较低, 其中“混播绿肥-早稻-晚稻→混播绿肥-早稻-玉米‖芝麻”模式是值得推广的。     

长江中游典型稻田种植模式的经济效益及土壤固氮能力比较

为研究比较长江中游地区稻田不同种植模式的经济效益和土壤氮素固持能力,设置紫云英-早稻-晚稻(CRR,CK)、紫云英-早稻-甘薯||晚大豆(CRI)、油菜-早稻-晚稻(RRR)、油菜-早稻-甘薯||晚大豆(RRI)、马铃薯-早稻-晚稻(PRR)5种稻田典型种植模式进行田间定位试验。结果表明,与CK相比,两年内,RRI、PRR、RRR、CRI模式均能增加作物产量,增幅为16.40%—32.85%和21.04%—49.60%(P<0.05),且均是RRI、PRR模式的作物产量较高。RRI和PRR模式的经济效益较好,分别显著高出对照30.27%、44.15%和65.13%、51.38%(P<0.05)。CRI、RRI模式显著提高了土壤微生物量氮的含量,增幅为53.57%—58.85%(P<0.05),降低了微生物量C/N。此外,与CK相比, CRI、RRI模式显著降低了土壤硝态氮的残留,降幅为48.35%—69.23%(P<0.05)。综上所述,RRI模式和马铃薯模式(PRR)能提高作物产量,增加氮素有效输出,提高经济效益, CRI、RRI模式更能增强土壤微生物氮素固持...     

长江中游地区不同冬种复种方式下水稻产量和土壤氮素特征研究

通过连续两年的田间试验, 研究长江中游地区不同冬种复种方式下水稻产量和土壤氮素特征。结果表明: 与冬闲对照处理相比, 稻田冬种作物能够改善水稻产量构成要素, 促进水稻生长发育, 获得较高的群体干物质重, 从而提高水稻产量, 年均产量显著增加了0.15%—3.95%, 2014年早稻和晚稻产量均是大蒜-早稻-晚稻模式最高, 与冬闲对照相比, 分别显著增加了2.91%和3.51%。分蘖期、抽穗期和灌浆期的铵态氮含量均是紫云英-早稻-晚稻模式达到最大, 分蘖盛期和灌浆期显著高出其他处理8.33%—24.80%和12.06%—21.15%。早稻各生育期的微生物量氮均是紫云英-早稻-晚稻模式最高, 且除了成熟期外, 均与其他处理差异显著, 增幅分别为7.64%—17.63%、12.29%—37.71%、2.98%—33.55%。综合来看, 紫云英-早稻-晚稻和大蒜-早稻-晚稻这两种种植模式表现较好, 对于提高水稻产量、维持土壤地力有积极效果, 是适合推广应用的双季稻田冬季农业开发循环模式。     

双季稻田冬季种植模式对土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

为探讨冬季覆盖作物还田对稻田土壤碳库的影响,通过冬季种植油菜、紫云英、黑麦草、马铃薯,并以冬闲为对照进行大田试验,测定了不同冬季作物模式下早稻和晚稻的土壤有机碳、活性有机碳含量,并计算了稳态碳、碳库活度、活度指数、碳库指数和土壤碳库管理指数.结果表明:冬季作物还田增加了土壤有机碳含量,早稻和晚稻后的土壤有机碳含量比对照分别提高了1%～8%和3%～18%;油菜、黑麦草和紫云英还田均促进了土壤活性有机碳含量的增加,早稻后增加16.2%～84.2%,晚稻后增加24.4%～28.1%;冬季作物还田增加了土壤碳库管理指数,增加幅度为1.4%～41.8%.综上所述,冬种作物还田有利于提高土壤的固碳效应,并提升土壤质量,以种植黑麦草、紫云英的综合效果较佳.     

稻田水旱复种轮作对作物产量及土壤养分的影响

为了筛选具有可持续性、适合南方稻田的水旱复种轮作种植模式,以"冬闲-早稻-晚稻"模式连作为对照处理A,设计了4种稻田水旱复种轮作模式(马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻(B),蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→紫云英-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻(C),绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻(D),油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻(E))。通过2014—2016年连续3年的田间定位试验,分析了不同种植模式下的作物产量,主要是晚稻产量,以及土壤养分变化情况。结果表明:水旱复种轮作模式更具有产量优势,晚稻产量均高于冬闲连作模式;与冬闲连作对照相比,其他模式的土壤有机质含量、速效养分含量均有所提高,同时更加有利于固定有机碳;稻田水旱复种轮作模式是一种增产、改善土壤肥力的种植模式;处理C和处理E表现较好。     

基于能值理论的贵州省生态经济系统分析

运用能值理论和方法,详细分析了贵州省1992—2008年生态经济发展状况。对其环境负载率、废弃物能值比率、能值-货币比率、人均能值用量、能值使用强度、电力能值使用量比、能值投入率、净能值产出率、能值自给率、人口承载力等指标进行了研究,并与其他地区的有关指标进行了比较研究。结果表明:贵州省生态经济发展主要依赖于本地资源,输出能值中仍以原材料输出为主,缺乏深加工和高附加值的产品。环境负荷率由1992年的2.15上升到2008年的3.82之间,表明贵州省环境和资源系统的负荷率在增大。能值-货币比呈现下降趋势,其值在3.82×1013sej/$到2.47×1013sej/$之间,下降的主要原因是由于贵州省的GDP增长较快造成的,受总能值使用量和人口数量的制约,人均能值使用量在13.6×1015sej和11.4×1015sej之间波动。能值使用强度呈上升趋势,其值在1.07×1011sej和1.57×1011sej之间,说明贵州对省内资源利用的不断增强。电力能值使用量比呈上升趋势,这与贵州省加快水电资源开发有关。能值投入率由1992年的0.049上升到2008年的0.107。净能值产出率非匀速下降,在25.3—10.9之间变动,此值高于新疆、四川、甘肃的净能值产出。能值自给率呈现一种波动状态,其比例从1992年的95.7%下降到2008年的88.6%。     

西溪国家湿地公园生态经济效益能值分析

应用生态经济系统能值分析理论和方法,定量分析了西溪湿地公园建立前后生态经济系统的物流和能流,并通过建立新的能值指标从生态环境和经济角度评价了系统的可持续发展能力和产出效率,以期为湿地公园保护模式研究提供借鉴.研究结果表明,西溪湿地公园建立以后,每年能值总投入增加到原来的1.6倍,能值总产出是原来的1.9倍;能值总产出中经济收入减少,但环境产出大幅度增加,其中有机物质产出和生态系统服务能值产出分别是原来的1.5倍和2.3倍.能值指标分析结果表明,湿地公园建立以后系统净环境效益提高,可持续发展能力增强,经济产出率有所降低.研究结果证明,建立湿地公园增加经济投入,改善生态环境,并适当发展湿地旅游增加经济收入,保障系统反馈,能够提高系统可持续发展能力,是湿地资源保护与合理开发利用的有效模式.     

一次性施肥技术对水稻-油菜轮作系统氮素淋失特征及经济效益的影响

一次性施肥技术是指在作物根际附近只进行一次基施肥的新技术,具有简化施肥管理、降低劳动成本等优点,但其对环境的影响如氮素淋失等仍需进一步分析.本研究以长江中下游地区典型的水稻-油菜轮作模式为例,设置了空白对照(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、优化施肥(OPT)、一次性基施尿素(UA)、一次性基施控释肥(CRF)5个处理,采用地下淋溶原位监测的方法,获取了不同处理下水稻-油菜轮作系统土壤90 cm深度处氮素(N)淋失特征,评估了一次性施肥技术对氮素淋失的影响,并综合分析了其经济效应.结果表明: 油菜季和水稻季土壤渗漏液中氮素的主要形态不同,油菜季渗漏液中以NO₃^--N为主,水稻季渗漏水中NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N各占约50%.从整个轮作周期看,氮素淋失主要发生在水稻季,与FP、OPT和UA相比,CRF氮淋失总量分别显著减少33.7%、20.8%和20.7%;但各施肥处理对油菜季氮素淋失影响不显著.在相同施氮量的条件下,与OPT相比,UA不仅保证油菜和水稻均稳产,而且使油菜季氮肥农学效率显著提高了15.1%,但是没能提高水稻季氮肥农学效率;CRF水稻产量和氮肥农学效率均差异不显著,但油菜产量和氮肥农学效率分别显著提高10.7%和18.9%.经济效益上,与OPT相比,UA和CRF处理油菜分别增收3660和3048 元·hm^-2,水稻分别增收3162和2220元·hm^-2.因此,对于长江中下游典型种植系统而言,综合考虑对氮素淋失、作物产量和经济效益的影响,一次性基施控释肥技术能在保证作物稳产或增产、提高农民经济效益的同时显著降低氮淋失量,是未来水稻-油菜轮作系统值得推荐的一种生产技术.     

基于能值分析的黑龙江垦区农业生态经济系统可持续性

运用能值理论与分析方法,采用净能值产出率、环境负荷率、能值密度、人均能值用量、能值产投比及可持续性指数、系统稳定性指数及优势度指数等重要能值指标,对黑龙江垦区2002—2011年间农业生态经济系统的能值结构作了分析。结果表明:黑龙江垦区各项指标都维持在较高水平,工业辅助能投入大幅增加,农业生态系统的产能不断提高,垦区的经济发展水平和职工生活水平得到显著改善,但由此也产生了农业生态系统可持续性下降、种植结构不合理和能源利用效率低等问题,需要在今后的发展中亟待解决。     

云南南亚热带北缘地区稻田亩产吨粮的种植模式及其生态生理学研究

1996～ 1 999年 ,在云南省蒙自县草坝镇 (南亚热带北缘 )进行了亩产吨粮的种植模式研究。通过对春、夏、秋、冬播玉米 ,早、中、晚稻以及冬小麦的系统研究 ,以地上部分总干物重、籽粒产量、总入射辐照量、叶面积持续期 (灌浆期 )、氮肥的利用率和生产力、水生产力为指标 ,对早稻—晚稻、早稻—秋玉米、早稻—冬小麦、春玉米—晚稻、夏玉米—冬小麦、中稻—冬小麦和中稻—冬玉米 7种复种模式作了比较 ,选出中稻—冬玉米为一年两熟亩产吨粮的最佳种植模式。     

Emergy evaluation of organic rice-duck mutualism system

Rice-duck mutualism is one form of ecological engineering which makes use of the symbiotic relationship between rice and ducks to more effectively utilize materials, reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide inputs, increase product safety and overall productivity and decrease the pollutants discharged from rice-fields. This is becoming a popular mode for organic rice production in China and it can be used as one measure taken in the drainage area to assist in the ecological rehabilitation of lakes. This study applied the emergy evaluation method to analyze the resource use and environmental impact of organic rice-duck mutualism (mode 1) compared with the conventional wheat/rice rotation system (mode 2) in the same farm to evaluate its sustainability and ecological and economic benefits and provide suggestions for optimizing this system. The results showed that mode 1 produced greater emergy benefits, and had higher self-organization, lower environmental pressure and higher product safety. The net emergy yield ratio (EYR), feedback ratio of yield emergy (FYE) and emergy sustainable index (ESI) of mode 1 were 1.57 times, 14.10 times and 8.71 times those of mode 2, respectively, and the emergy index of product safety (PSI) was 0 in mode 1 and −0.66 in mode 2. The emergy investment ratio (EIR) and environmental loading ratio (ELR) were 40.1 and 18.3% of those of mode 2. The economic benefit of mode 1 was lower than mode 2. The economic output, gross income and net income of mode 1 were 15.7, 10.8 and 35.4% less than those of mode 2, respectively, but using Em$, the output, gross income and net income of mode 1 were 47.4, 161.2, 87.3% higher than mode 2. With the development of markets for organic foods, mode 1 has the potential to achieve better economic benefits.     

黄土高原-青藏高原过渡带农户生产系统的能值分析——以通渭-渭源-夏河样带为例

通渭-渭源-夏河样带位于黄土高原向青藏高原过渡的生态区,是我国典型农牧交错带。长期以来,不合理的农业生产结构带来生态、经济等一系列问题,制约了该地区草地农业的持续发展。为此,从能值角度分析区域农业生产结构,可为农(牧)户决策提供理论依据,为优化区域农业生产结构提供科学依据。收集研究区农户作物和家畜生产的投入-产出数据,用能值方法分析农户生产系统结构特征、农户生产决策行为及生产系统耦合作用,用结构方程模型(SEM)分析农户生产系统能量的组分间流动。研究发现,随海拔增高,农户作物生产活动减少,作物总产出能值递减;尽管作物生产主要投入和产出要素相同,但同一作物不同地点的同一要素投入、产出能值和能值收益率均存在显著差异(P0.05);同一地点不同作物的同一要素投入、产出能值和能值收益率均差异显著(P0.05);作物生产投入要素中,有机肥能值在通渭和渭源均有较高贡献;作物投入和产出能值的农户生产决策阈值自东向西递减,在能值投入初始增加时,夏河农户作物生产规模扩增最为迅速。家畜养殖规模、能值投入和产出自东向西递增;通渭和渭源,小麦秸秆和苜蓿作为中间投入,能值贡献率达到80%;夏河家畜生产投入要素中,补饲粮食能值贡献率高达90%;家畜投入和产出能值的农户生产决策阈值点自东向西递增;能值收益率随耦合度的增加呈指数上升,通渭和渭源能值收益率的增加速度,随耦合度的增加趋于缓慢,而夏河能值收益率增速随耦合度的增加而上升。调整作物生产内部粮、经、饲产品比例结构,加强作物生产与家畜生产耦合作用,优化天然草地利用方式,实现生态效益最大化;阈值点调控农户生产决策行为,实现该区域农业生产结构优化。     

云南断陷盆地喀斯特4种典型种植模式的能值分析

准确评价断陷盆地的典型种植模式,可为当地提供科学的种植指导.本研究运用能值分析的方法,对云南省蒙自市万寿菊种植模式、石榴种植模式、石榴+草+羊模式与传统的玉米种植模式进行对比,分析了这些石漠化治理模式的生态效益和经济效益.结果表明:石榴种植模式[环境负载率(ELR)为13.80,能值恢复率(ERR)为0.41]和万寿菊种植模式(ELR为0.30,ERR为-2.87)的生态效益低于传统的玉米种植模式(ELR为1.30,ERR为4.64),但是它们的单位净经济效益(EPBU)分别为玉米种植模式的3.05和59.98倍,说明前两者的经济效益都超过玉米模式;石榴+草+羊种植模式的生态经济效益最高.添加牧草+牲畜子系统到石榴种植模式能够使石榴+牧草+牲畜的种植模式同时拥有较高的生态效益(ELR为4.95,ERR为0.63)和经济效益(EPBU为玉米模式的71.38倍).建议当地政府增加对万寿菊模式和石榴+草+羊模式的技术支持,包括优化肥料投入结构、作物种植和牲畜养殖工艺;同时,政府可为果品和鲜花的采摘建立短期的劳务市场.     

Emergy and economic evaluations of four fruit production systems on reclaimed wetlands surrounding the Pearl River Estuary,China

Emergy and economic methods were used to evaluate and compare a traditional tropical fruit cultivation system, for bananas, and three newly introduced fruit cultivation systems, for papaya, guava and wampee, on reclaimed wetlands of the Pearl River Estuary, China. The goal of this study was to apply ecological engineering principles to fruit production system designs to maximize total emergy benefits and sustainability. The evaluations considered input structure, production efficiency, environmental impacts, economic viability and sustainability. The market effects on emergy exchange were assessed both for purchasing the inputs to production and for selling the fruit. These market effects were also considered in the evaluation of sustainability by using the Emergy Index for Sustainable Development (EISD), which was evaluated with and without taking the change in natural capital (i.e., soil organic matter) into consideration. The results showed that all three of the newly introduced systems are much more sustainable than the traditional banana production system. The guava production system had the highest value of the Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI = 0.40). The high price of wampee gave it the highest economic yield/cost ratio (4.87) and EISD (0.73). Emergy and economic evaluations are complementary methods, with emergy analysis shedding more light on environmental support and impacts of the production systems not considered in the market value, and economic analysis focusing on the effects of markets on fruit production. The Emergy Exchange Ratio (EER) was proposed as a bridge between emergy and economic evaluations for specific systems and/or processes.     

基于能值理论的循环复合农业生态系统发展评价——以福建省福清星源循环农业产业示范基地为例

循环农业是当前农业可持续发展理念的具体运作模式。对能值分析方法优化,使其更适合循环复合生态系统的应用上进行优化,并以福建省福清星源循环农业产业示范基地为例验证,评价复合生态系统的可持续发展程度和经济效益。结果表明改进的能值分析方法对循环复合农业生态系统的可持续发展评价更科学,复合系统的可持续发展指数比单纯的生猪养殖提高23.44%—33.86%,在4种组合的循环模式中以"生猪养殖-沼气工程-有机肥生产-种植业"循环复合生态系统整体效益最佳,其可持续发展指数最高,环境负载率最低,净能值产出率仅略低于"生猪养殖-沼气工程-种植业"复合系统。     

山西省农业生态经济系统能值分析

采用能值分析方法对2005年山西省农业生态经济系统的投入产出状况、运行效率和环境负荷进行了系统分析.结果表明：2005年,山西省农业生态系统仍处于主要依赖人力有机能和环境资源的传统农业阶段;研究区系统能值投资率（EIR）为1.07,能值产出率（EYR）为0.99,环境负载率（ELR）为6.55;在农业结构调整方面,畜牧业取得了长足发展,而小杂粮、蔬菜和干鲜果的能值产出仍较小,远未成为优势产业;研究区农业生态系统整体的回报效率较低,承受的压力较大.山西省今后应继续转移农业剩余劳动力、控制人口增长,同时加大农业科技辅助能值投入、提高环境资源的利用效率,使系统能值的投入产出向高水平发展.     

基于能值分析的深圳市三个小型农业生态经济系统研究

应用能值分析方法,通过能值转换率,把深圳市3个农场生态经济系统的能量流、物质流、货币流和信息流转化为统一量纲———能值。在绘制能值系统概图和编制能值分析表的基础上,建立能值评价指标体系对3个系统的能值输入结构、生产效率、环境负载和可持续发展状况等进行分析和比较。此外,比较经济指标与能值分析结果,并采用情景分析对农场未来发展做出预测。能值分析方法不仅考虑环境及其服务功能对经济生产的贡献,同时能值交换率和能值产出率把系统经济流入和产出纳入分析过程,结合环境和经济评价,可用于综合分析农场生态效益和经济效益。研究结果表明:西丽果场是可持续发展能力最高的农场,碧岭现代农业科技园次之,而山海农场的可持续发展能力最低。都市农场应该大比例利用可更新资源,努力发展农业生产,并且积极提升农业的技术含量。在此基础上,控制规模合理地发展旅游经济,走高科技农业生态旅游之路。     

稻鸭共作有机农业模式的能值评估

应用能值分析方法对稻鸭共作有机农业模式（模式Ⅰ）和对应的稻麦常规生产模式（模式Ⅱ）进行比较研究,并比较了两种模式的生态经济效益.结果表明,模式Ⅰ的能值效益高,自组织能力、可持续发展能力强,产品安全性高,净能值产出率（EYR）、系统产出能值反馈率（FYE）、能值可持续指标（ESI）分别是模式Ⅱ的1.57、14.1和8.71倍;基于能值的产品安全性指标（EIPS）模式Ⅰ为0,模式Ⅱ为-0.66;模式Ⅰ对环境的压力小于模式Ⅱ,能值投资率（EIR）,环境负载率（ELR）分别是模式Ⅱ的40.1%和18.3%;但模式Ⅰ的经济效益低于模式Ⅱ,其产出、毛收入和净效益分别低于模式Ⅱ15.7%、9.6%和29.6%;以能值 货币价值计算,模式Ⅰ的产投比、毛收入和净收入分别高于模式Ⅱ50%、102.6%和136.4%.随着生产系统的优化和市场对有机食品认知程度的提高,模式Ⅰ的经济效益具有提高的潜力.     

Emergy evaluations of three aquaculture systems on wetlands surrounding the Pearl River Estuary,China

Emergy and economic analysis, accompanied by sensitivity analysis, were used to evaluate the ecological economic characteristics of three fish aquaculture systems on wetlands surrounding the Pearl River Estuary in China. The sustainability of these systems was compared to two aquaculture systems and two wetland systems, to provide reference conditions for the best use of limited wetland areas. We found that the three systems studied had similar emergy characteristics, despite their very different economic characteristics. Counter intuitively, the high economic input and output mode did not have higher environmental impact or lower sustainability compared with low economic input and output mode. Apparently, the sustainability of an intensive aquaculture system is determined mainly by how many natural renewable resources are exploited. The large differences in economic benefit and environmental impacts between the mangrove reserve and the aquaculture systems demonstrated the important role of nature reserves on preserving the sustainability of an estuary. Transformity (TR) and Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR) are both indicators of system efficiency, but from different points of view, and they produced opposite results in assessing the efficiency of the same system in this study. The ratio of EYR to TR might be used in addition to the EYR and transformity as a discreet perspective on overall system production efficiency.     

An emergy evaluation of the sustainability of Chinese crop production system during 2000–2010

Crop production systems are the basis of human survival and development because they can produce grain and industrial raw materials. As one of the largest agricultural countries in the world, the sustainability of China's crop production system is being concerned widely with its economic development and increasing population. This study adopted emergy analysis to explore the comprehensive performance of this system. A set of emergy based indicator system was used to investigate its economic benefit, environmental pressure and sustainability from 2000 to 2010. The study results show that the purchased nonrenewable input makes the largest contribution to the total input (average value 60.73% of the total input), which mainly derived from agricultural mechanic equipments and chemical fertilizer; on the average, beans has the largest share (20.20%) to the total emergy output, next from rape seed (18.36%), then from peanuts (15.85%), fruits (15.74%), wheat (8.26%), rice (8.07%), corn (7.66%) and cotton (4.60%) accordingly, and the other four categories crops just have a contribution of 1.28%; the production efficiency of China's crop production system has been raised by 11.54% with decrease of the indicator unit emergy value of product (UEVP) from 1.82E09 sej/g to 1.61E09 sej/g, the dependence of this system on economic market has increased by 24.92% with growth of the indicator EIR from 6.22 to 7.77, its economic benefit has been reduced by 0.59% with decline of the indicator EYR from 1.69 to 1.68, and its environmental loading has raised by 57.89% with growth of the indicator ELR from 1.33 to 2.10; the sustainability of China's crop production system is reduced by 37.01% with decrease of the index ESI from 1.27 to 0.80, during this study period. Based on these study results, the following measures should be emphasized in future, including raising the efficiency of purchased non-renewable resources (especially agricultural mechanical equipments and chemical fertilizer), using other methods of cultivation inherently more sustainable (e.g. replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer, recycling organic wastes, biological control of agricultural pests, use of local renewable energy, and more), strengthening supervision of the related industrial processes and further promoting agricultural environmental protection.