基于多水文改变指标评价东江流域河流流态变化及其对生物多样性的影响

新丰江、枫树坝和白盆珠3座大型水库的建立对东江流域河道流量和河流流态过程有了较大改变,威胁河道下游生态系统的健康。基于广义指标生态剩余和生态赤字评价了东江流域受水库影响后流域生态需水需求目标总的盈余和缺失变化过程,基于IHA32指标计算的Do和DHRAM评价了水库对下游河段河流水文过程总的改变程度以及威胁河道生态系统健康的风险性大小,并进一步分析了对河道生物多样性的影响。研究结果如下:(1)水库对流量历时曲线(FDC)有显著影响,曲线上部下降,尾部上升,尤其体现在秋季和冬季。降水对年与夏季生态剩余影响较大,水库对各季节生态剩余和生态赤字均有较大影响:秋季和冬季生态赤字几乎为0,生态剩余显著增加。生态剩余和生态赤字与大部分IHA中32个指标具有很强的相关性,可作为衡量东江流域年和季节径流变化的生态指标。(2)龙川、河源、岭下和博罗4站点总体改变程度分别为58.48%、54.04%、54.32%和52.47%。河流流态变化导致总季节生态剩余增加并维持在较高水平,进一步引起河流生物多样性下降,并维持在较低水平。龙川和河源两站河流流态的变化对河流生态系统造成了高风险性影响,岭下和博罗两站则为中等风险。     

气候和流域特征变化对淮河流域地表水文过程的影响

定量认识和理解气候与流域特征变化对淮河流域地表水文过程的影响,可以为科学管理淮河流域水资源提供重要的理论参考和技术支撑。评估了多控制因子联立求解归因方法的适用性,以此量化了淮河流域气候和Budyko参数n对不同年代蒸散发(ET)、径流变化(较基准期1961—1980年)的贡献,并且进行了归因分析,结果表明：1)多控制因子联立求解法可以准确有效地分离气候和参数n对ET和径流变化的贡献。2)在气候和参数n变化的共同影响下,20世纪80年代、90年代的ET和径流在沂沭泗河各水文分区均呈减小趋势,而在上游和中游各水文分区的变化则表现出明显的时空差异性。3)就各年代控制ET变化的主要因子,多数水文分区为参数n,其次为降水和潜在蒸散发(PET),分别集中在沂沭泗河地区和淮河上游。20世纪80年代,中游水文分区径流变化的主控因子为PET,其他水文分区则多为降水;而20世纪90年代和21世纪初多数水文分区的主控因子为参数n,其次为降水。总之,控制淮河流域ET和径流变化的物理机制具有明显的空间差异和年代际变化特征。     

水文变异下的黄河流域生态流量

使用t检验和Mann-Whitney U检验对黄河干流7个水文站月均流量进行水文变异分析,探讨了水文变异成因,在此基础上,确定变异前各月月均流量序列最适概率分布函数,将概率密度最大的月平均流量定义为河道内生态流量。经与Tennant法、最小月平均流量发和逐月径流法比较,考虑水文变异的河道内生态流量计算方法是可行、合理的。水文变异后,黄河干流7水文站月均流量普遍减少,月均流量满足河道内生态流量的频率降低。研究结果表明,人类活动是黄河生态系统水环境恶化的重要原因。在流域生态管理中,确保变异后生态流量满足频率与变异前相当。研究对于理解在当前气候变化与人类活动双重影响下,干旱半干旱区流域水资源科学管理具有一定理论与现实意义。     

基于SPEI指数的长江中下游流域干旱时空特征分析

基于长江中下游流域1961—2015年129个气象站点的逐日气温和降水数据,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),对长江中下游流域近55年年尺度及各季节干旱变化趋势、站次比、强度和频率进行了分析,并探讨了干旱和区域气温、降水变化及ENSO的关系。结果表明:(1)在区域尺度,近55年长江中下游流域年尺度、春季和秋季呈干旱化趋势,春季干旱化趋势显著;夏季和冬季呈湿润化趋势。空间变化上,对于年尺度,汉江流域、中游干流区及洞庭湖流域以干旱化趋势为主,鄱阳湖流域、下游干流区和太湖流域以湿润化趋势为主;春季和秋季分别有96.90%和92.25%的站点呈干旱化趋势;夏季和冬季分别有82.95%和72.87%的站点呈湿润化趋势。(2)年尺度、春季和秋季干旱站次比及强度均呈增加趋势,春旱站次比与强度增加趋势显著;夏季和冬季干旱站次比和强度均呈下降趋势。(3)年尺度和春季干旱频率在21世纪初均达到最高,年尺度、春季和夏季干旱频率从20世纪90年代到21世纪初均呈增加趋势。(4)春、秋季干旱化趋势与降水量的减少及气温的上升相关,夏、冬季降水量的增加使得夏、冬季呈湿润化趋势。冬季SOI和次年春季干旱相关性极显著,冬季发生拉尼娜事件时,次年春季更易发生干旱。     

东江流域降水与径流演变趋势及周期特征分析

认识流域水文演变趋势和周期性规律对流域可持续发展规划具有重要的生态意义。基于1989-2011 年东江流域9 个气象站点的逐日降水数据和3 个水文代表站(龙川、河源和博罗)的日径流数据, 分别采用Mann-Kendall 趋势检验和小波分析方法对东江流域降水量和径流量变化趋势和周期特征进行了研究。结果表明1989-2011 年间东江流域年降水量和春冬季节降水量呈不显著的减少趋势, 而夏秋季节降水量有增多的趋势; 位于上、中、下游水文站点的年径流量和枯水期径流量均呈现不显著的下降趋势; 东江流域的降水和径流趋向于更加不均的时空分布特征,其周期性演变趋势的时空特征较一致; 年径流系数的变化幅度极小(Mann-Kendal 倾斜度接近0)。这项研究也将有益于位于亚热带类似的流域森林植被恢复的政策决定。     

不同时间尺度小流域径流变化及其归因分析

流域径流的变化及其原因的研究,是森林水文领域的一个重要的科学问题。当前,大部分研究基于年尺度定量分析了流域径流变化及其影响因素的贡献率,而季节尺度上的研究较少。因此,季节尺度上径流变化的归因分析值得深入研究。基于彭冲涧小流域1983—2014年降水、径流等水文气象资料,通过Mann-Kendall检验法对降水、径流序列进行突变分析,采用累积量斜率变化率比较法计算季节及年尺度上降水变化、蒸发散和植被恢复对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:2003年为降水与径流的一致突变点;春、夏、秋、冬季及年降水变化的贡献率分别为50.88%、42.60%、-10.39%、-3.28%和31.26%,蒸发散的贡献率分别为32.89%、40.71%、29.33%、47.43%和42.64%,植被恢复的贡献率分别为16.23%、16.69%、81.06%、55.85%和26.10%。季节尺度上,春、夏季,降水变化和蒸发散是径流深减少的主要原因,而秋、冬季,植被恢复居主导地位;年尺度上,蒸发散对径流深减少的贡献率最大。该研究揭示了彭冲涧小流域近30年来径流变化规律以及不同时间尺度上影响径流的主要驱动因子,为流域水资源合理配置和管理提供科学依据。     

基于SWAT模型的祁连山区最佳水源涵养植被模式研究——以石羊河上游杂木河流域为例

以西北干旱区祁连山系杂木河流域为研究区,应用分布式水文模型(SWAT)对该流域的径流进行模拟研究,探讨了流域尺度和微地形尺度7种不同植被组合模式下水文响应特征。结果表明:流域尺度上,单一植被模式在水分收支各分支中能够明显加大流域总蒸散发量,减少流域出山径流量,增加流域的水分蓄变量,为水资源的可持续供给带来时间变异;组合模式明显改善流域水分收支比例,适度减弱流域蒸散发量,增加流域出山径流,为水资源可持续供给提供恒量保证,减弱局地的水资源时间变异程度;微地形尺度上,各种景观类型的水文效应随着海拔高度变化基本一致,径流深随着海拔高度的增加而减小,蒸散发随着海拔高度的增加而增加。不同高度分级中,植被组合模式的不同导致在不同坡度条件下水文效应差异显著,40°坡度是水文效应变化规律发生变化的一个拐点。基于上述分析,提出祁连山区最佳水源涵养效应的生态模式。     

河流干支流水质与土地利用的相关关系

为探索不同等级河流水质状况及其对土地利用构成响应的差异,以江苏北部的灌河流域为研究对象,基于2006—2007年两个年度灌河及其支流的水质监测数据和研究区的Landsat TM影像,在河流两侧长度0.0—10.0 km、宽度0.0—0.5 km的范围内,运用多元回归分析,对研究区干、支流主要水质指标及其与相应土地利用构成的关系进行了研究。结果表明:2006—2007年间,研究区干流水质总体上显著好于支流,支流的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)等营养盐指标显著高于干流,而干流的有机污染指标显著高于支流;比较不同观测尺度上土地利用构成对河流水质变化的方差贡献率发现,缓冲区宽度一定时,支流在所有观测尺度上的土地利用构成与水质变化皆存在显著相关关系,而干流仅在缓冲区长度0.0—4.0 km的观测尺度上其土地利用构成与水质变化的相关关系显著;缓冲区长度一定时,干、支流河道两侧0.0—0.3 km间土地利用状况对水质变化的解释能力较大。同时发现,氮、磷等营养盐浓度多与较大尺度上的土地利用构成相关,而化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)等多与较小尺度上的土地利用构成相关。研究结果显示,有必要区分不同河流等级,选择适宜的观测尺度,分别研究不同水质指标与土地利用构成间的相关关系。     

彭冲涧小流域植被恢复的水文效应及其对年降水量响应的临界值

对流域径流的变化及其原因的研究,是森林水文研究领域中一个重要的科学问题.本研究以降水充沛的彭冲涧小流域为对象,运用Mann-Kendall检验法对彭冲涧小流域1983—2014年的降水、径流序列进行突变分析;采用经验统计分析法,分析降水变化和植被恢复对小流域径流的影响及其贡献率,并计算年尺度上植被恢复的水文效应对降水量响应的临界值.结果表明: 2003年为降水与径流的一致突变点;相对于基准期(1983—2003年),变化期(2004—2014年)的年降水量、年径流深分别减少8.7%、29.2%,年平均减少幅度分别为12.7、22.1 mm;春、夏、秋、冬季及年尺度上的平均径流深分别减少100.2、105.8、25.2、23.4和243.0 mm,其中,降水变化的贡献率分别为58.9%、71.6%、65.5%、35.0%和57.1%,植被恢复的贡献率分别为41.1%、28.4%、34.5%、65.0%和42.9%;植被恢复的水文效应依赖于年降水量,且临界值为1181 mm.当年降水量小于1181 mm时,植被恢复增加了年径流深;当年降水量大于1181 mm时,植被恢复减小了年径流深.此临界值的存在,将有助于解释不同流域植被恢复对径流影响贡献率的差异性,有助于找到森林对径流影响存在争论和分歧的原因.     

基于SWAT模型的汾河流域生态补水研究

随着人类对于河流的开发利用日益增强,显著改变了河流的天然径流过程,生态供水不足成为流域生态系统健康的重要制约因素。以山西省汾河流域为研究区,基于天然和实测径流数据,利用SWAT模型分别模拟了流域近30年天然径流和近10年跨流域调水情况下现状径流过程,并在此基础上对流域各河道生态流量及现状径流量进行时空量化,探讨了不同生态流量标准下生态缺水量在时间和空间上的变化情况。研究结果表明：(1)汾河流域各河道生态流量时空差异明显,汛期(0.50—18.80m~3/s)河道生态流量需求显著高于非汛期(0.05—1.81m~3/s),总体分布特征为中下游干流远高于上游支流;(2)在Tennant法的不同生态流量标准下,汾河流域非汛期生态流量保障情况整体优于汛期,高频缺水区主要分布在支流,呈上下游分散分布;(3)在中等级生态流量标准下,流域约84%的区域能保障基本生态流量需求,关键缺水区为岚河、潇河、浮山县及浍河地区;(4)建议流域生态补水在时间上侧重汛期补水,空间上侧重高频缺水地区,基于流域生态缺水量时空分布特征分配跨流域调水资源,提高水资源利用效率。研究从时空上量化了跨流域调水工程实施后流域生态流...     

Comparison of the hydrological characteristics of three small experimental holm oak forested catchments in NE Spain in relation to larger areas

Precipitation and streamflow have been measured in three small (0.04–0.52 km²) experimental catchments covered by dense holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forests. Two of them are in the Prades mountains and one in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain). Here we test the hydrological representativeness of these catchments against the streamflow record at two nearby larger (34–60 km²) catchments, one from each massif. Comparisons of (i) annual streamflow, (ii) seasonal distribution of streamflow, and (iii) flow duration curves were made. At Prades, for the period of common record, mean annual precipitation was about 580 mm, and mean annual streamflow 44–81 mm at the two experimental catchments and 102 mm at the larger one. Most streamflow occurred during winter and spring in the three catchments. At Montseny, rainfall was higher, and mean annual streamflow was 495 mm in the experimental catchment, and 760 mm in the larger catchment, though these data were obtained in different periods in each catchment. Streamflow was roughly equal in autumn, winter and spring. At both sites flow duration curves were fairly similar in the small experimental catchments and the larger catchments. The higher streamflow at Montseny is reflected in its flow duration curves being well above those at Prades. The experimental catchments at Prades are thus fairly representative of the larger nearby catchment for the investigated hydrological characteristics. At Montseny, hydrological differences between the experimental catchment and the larger catchment are probably due to the higher mean altitude of the latter and to the non-overlapping periods of their streamflow records.     

生态恢复对流域水沙演变趋势的影响——以北洛河上游为例

黄土高原生态环境恶劣,水土流失严重。选择退耕还林(草)程度非常显著的陕北吴旗县所在北洛河上游为研究区,探讨黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理及大幅度退耕背景下流域水、沙等生态要素的演变规律,分析人类活动的影响贡献程度,为黄土高原生态治理及环境效应分析提供理论依据。结果表明:在1963—2009年期间年降雨量没有显著变化背景下,同时期流域年径流量和年输沙量均呈现极显著减少趋势,年均减少率分别为0.28 mm/a和180 t km-2a-1,其突变时间均发生在1979和2002年,具有很好的同步性。与1979年前相比,20世纪70—80年代水土流失综合治理以及1999年后退耕还林(草)的事件背景,使汛期和平水期径流量逐时段减少,而枯水期径流量反而持续增加。输沙量呈持续性大幅度减少态势,且其减少程度远大于径流量的变化程度。水土流失综合治理和退耕还林(草)工程实施等人类活动,对流域径流量减少的影响贡献程度分别为38.2%和51.4%,对输沙量减少的影响程度分别为74.7%和86.7%。研究结果提示,黄土高原生态环境的大幅度改善在区域尺度上已经表现出一定程度上削洪补枯的水文效应特征,以及林草措施减水更减沙的良好生物治理效果。     

水文变异条件下鄱阳湖流域的生态流量

受气候变化和人类活动综合影响,鄱阳湖流域水文状况发生变异。河流生态系统适应了变异前的水文状况,变异后势必会影响当地生态系统。基于此,采用8种变异检测方法对水文变异进行综合诊断,阐明水文变异原因。在此基础上,采用15种概率分布函数分别拟合5站各月变异前日流量序列,最终确定5站点各月最优分布函数及所对应的概率密度最大处的流量,即得河道内生态流量。研究表明:(1)抚河于1962年发生弱变异,赣江、修河于1968年发生中变异,信江、饶河于1991年发生弱变异;(2)变异后,赣江、信江、饶河、修河生态需水满足率平均上升11%,抚河生态需水满足率下降32%;(3)水文变异增加提高生态需水满足率,水利工程建设降低年均生态需水满足率、提高干季生态需水满足率。高森林覆盖率提高干季生态需水满足率,对年均生态需水满足率影响不明显。研究结果为鄱阳湖流域水资源管理及区域水资源规划与配置提供重要科学依据。     

An exploration of the controls of pre-instrumental streamflow using multiple tree-ring proxies

Previous studies have used tree-ring chronologies from several species to develop reconstructions of precipitation, temperature, streamflow and glacier mass balance for sites in Banff National Park, Alberta. This study examines the variability in a >300-year summer streamflow reconstruction for the Bow River at Banff in conjunction with changes in the major contributors to streamflow (glacier melt, winter and summer pecipitation). Reconstructed winter mass balance for Peyto Glacier is used as a surrogate for winter precipitation and April–August precipitation is reconstructed for Banff. Streamflow variability correlates most highly with winter precipitation and periods of high flow follow above average snowfall in the previous winter (high winter balance) and in some cases also with above normal summer precipitation. A clear response to changes in summer mass balance at Peyto Glacier (i.e. summer glacier melting) cannot be identified in this summer discharge record. Problems developing physically realistic flow reconstructions for snowmelt dominated rivers from summer sensitive tree-ring chronologies are also discussed.     

Coral Luminescence Identifies the Pacific Decadal Oscillation as a Primary Driver of River Runoff Variability Impacting the Southern Great Barrier Reef

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a large-scale climatic phenomenon modulating ocean-atmosphere variability on decadal time scales. While precipitation and river flow variability in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchments are sensitive to PDO phases, the extent to which the PDO influences coral reefs is poorly understood. Here, six Porites coral cores were used to produce a composite record of coral luminescence variability (runoff proxy) and identify drivers of terrestrial influence on the Keppel reefs, southern GBR. We found that coral skeletal luminescence effectively captured seasonal, inter-annual and decadal variability of river discharge and rainfall from the Fitzroy River catchment. Most importantly, although the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events was evident in the luminescence records, the variability in the coral luminescence composite record was significantly explained by the PDO. Negative luminescence anomalies (reduced runoff) were associated with El Niño years during positive PDO phases while positive luminescence anomalies (increased runoff) coincided with strong/moderate La Niña years during negative PDO phases. This study provides clear evidence that not only ENSO but also the PDO have significantly affected runoff regimes at the Keppel reefs for at least a century, and suggests that upcoming hydrological disturbances and ecological responses in the southern GBR region will be mediated by the future evolution of these sources of climate variability.     

Modeling the effects of the streamflow changes of Xinjiang Basin in future climate scenarios on the hydrodynamic conditions in Lake Poyang,China

The responses of lake hydrodynamics to the hydrological processes in watersheds have been associated with the ecological evolution of and the biochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems. This paper investigates how the changes in the streamflow of Xinjiang Basin in different future climate scenarios could affect the hydrodynamic conditions in Lake Poyang. First, the hydrodynamic processes in Lake Poyang (i.e., lake level and water velocity) were simulated based on the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC). Error statistics indicated that the hydrodynamic model reasonably reflected the hydrodynamics in Lake Poyang. Second, the future streamflow of Xinjiang Basin from 2016 to 2050, which was projected in two future climate scenarios (Sim_RCP4.5 and Sim_RCP8.5) based on the Xin’anjiang model, was applied to hydrodynamic modeling to investigate the relationship between future discharge and hydrodynamics. Results showed that the streamflow changes of Xinjiang Basin in future climate scenarios considerably affected the seasonal distribution of the flow field in Lake Poyang. The hydrodynamic change region that exceeded the threshold values under these two climate scenarios both demonstrated a fluctuating trend and nearly covered the entire lake until April. In Sim_RCP8.5 a slightly larger area was influenced than in Sim_RCP4.5, except in January, and the eastern channel was always significantly affected by streamflow change. These analyses can enhance the present understanding of the relationships between the hydrodynamics in lakes and the hydrological processes of sub-basins.     

Streamflow hydrology in the boreal region under the influences of climate and human interference

The boreal region has a subarctic climate that is subject to considerable inter-annual variability and is prone to impacts of future warming. Climate influences the seasonal streamflow regime which typically exhibits winter low flow, terminated by spring freshet, followed by summer flow recession. The effects of climatic variation on streamflow cannot be isolated with confidence but the impact of human regulation of rivers can greatly alter the natural flow rhythm, changing the timing of flow to suit human demands. The effect of scenario climate change on streamflow is explored through hydrological simulation. Example of a Canadian basin under warming scenario suggests that winter flow will increase, spring freshet dates will advance but peak flow will decline, as will summer flow due to enhanced evaporation. While this simulation was site specific, the results are qualitatively applicable to other boreal areas. Future studies should consider the role of human activities as their impacts on streamflow will be more profound than those due to climate change.     

Ecohydrology of the Venezuelan páramo: water balance of a high Andean watershed

ABSTRACT

Background: The páramo provides key ecosystem services, including regulation and provision of water. To understand the underlying functions, an ecosystem approach is necessary.

Aims: We quantified the combined effect of vegetation and soils (integrated topographic and vegetation units – TVU) on the hydrological balance of a Venezuelan páramo micro-watershed and analyse its hydrological response to intra- and interannual rainfall variability.

Methods: Data (2008–2016) from meteorological stations of TVUs and of a streamflow station was used to calculate watershed level hydrologic balances. We quantified the impact of the TVUs outputs by calculating evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions (ETc adj).

Result: Evapotranspiration of wetlands and tarns was high, exceeding annual precipitation. Shrubland had low evapotranspiration. Recharge of páramo reservoirs (soils, wetlands, tarns) occurred when monthly rainfall exceeded 90 mm. In dry years there were lower water yields with less effective hydrological regulation. In average years the differences between input and output in watershed balances were very small.

Conclusions: The high and constant evapotranspiration of the wetlands and tarns (due to permanent water availability) suggests they could maintain streamflow during dry periods. Their high evapotranspiration rates are compensated by low rates in shrublands units, reducing the mean total evapotranspiration of the watershed. The watershed balances suggest a limited regulatory capacity in these relatively dry páramos with no volcanic soils.